句子成分与宾语补足语.doc

句子的成分 组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子成分包括： 主语、谓语、宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语 。 主语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英文里一般的句子必须有主语和谓语)，表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语里的组成部分，其它成分如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。下面将分别讲述一下句子的各个成分。一 主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。位于句首。一般由 名词、代词、不定式 或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。例：We study in No.1 Middle School. The classroom is very clean.Three were absent. To teach them English is my job.注意：不定式作主语时，常用形式主语it句型，因此上句可变为：例：It is my job to teach them English. (真正的主语是to teach them English)二 谓语：谓语是说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”。位于主语后面。谓语 必须用动词 ，且和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。例：His parents are doctors. She looks well. (左边两句都是系动词和表语一起作谓语)We study hard. (实义动词作谓语) We have finished the job. (助动词和实义动词一起作谓语)He can speak English. (情态动词和实义动词一起作谓语)三 表语：表语是说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”。位于系动词的后面。一般由 名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式 及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。例：You look younger than before. (形容词作表语) I am a teacher. (名词作表语)Everyone is here. (副词作表语) They are at home now. (介词短语作表语)My job is to teach them English. (不定式作表语) The baby is two. (数词作表语)四 宾语：宾语是动作、行为的对象。位于谓语之后。它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么。一般由 名词、代词、不定式 或相当于名词的词或短语来担任 。例：She is playing the piano now. (名词作宾语) He often helps me. (代词作宾语)He likes to sleep in the open air. (不定式作宾语) We enjoy living inn China. (动名词作宾语)五 宾语补足语：在英语中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上一些词或短语来进一步补充说明一下，因此我们叫它宾语补足语。另外，我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思。宾补一般由 名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等 。例：If you let me go. Ill make you king. (名词作宾补)Leave the door open. (形容词作宾补)We found Li Ming out when we arrived. (副词作宾补)Make yourself at home. (介词短语作宾补)I saw a stranger enter the building. (不定式作宾补)The boss kept them working all day. (现在分词作宾补)Yesterday he had his leg broken. (过去分词作宾补)六 状语：状语是用来修饰动词、形容词或副词的，表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义。位于句末，但有的也可以放在句首、句中。一般由 副词、介词短语、不定式 或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。例：He did it carefully. (副词作状语)Without his help, we couldnt work it out. (介词短语作条件状语)In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. (不定式作目的状语)注意：副词作状语时，位置较灵活，可位于句首、句末或句中。 介词短语作状语时，多置于句首或句末。 不定式作状语时，多置于句末。但为了加强语气，突出表示目的，也可放在句首。 七 定语：定语用来修饰名词或代词(不定代词)。定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词和代词的地方都可以有定语。由 形容词、数词、代词、名词、介词短语、不定式 或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。例：The black bike is mine. (形容词作定语，和bike一起担任主语)What is your name? (代词作定语，和name一起担任表语)They made paper flowers. (名词作定语，和flowers一起担任宾语)The boys in the room are in Class Three Grade One. (介词短语作定语，和the boys一起担任主语)I have something to do. (不定式作定语，和something一起担任宾语)I have three pieces of paper. (数词作定语，和three pieces of paper一起担任宾语)宾语补足语讲解 一、定义： 宾语补足语通常紧跟在宾语之后，对宾语进行补充说明。 二、句子结构是： 主+谓+宾+宾补 三、两种结构： 1.主表型： 1) make our country beautiful (adjective) 2) call him Lao Li (noun) 3) find sb. out (adv.) 4) find sb. at home (Prep. phrase) 2. 主谓型： 1) ask sb. to do sth.（有to 不定式） 2) have sb. do sth. （无to 不定式） 3) see sb. doing sth. （现在分词） 4) have sth. done. （过去分词） 四、什么动词后可有宾语补足语： 1. 在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有：consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是to be+形容词或名词结构，think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。We consider him (to be) a good teacher. 我们认为他是一个好老师。He proved that theory (to be) very important. 他证明那个理论是很重要的。I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好，很诚实。 2. 在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。Id prefer you to leave him alone. 我希望你不要打扰他。I dont want there to be any trouble. 我不想有任何麻烦。 3. 注意：hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。 I hope you can give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。 I wish you to give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。 He required us to be present at the meeting. 他要求我们出席会议。 Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone. 李先生建议她不要独自去那里。 五、可作宾语补足语的形式有： 不定式，现在分词，过去分词，名词，形容，副词，介词短语都能作补语。 六、具体说明： （一）副词作宾语补足语 I found him in yesterday. （二）常接形容词作宾语补足语的动词有：keep, make, find等。 如：We must keep our classroom clean. （三）常接名词作宾语补足语的动词有：call, name, make, think等。 如：We call them mooncakes. （四）常接动词-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有：see, watch, hear, find, keep等。 如：In the country, we can hear birds singing. （五）常接介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有：keep, find, leave等。如：I left my pen on my desk at home. （六）不定式作宾语补足语 1. 常接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask, tell, want, teach, wish等； 2. 接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：see, watch, hear, make, let advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等。 如： I often see him play football. She often asks me to help her. We dont allow such things to happen again. Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke. She asked me to answer the phone in her absence. Please remind me to leave her this note. She requested him to go with her. 3. 用不定式作宾语补足语的几种说明： help后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式可以带to也可以不带to。 如：I often help my mother(to) do some housework. 在使役动词后作宾语补足语，不定式不带to。有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了to，这些动词有：一感二听三让四观看。 一感：feel 二听：hear, listen to 三让：let, have, make 四观看：observe, see, watch, look at 这类动词有：make, let, have等。转为被动语态时，其后通常都用带to的不定式 (have没有被动语态)。What would you have me do? 你要我做什么？She made him give up smoking. 她让他戒了烟。Let him do whatever he wishes to do. 他想干什么就让他干吧。Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.虽然经常是他弄哭小妹妹，但今天他却被小妹妹弄哭了 3. 掌握“使役动词 have + 宾语过去分词”的几种含义 在“ have 宾语过去分词”结构中，过去分词作宾语补足语， have 也可用 get 。这一结构具有以下几种含义： 意为“主语请别人做某事”。例如： He wants to have his eyes examined tomorrow. 他明天想去检查眼睛。（“检查”的动作由医生来进行） 意为“主语遭遇、遭受某一不愉快、不测的事情”。例如： Be careful, or youll have your hands hurt. 当心，否则会弄伤手的。 意为“使完成某事”，事情既可以是别人做完，也可以由主语参与完成。 例如： He had the walls painted this morning. 他今早把墙漆了。 （主语自己可能参与） 动词不定式也可作一些短语动词的宾语补足语。 Im waiting for James to arrive. 我正等着詹姆斯的到来。 Hes arranged for a car to pick them up at the station. 他已安排了一辆汽车去车站接他们。 The UN has called on both sides to observe the cease fire. 联合国号召交战双方遵守停火协定。 （七）分词作宾语补足语 用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；用过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是动作的承受者，构成逻辑上的动宾关系。 1. 跟分词作宾补的动词有：catch, have get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set等。例如： There was so much noise that the speaker couldnt make himself heard. 由于十分吵闹，讲话人没法让人听到他的声音。 When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman. 他醒来的时候发现一位老大娘正在照顾他。 2. 几种用过