单元语法 定语从句复习.doc

单元语法: 定语从句（attributive clause）一、定语从句定义：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的词叫先行词。引导定语从句的词有关系代词who, that , which, whom, whose关系副词 when, where, why 等。关系代词关系副词一般置于先行词和定语从句之间，起着连接主从句，指代先行词，并在从句中充当句子成分的三重作用。关系单词和关系副词的选用关键看该关系副词或代词在从句中做什么成分。限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，是整个句子不可缺少的部分，从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。如去掉，句子意思不完整。I dont like those who always think of themselves.非限制性定语从句：非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系较疏散，从句只是对先行词的附加补充说明。去掉从句，句子意思仍然清楚。主从句之间用逗号隔开。Mr. Brown, who just came from Britain yesterday, will teach us biography.分隔定语从句：通常情况下，定语从句的关系代词或副词紧跟在先行词之后，但有时为了保持句子平衡，关系代词或副词也可与其修饰的先行词分离，成为分隔定语从句。The time came at last when we went to see the exhibition.The day is not far off when people can travel under the sea.二、关系代词关系副词的基本用法关系代、/副词的选用1) The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.3) The number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000.4) Do you know the student whose name (the name of whom) is Wang Yu?5) The letter that I received was from my father.6) This is the house where ( in which)we lived last year.7) This is the museum (which/that) we visited last week. 8) I wont forget the time when (during which) we stayed in the countryside.9) I wont forget the time (which/that) we spent in the countryside. 10) The reason why (for which) he was late was that he missed the train.11) The reason (that / which) he gave for his being late was not true at all.That：在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，指人或物(含时间，地点)；Who/whom：在从句中作主语或宾语，指人；Which：在从句中作主语或宾语，指物(含时间，地点)；Whose：在从句中作定语，指“某人的”或“某物的”， whose+名词=the+名词+of which/ of whom；When：在从句中作时间状语，指“在某个时间”，when = 介词+whichWhere：在从句中作地点状语，指“在某地”，where = 介词+whichWhy：在从句中原因状语，指原因“为什么”， why = for which三、定语从句的考点1、关系代词为that、which时只用that的情况：1. The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.2. He is the only person that I want to talk to.3. All that we have to do is to practice every day.4.There is little work that you can do.5.They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.6. Who is the woman that you shook hands with just now.7.She is no longer the girl that she was before she went to the country.8. They secretly built a small factory which produces things that cause pollution.总结：1先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时，只能用that。2先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last等修饰时，只能用that。3先行词为不定代词如all, little, few, much, none, anything, nothing, everything等时，只能用that。4先行词被all, little, much, some, any, no, every等修饰时，只能用that。5 先行词有人又有物时，只能用that。6 主句是以who/which开头的特殊疑问句时, 只能用that。7 先行词在从句中作表语时, 限制性定语从句通常用 that 引导。(常可省略) 8 句中有两个定语从句时，为避免重复，通常一个用which，一个用that。2、关系代词为that、which时只用which的情况：1 引导非限制性定语从句时 I have lost the pen, which I like very much.2 关系代词指物放置于介词后 We depend on the land from which we get our food.注意：如果介词没有提前用which或that都可以 We depend on the land which/that we get our food from.3、Whose引导的定语从句-Mr King, whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.-The boss in whose department Mr King worked had heard about the accident.-The novel whose title is Red and Black is very interesting.= The novel, the title of which is Red and Black is very interesting.He lives in the room whose window faces south.= He lives in the room, the window of which faces south.-It was a meeting whose importance I didnt realize at that time.=It was a meeting, the importance of which I didnt realize at that time.whose引导定语从句：whose在从句中作定语，其后紧跟名词，构成名词短语，表示“的”。其先行词可指人或物。指物时，可用of which代替，但词序不同。4、关系副词考点当表示时间、地点、原因、方式的名词作先行词时，若引导词在从句中作状语，则用when,where,介词+which 引导；若引导词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，则用which、that、who等引导。-I will never forget the days _ I spent with my teacher.-I will never forget the days _I joined the army.-This is the reason _he gave me for doing it.-Do you know the reason why he came late?3介词+which/whom引导定语从句1.Light is the fastest thing all over the world, the speed of which is 300 000 km per second.2.The paper _ bamboo is made is especially fine.A. which B. into which C. of which D. from which3.He is telling a story of Lei Feng, of whom every one of us is proud.He is telling a story of Lei Feng, whom/who every one of us if proud of.4.This is the boy whom she has taken care of.5.We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.6.The book was written in 1946, _ the education system has witnessed great charges. Awhen Bduring which Csince then Dsince when7. It may rain, _ the match will be put off.A when B. which C in which D in which case1. 