化学专业英语.doc

被动语态译法被动句正是将“行为、活动、作用、事实”等作为主语（主语一般位于句首），从而能立即引起读者对所陈述的事实的注意-显示出作者客观性、真实性占多数被动语态主要有两种译法：仍译成被动句译为主动句 符合汉语习惯 一、仍译成被动句可加译 被、供、由、让、给、受、受到、遭、得到、为所、加以、予以等助词，再译谓语。（偶尔也可不加任何词而直接译出）例如：1、Since methane is its first member，it is also known as the methane series 因为甲烷是该系列的第一个成员，因此该系列也称为甲烷系。2、The atomic theory was not accepted until the last century. 直到上个世纪,原子学说才为/被人们所接受。3、Other evaporation processes will be discussed briefly 其它一些蒸发过程将简单地加以讨论。4、Purified hydrogen is passed over a liquid metal halide 纯化氢气被通过液态金属卤化物。 让/纯化氢气通过液态金属卤化物二、译成汉语主动句主要的方法！译成汉语的无主语句 将英语句中的主语译成汉语中的宾语即先译谓语，后译主语(主谓变序) 特点：不需要指出动作的发出者是谁例如：1、Much greater magnification can be obtained with the electron microscope. 使用电子显微镜，能获得大得多的放大倍数。 先译谓语，后译主语，主语译成汉语中的宾语2、If the product is a new compound，the structure must be proved independently如果产物是一个新的化合物，则必须单独证明其结构。可加译“人们、我们、大家、有人”等主语1、Potassium and sodium are seldom met in their natural state.(我们)很少见到自然状态的钾和钠。2、If one or more electrons are removed，the atom is said to be positively charged 如果原子失去一个或多个电子，我们就说这个原子带正电荷。用英语句中的动作者作汉语中的主语 1、Three stages are involved in all addition polymerization reactions.所有的加聚反应包含三个阶段。2、These polymers are said to be thermoplatstic. (我们)称这些聚合物为热塑性聚合物。将一个适当成分译作汉语句中的主语1、The students have been answered all the questions.学生们的问题已全部得到回答。2、The oxides of nitrogen are absorbed in water to give nitric acid. 水吸收氮氧化物形成硝酸。在原主语前加译“把、将、使、给等词 1、The mixture was ground(研磨) and pressed into pellets(片). 将混合物研磨并压成片。2、Hydrochloric acid (HCl) was added to the solution to enhance acidity 将盐酸加到溶液中以增强酸性。 在溶液中加入盐酸以增强酸性。被动意义译成主动意思 -使用原来的主语1、In the reaction both the acid and the base are neutralized forming water and salt 反应中，酸与碱中和形成水和盐。2、The synthesis was performed under a flow of nitrogen gas. 合成在氮气流中进行。3、常见的it被动句型的翻译模式 常见的句型是 It is done that 其中It作形式主语，that引导出主语从句 另一种常见的句型是 .be done as. 该种被动结构引出主语补语。 -已有习惯的译法 It is done that格式翻译成汉语的主动句 It is asserted that 有人主张/声称/断言 It is believed that 有人认为 It is generally considered that 大家(一般人)认为 It is noticed that 人们注意到 It has been objected that. 有人反驳 It is suggested that 有人建议翻译成汉语的无主句 It is hoped that 希望 It is reported that 据报道 It is said that 据说 It is supposed that 据推测 It must be admitted that 必须承认 It must be pointed out that 必须指出 It will be seen from this that 由此可见 It may be said without fear of exaggeration that 可以毫不夸张地说 .be done as.格式翻译时加上“被”等 It is known as 被称为、叫做 It is spoken of as 被说成是 It is considered as 被认为是；被看为 -经常使用It is described as 被描述成It is accepted as 被承认/接受为It is thought of as 被认为：被当作It is defined as 被下定义为;定义是定语从句的译法定语从句的译法:前置定语和后置定语 一、后置定语-位于名词或代词之后的定语 科技英语：准确性+严密性-频繁使用后置定语作定语的情况1、介词短语作后置定语 2、形容词(或其短语)作后置定语 3、非限定词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词） 4、定语从句作后置定语5、同位语从句作后置定语分别加以讨论 1、介词短语作后置定语 The gas from flask is washed with water to remove ammonia. 烧瓶里出来的气体用水洗涤可除去氨。 The enthalpy change in a chemical reaction is a measure of the difference in energy content of the products and reactants. 化学反应的焓变是产物和反应物的内能变化的量度。2.形容词(或其短语)作后置定语 Acetylene is hydrocarbon especially high in heat value. 乙炔是热值特别高的烃。 All of the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are alike and have properties intermediate between those of a single and a double bond 苯中所有的碳-碳键都相似，具有介于单键和双键之间的性质。3. 不定时、现在分词、过去分词The functional group of a ketone consists of a carbon atom connected by a double bond to an oxygen atom 酮的官能团是由一个通过双键与氧原子相连的碳原子组成的。 (过去分词短语作后置定语)This equation, expressing the relationship of its state functions, is called the equation of state for an ideal gas. 这个表示状态函数之间相关性的方程，称为理想气体的状态方程。 (现在分词短语作后置定语)4.定语从句作后置定语 定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。由：关系代词(that,which,who,whom,whose,but,as)关系副词(where,when,why,as等)引导 定语从句作后置定语译法1.翻译成定语 -限制性2.译成表示同等关系的并列分句3.译成表示转折的并列分句4.译成状语从句并列分句(1) 译成“的”字定语-限制性定从 把英语限制性定语从句译成汉语的“的字结构，放在被修饰词之前，把定语从句和主句合译成汉语的单句 -适合于翻译结构不很长的 (最简单、常见的译法)1、 The branch of science which includes the study of energy transformations is called thermodynamics 研究能量转换的科学分支称为热力学。2、The rate at which the molecules move depends upon the energy they have 分子运动的速率取决于分子所具有的能量。3、The normal boiling point of any solution is the temperature at which the total vapor pressure of the solution is equal to 101.3 kPa.溶液的常压沸点是溶液的总蒸汽压等于101.3kPa时的温度。(2)译成表示同等关系的并列分句定语从句起着对先行词进一步说明的作用，往往译成并列分句，可加译“这”、该” 、“其、它、的”等词1、 One of the homolog of benzene is toluene which is the raw material for the manufacture of the explosive甲苯是苯的一个同系物，它是制造炸药的原料。2、 Such a case is represented by curve BC, in which the experimentally determined values for the vapor pressures of a solution are plotted against temperature.像这种情况可以用曲线BC表示，它是由溶液蒸汽压的实验测定值对温度作图得到的。3、 An acid is a compound whose solutions can produce hydrogen ions酸是这样一种化合物， 其溶液能产生氢离子。酸是一种在溶液中能产生氢离子的化合物(3) 译成表示转折的并列分句当定语从句在意思上与主句相对照或语气转折时，可译成转折句。加译“而、但、却、可是”Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms that are composed of nuclear and electron. 物质是由分子组成的，而分子是由原子组成，（而）原子又是由原子核和电子组成的。(4) 译成状语从句在意义上相当于表示原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等的状语从句时，就可以译成状语从句。可加译“因为、虽然、只要、因而”等词1、The problem，which is very complicated，has been solved 这个问题虽然很复杂，但已经解决了。 这个很复杂的问题已经解决了。 (表让步)2、 For any substance whose formula is known，a mass corresponding to the formula can be calculated 不管什么物质，只要知道其分子式，就能算出与分子式相应的质量。 (表条件) 定语从句作后置定语译法(1)译成“的”字定语(2)译成表示同等关系的并列分句(3)译成表示转折的并列分句(4)译成状语从句 长句译法英语：简单句 +各种修饰语 -较长的简单句 +连词 -将简单句-更长的并列句或复合句汉语： 尽量分成几个简短的句子来说明某个概念，不常使用较长的句子英语：常使用长句汉语：常使用多个简单句翻译长句的原则 分成几个汉语短句 再根据逻辑次序，重新安排句子结构：顺译， 倒译， 分译 顺译法 英语长句的叙述层次与汉语相同时，可以按照英语原文的顺序，依次译出 Total determination of structure is also possible by means of X-ray diffraction, so that the classical goal of structure studiesascertaining the relative spatial position of all the atoms in any moleculecan be readily and routinely attained. 使用X-射线衍射方法完全确定（化合物的）结构是可能的。所以，结构研究的永久目标确定任何分子中所有原子的相对空间位置就成为容易完成的常规工作。倒译法(变序译法)有时长句的叙述层次与汉语相反主句后面带有很长的状语从句(特别是原因、条件、让步)或主句后面有很长的定语或定语从句 Although organic chemistry is more than 150 years old, its progress is faster than ever, as the result ot adsorbing new theoretical concepts and experimental techniques from other areas of science. 尽管有机化学已经有150年的历史，由于吸收了其它科学领域的新的理论概念和实验技术，现在，它的发展速度比任何时候都快。分译法 有时需将原文的某一短语或从句先行单独译出 或将原文中不好处理的成分拆开，译成相应的句子或独立句子 Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural product cannot meet our ever-increasing requirement, or, more often, because the physical properties of the synthetic substances, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized , so that it would be of the greatest use in the field in which it is to be applied. 许多人造材料正在取代某些天然材料。这是因为：一方面，天然材料不能满足我们不断增长的需求；另一方面，（人们）选中甚至强化了合成材料的一些物理性质，这样，在其应用领域，它可能是最好的（材料）。