免疫学英文考点汇总.doc

IMMUNOLOGY GLOSSARY1、Innate immune response: the host defense mechanisms that act from the start of an infection and do not adapt to a particular antigen.2、Aadaptive immune response: the response of antigen-specific B and T lymphocytes to antigen,including the development of immunological memory.3、Accessory effector cells: In adaptive immunity, those cell aid in the response but do not directly mediate specific antigen recognition. They include phagocytes, mast cells and NK cells.4、Allergy ：is a state of hypersensitivity to a normally innocuous environmental antigen. It results from the interaction between the antigen and antibodies or T cell produced by earlier exposure to the same antigen.5、Antibody: Antibody is soluble glycoprotein produced by plasma cells in response to antigen which binds with the corresponding antigen specifically.6、Anergy: It is a immune state of non-responsiveness to antigen. When T and B cell are in this state, they can not respond to their specific antigen under. Usually due to lack of the second stimulator during cell activation.7、Antigen-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): A cytotoxic reaction in which an antibody-coated target cell is directly killed by an Fc receptor-bearing leukocytes.8、Antigen: Any molecule capable of being recognized by an antibody or T-cell receptor. This group of molecules can stimulate immune response and react with the products of it.9、Apoptosis: A form of cell death in which the cell activates an internal death program. It is characterized by nuclear DNA degradation and condensation.10、Hapten: A low molecular weight molecule that is recognized by preformed antibody but is not itself immunogenic unless conjugated to a carriermolecule which provides T cell-antigen determinants.11、Superantigen: An antigen that stimulate a subset of T-cells by binding to MHC class II molecules and V domains of T cell receptors, stimulating the activation of T-cell expressing particular V gene segments. Therefore it stimulates a much larger number of T-cells than does conventional antigen.12、High endothelial venule (HEV): Specialized endothelial cell that allows migration of lymphocytes into periphery lymphoid organs.13、Complement：The complement is a set of plasma proteins that act in an enzymatic cascades, producing effect molecules involved in inflammation, phagocytosis and cell lysis.14、MHC: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a group of genes located on a single chromosome in all mammalian species studied so far. The products of MHC are primarily responsible for the rapid rejection of grafts between individuals, and for presenting processed antigen to T cells.15、Cytokine: The cytokines are the low molecular proteins with various biologic activity secreted by immune cells. These are interleukin (IL), interferon(IFN), tumor necrosis factor(TNF), colony stimulating factor ( CSF ) and so on.16、CAMs: Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are cell surface proteins involved in the binding and interaction of cells, and cells to extracellular matrix. They play important roles in the mediation of the inflammatory and immune reactions of the body.17、CTLA-4:It is the high-affinity receptor and expressed on T cells for B7 molecules. When It binds with B7 molecule, they produce inhibitory signaling.18、NCRs: Nature cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) are activating receptors on NK cell that recognize infected cells and stimulate cell killing by the NK cell.19、Pattern recognition receptors (PRR): Receptors of the innate immune system that recognize frequently encountered structures on microbial products so called pathogen associated molecular patterns(PAMPs).20、TLR-4:It is a mammalian Toll-like receptor that, in conjunction with the macrophage LPS receptor,recognizes bacterial LPS.21、Phagocytosis: cellular internalization of particulate matter, such as bacteria by means of endocytosis.Cells specialized in phagocytosis are known as phagocytes mainly including neutrophils and macrophages.22、Opsonization: the coating of the surface of a pathogen or other particle with any molecule that makes it more readily ingested by phagocytes. Antibody and complement opsonize intracellular bacteria for phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages because these cells carry receptors for these molecules.23、Antigen presentation: the display of antigen as peptide fragments bound to MHC molecules on the surface of cells. This is the form in which antigen is recognized by most T cells.24、Antigen processing: It is the degradation of proteins into peptides that can bind to MHC molecules for presentation to T cells. All protein antigens must be processed into peptides before they can be presented by MHC molecules.25、MHC restriction: the fact that a given T-cell receptor will recognize its peptide antigen only when the peptide is bound to a particular form of MHC molecule. Usually the MHC is self MHC, and it is class II for CD4 and class I for CD8.26、Invariant chain (Ii): polypeptide that associates with the MHC class II proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevents them from binding peptides there. It stabilizes the MHC class II molecule in the ER and guides the MHC class II molecules to endosomes where Ii is degraded, enablingMHC class II molecules to bind peptide present in the endosomes.27、Nave T cell: a mature T cell that has left thymus but not yet encountered its specific antigen.28、Nave B cell: a mature B cell that has left the bone marrow but ahs not encountered its specific antigen.29、Mature B cells: a group of B cells that have acquired surface IgM and IgD and have become able to respond to antigen.30、Plasma cells: terminally differentially B lymphocytes that secrete antibody, but do not able to respond to antigen.31、Memory cells: general terms for lymphocytes that are responsible for the phenomenon of immunological memory and protective immunity.32、T cells: T cells that express an antigen receptor that made up of b and b chains. This majority population of T cells includes all T cells that recognize peptide antigen presented by MHC class I or II molecules.33、Th1 cell: a subset of CD4 T that are characterized by the cytokines they produce, IFN-b, IL-2, TNF-a and high levels of GM-CSF. They are involved mainly in activating macrophages.34、Th2 cell: a subset of CD4 T that are characterized by the cytokines they produceIL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-6,IL-13 and low levels of GM-CSF. They are involved mainly in stimulating B cells to produce antibodies.35、Th17 cells: a subset of CD4 T that are characterized by production of IL-17. They are thought to help recruit neutrophils to sites of infection.36、Granzymes: serine esterases present in the granules of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. On entering the cytosol of a target cell, granzymes induce apoptosis of the target.37、nTreg: They are regulatory CD4 T cells that are thought to be specified in the thymus. They express Fox3P and carry CD25 and CD4 on t