介词+关系代词引导定语从句。关系代词一般只能which/whom。介词的选择受到上下文意思的限制,或与前面的名词搭配有关,或与后面的动词搭配有关. 介词亦可放在句末。2. 部分固定短语，在定语从句中不宜将介词与动词分开。如listen to, look at, pay attention to, take care of等。3. from where，since when 为“介词+关系副词”，in which case可以引导定语从句，属特殊情况。 4. 先行词为way，time 时，引导词的使用1）Please tell me the way(that/in which) you did the job.2）The way (that/which) youve thought of is very good.先行词是way , 意为“方式，方法”时，关系词在从句中如做状语, 用in which/that引导，或省略. 若关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时用that 或which引导, 作宾语时可省略。3）This is the second time that the president has visited the country.4) This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, telephones or TV sets.Time 意为“次数”时，引导词用that，that可省略；time 意为“一段时间”时，引导词用when 或介词+which.5. as 引导的定语从句As 引导定语从句时，可指人或物或整件事，常与the same，such，so等连用，在定语从句中可做主语、宾语、表语等。Such people as you described just now are rare nowadays.Lets discuss only such problems as concern every one of us.-This is so touching a story _I have read three times.A. that B. as to C. as D. which(比较：This is so touching a story that I have read it three times.)-She is such a good teacher _we all love and respect.A. that B. as to C. as D. who(比较：She is such a good teacher that we all love and respect.)1）the same as 与the same thatThis is the same pen as I lost yesterday.= This is the same kind of pen as I lost yesterday.This is the same pen that I lost yesterday.=This is the very pen that I lost yesterday.As 指的是同类事物；that指的是同一事物2）as 与which 引导非限制性定语从句：As we all know，Taiwan belongs to China.This kind of computer，as is well-known，is out of date.Yesterday，Mr Green quarreled with his wife, as seldom happened.He won first prize in the competiton, which made his parents very happy.两者均可用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面提到的内容。但as 意为“正如”，常用于as we all known, as is reported in the newspater, as often happens, as can be see, as we can see, as we expected, 等结构中，可放于句首、句中、句末。Which引导的定语从句只能置于主句之后。-_is often the case, Mike was late again and made up an excuse to fool the boss.-_was reported in the newspaper, more than 100 people died in the flood.-_was reported in the newspaper that more than 100 people died in the flood. 6.含有定语从句的强调句型.如:-It was in this school _ studied for five years _ I met her.A. where, which B. that, which C. how, that D. where, thatIt was in the lab which was taken care of by Mr. Wang that they did the experiment.把定语从句去掉，找出强调句，有助理解。7.关系副词引导的定语从句与其他从句的区别。（关键：弄清是否是定语从句，有无先行词）1）_ was known to all, William had broken his promise_ he would give as a rise.A. As, which B. Which, what C. It, that D. As, that2）To get the program started, _ I need is your permission and support.A. only what B. all what C. all that D. only that3）The visitor asked the guide to take a picture for him _ stands the famous tower.A. that B. where C. which D. who4）_ human beings live in great numbers, the waters are very likely to be polluted.A. That B. Where C. Once D. For7.定语从句中加插入语.如:This is the man who I believe is honest.We feed the children who we think are hungry.把插入部分去掉可简化定语从句，易于理解。使用定语从句中应避免的错误：练习：改错并总结错误所在1）This is the most beautiful place that I have visited it.The school where I worked there is a famous one.2)This is one of the books which was written by Lu Xun.He is the only one of the boys who have learned French.He said he was a Frenchman which were not true.I, who is a Chinese, will do my best for our country.3)The room where he lives in is bigger than mine.This is the time at when we go home every day.4) The tomatoes were on the table were given to you.1错误所在：定语从句中重复了被关系代词或关系副词所替代的部分。2关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句中谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。3错误所在：定语从句中加了多余的介词或副词。4错误所在：定语从句中做主语的关系代词被省略。语法练习1 Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont.A. who; / B. /; who C. who, who D /, /2 - Do you have anything to say for yourselves? - Yes, there is one point _ we must insist on.A. why B. where C. how D./3. Look out! Dont get too close to the house _roof is under repair.A. whose B which C of which D that4. In an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.A. where B when C which D what5. Chans restaurant on Baker Street, _ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.A. that B. which C who D where6. Because of my poor memory, all _ you told me has been forgotten. A which B what C as D /7. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. what B which C that D it8. The expected results _ he had worked hard seemed hopeless to him.A. after which B for which C with which D at which9. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A which B that C where D when10 This is Mr. Smith, _ has something important to tell you.A who I think B I think who C he thinks D I think he1. A football fan(球迷) is _ has a strong interest in football. A. a thing that B. something that C. a person who D. what 2. The house, _ was destroyed in the terrible fire, has been repaired. A. the roof of which B. which roof C. its roof D. the roof 3. Can you lend me the novel _ the other day? A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about 4. The matter _ you were arguing about last night has been settled. A. that B. what C. why D. for which 5. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _ they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. who D. whom 6. Who _ has common sense（常识） will do such a thing? A. which B. who C. whom D. that 7. All the apples _ fell down were eaten by the pigs. A. that B. those C. which D. what 8. They asked him to tell them everything _ he saw at the front. A. what B. that C. which D. where 9. Ill tell you _ he told me last night. A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all 10. A child _ parents are dead is called an orphan. A. who B. whos C. whose D. which 11. Is this the museum _ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one 12. Is this museum _ some German friends visited last Wednesday? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one 13. -How do you like the book? -Its quite different from _ I read last month. A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what 14. Which sentence is wrong? A. The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth. B. Do you know the boy who jumped onto the platform? C. Science and new technology have made it possible for farmers to produce more food on the same amount of land. D. People in ancient times took it for granted that the sun moved round the earth. 15. The train _ she was traveling was late. A. which B. where C. on which D. in that 16. He has lost the key to the drawer _ the papers are kept. A. where B. on which C. under which D. which 17. Antarctic _ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round. A. which B. where C. that D. about which 18. Its the third time _ late this month. A. that you arrived B. when you arrived C. that youve arrived D.when youve arrived 19. He often helps the students _ he thinks are not quick at their studies. A. whom B. who C. when D. because 20. The Second World War _ millions of people were killed ended in 1945. A. when B. during that C. in which D. which 21. He was born in the year _ the Anti-Japanese War broke out. A. which B. when C. on which D. during which 22. Mr. Crossett will never forget the day _ he spent with his various students. A. when B. which C. during which D. on which 23. This is just the place _ I am longing to visit these years. A. that B. where C. in which D. to where 24. We are going to spend the Spring festival in Guangzhou, _ live my grandparents and some relatives. A. which B. that C. who D. where 25. The hotel _ during our holidays stands by the seaside. A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at C. we stayed D. in that we stayed 26. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. than 27. He is not _ a fool _. A. such/as he is looked B. such/as he looks C. as/as he is looked D. so/as he looks 28. Is that the reason _ you are in favor of the proposal? A. which B. what C. why D. for that 29. Some of the roads were flooded, _ made our journey more difficult. A. which B. it C. what D. that 30. He must be from Africa, _ can be seen from his skin. A. that B. as C. who D. what 31. He has two sons, _ work as chemists. A. two of whom B. both of whom C. both of which D. all of whom 32. The buses, _ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. A. most of that B. which most C. most of which D. that most 33. My glasses, _ I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke. A. which B. with which C. without which D. that 34. Mr. Wu, _ everybody likes, is going to give us a talk on chemistry. A. whom B. that C. which D. / 35. This is Mr. Smith, _ I think has something interesting to tell us. A. who B. whom C. that D. / 36. _, the compass was first made in China. A. It is know to all B. It is known that C. We all know D. As is known to all 37. I, _ your good friend, will try my best to help you out. A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is 38. He is a man of great experience, _ much can be learned. A. who B. that C. from wh