Scientific PaperImportance of Scientific Paper（科技论文的重要性） 科技工作者公开自己研究成果的重要途径； 促进科技人员间的相互了解与交流； 迅速、及时地反映最新的研究动态。Features of Science Paper(科技论文的特点 ) Objective (目的性）：记录、传播、共享 Scientificity (科学性):真实性、准确性、可重复性、可比性和逻辑性 Innovation(创新性):新理论、新原理、新内容、新观点等 Standardization (规范性):语言文字、学科术语、计量单位、论文格式Components of a Paper Title 题名 Authors names 著者 Address 工作单位或通信地址 Keywords 关键词 Abstract 摘要 Introduction 引言 Experimental details 实验 Results 结果 Discussion 讨论 Conclusion 结论 Acknowledgments 致谢 References 参考文献 Appendix 附录titlev The title must reflect the papers content and emphasis accurately and clearly.v The title must be brief and grammatically correct but accurate and complete enough to stand alone.v Best time to determine the title is after you have written the textv Capitalization of a title (excluding articles, conjunctions and preposition)abstract Summarizing the central idea of the paper Attracting the reader Facilitating the retrievalKeywordv To aid indexingIntroductionv A clear statement of the problem or project and the reasons that you are studying it.Experimetal detailsv Give sufficient detail about your materials and methods so that other experienced workers can repeat your work and obtain comparable results.Results and discussionv Summarize the data collected and their statistical treatment. Include only relevant data but give sufficient detail to justify your conclusions. Use equations, figures, and tables only where necessary for clarity and brievity.v To interpret and compare the results.conclusionv Usually the closing section of the text of a paper.v Not only summarize but also discuss the significance of the results of the works.acknowledgmentsv To acknowledge people, organizations, and financing.References v The accuracy of the references is the authors responsibility.Main components of a paper(主要组成部分 ) Title 题名 Authors names 著者 Address 工作单位或通信地址 Keywords 关键词 Abstract 摘要 Introduction 引言 Experimental details 实验 Results 结果 Discussion 讨论 Conclusion 结论Types of Presentations(科技论文的类型 ) Articles 论文 Notes 简报 Communications 通讯 Reviews 综述 Book chapters 书章节Reading to Understandingv 1. without understanding you can do nothingv 2. Understanding must be your first goalv 3. Reading can help to spark ideasApplying Techniques for Reading to UnderstandThree stages 1. Previewing（通读）v Read titles, abstract, conclusionv Skim the pictures and tablesv Recall what you know about the topicv Predict what you will learn from readingv Judge the paper if you need2.Readingv Identify the sense of the work at introductionv Notice the processes by synthesis and preparation at the section of experimentalv Realize the physical and chemical measurement v Underline notes where you consider the key point3. Review the paperv Consolidate informationv Organize your questionsv Discuss the question with supervisorv Summarize and restate its main points briefly and neutrallyWhen preparing a paperWords and Phrases to AvoidInstead of Use A number ofMany, severalA small number ofA fewAt present, at present timenowBased on the fact thatbecauseBy means ofbyDuring the timewhileFor the reason that becauseDespite the fact thatalthoughHas been shown to beisIn the near future soonIt is likely thatlikelyGender-neutral LanguageOutdated Gender-neutralManPeople, humans, human beingsManpower Workers, staff, work force,