大学英语(1).doc

大学英语（1）课 程 学 习 指 导 资 料编写 宋永栋适用专业：各专业（护理专业除外）适用层次：业余专科、业余高起本.四 川 大 学 网 络 教 育 学 院二00六年 四月大学英语（1）学习指导资料编写：宋永栋本课程学习指导资料根据该课程教学大纲的要求，参照现行采用教材新编实用英语（教育部新编实用英语编写组编写，高等教育出版社，2004年8月）以及课程学习光盘，并结合远程网络业余教育的教学特点和教学规律进行编写，适用于各专业 专科（护理专业除外）学生。第一部分 课程的学习目的及总体要求一、课程的学习目的：在约一个学期的学习时间内,掌握英语语言的一些基础知识和基本技能, 从而提高外语素质, 为进一步学习打下一定基础。二、课程的总体要求：通过语言学习和语言实践活动, 增加词汇约550个和短语约150个，其中重点词汇约200个；语法重点掌握句子的基本类型、冠词、名词单复数、动词时态、主动与被动语态、时态的照应和主语与谓语一致等内容；积累英语国家文化等方面知识；并在英语阅读、翻译及写作能力方面初步有所收获。第二部分 课程学习的基本要求及重点难点内容分析一. 课程学习计划 本期学习(综合教程)和(学学.练练.考考)第一册（第5,10课除外）。二. 课程学习基本要求: 1既要有时间看书，也要保证有足够时间进行语言实践活动，作到动口, 动耳、动眼、动手和动脑同时并举； 2最好能和一个同学搭档进行语言实践活动, 尤其是学习教材第一部分的 “Talking Face to Fact 口若悬河 说”的时候； 3学习阅读部分“Maintaining a Sharp Eye 火眼金睛 读”时，要勤查词典, 最好把生词和新短语记录在小笔记本上，以备复习之用。三. 语音部分学习内容（一） 基本语音知识1开音节与闭音节（1）开音节是以元音字母结尾的音节; 如: she, no, me, see；或者是以辅音字母( r除外)+一个元音字母+一个不发音的E字 母结尾的音节; 如：make, take, administrate（2）闭音节是包含有一个元音字母的一个或几个辅音字母( r除外)组成的音节: 如: be/gin, for/get, sit, pro/fit, wall, ten/nis2单词重音:在双音节或多音节单词中,有一个音节要重读,其余音节弱读, 如:forget, mother, tennis, wallet, manipulation（二）元音字母在音节中的读音元音字母在各种音节中的读音如下表: 元音字母字母读 音在重读开音节中读音在重读闭音节中读音在弱读音节中读音 A a eiei face, make, Q tap, map, sad again, luna E e i:i: he, bee let, net, get, seti, eenact, excuse I i aiai I, li/kei sit, tip, begini tennis, summit O o uu no, go, sonot,lot chop oppose U u ju:ju: tu/ne, mu/te, sun, shut, nutforum, lotus（三）主要元音字母组合, 辅音字母及主要辅音字母组合的发音; 1元音字母基本组合的读音:-ee, -ea i: ;week, team, see, sea -ea eigreat, steak -ou, -ow au; loud, low, town, -ir, -er, -ur : bird, her, burn -ear, -ere iear, here -are, -air Emare, fair-or :lord, doctor -our : aupour, flour, sour-oo u:ufood, look-ar a:star, start -ew ju:few, new -oa uboat, load-ay eiplay, lay, say 2辅音字母本身的读音比较固定,也比较好掌握,这里不再赘述. 3辅音字母基本组合的读音见下列:-th T D think, that, teeth-ch tS teach, march, chest-sh S she, sheet, brush-ng N ring, thing, playing-kn n knife, knight, knock-dge dZ bridge, ridge, hedge-tch tS match, kitchen, notch-ght t light, night, weight-tion Sn relation, notion, donation-sion Zn Sn decision, commission, mission -turetS:literature, culture, gesture（四）句子重音与语调1句子重音有两种情形: （1）基本重音 在不考虑其他因素的情况下, 一个句子中的实词 (名词,形容词,动词, 数词,副词)一般需要重读, 而虚词(冠词,代词,介词, 连词和感叹词)一般不需要重读.e. g. Let me tell you my story, but it is a long story.His father Dun often went to his school to watch him. 上面句子中斜体字都是实词, 朗读时需要重读.(2) 逻辑重音 为了强调句子中一个词的意思, 本来不重读的把它重读, 本来重读的, 读得更重, 其他单词的读音相对弱化. e. g. Gessler asked, “ I saw you put a second arrow on your clothes, what was that for?”“If I killed my son, this arrow is for you.” Said William Tell.上面加粗的词属于逻辑重音, second 原来就要重读, 现在读得更重, 强调说话人的疑惑, 但you 原来并不重读, 现在要重读, 是强调这枝箭不是为了其他任何人准备的, 而是专门为你准备的。2语调：语调一般分为三种: 平调, 升调和降调（1）平调, 用于朗读句子中间的一些词e. g. Give me two pounds of potatoes. (2) 升调, 用于一般疑问句, 反意问句的后半部(有时), 选择疑问句or 前面部分以及列举事物。 e. g. Do you believe what he said at the meeting?You dont mind calling when you get home, do you?（3）降调, 用于陈述句, 特殊疑问句, 祈使句, 反意疑问句前半部 以及选择问句. 如: e. g. No places on the earth has not been inhabited by people by now.What did you mean by saying that nobody liked my novels?四新编实用英语教材概述新编实用英语是教育部组织一批英语专家编写的一套适合高职高专学生英语学习的英语教材. 这套教材体现了高等学校英语教学从“语法领先,阅读领先”到“听说领先, 应用领先”的改革方向, 它很好地把对学生语言基本技能的培训与语言应用能力的培训结合起来, 有利于实现培养应用型人才的目标。这套教材有两个显著的特点: 一是实践性, 教材完全通过大量的听、说、读、写、译的语言实践来训练学生的基本语言能力；二是练习的模仿性, 教材的几乎所有练习都通过模仿实例展开, 使学生在语言实践活动中的语言习得即刻可以转化为语言的实用能力。这套教材与国家网考委的统考资料可以实现对接, 让学生可以较为容易地完成专升本的过渡。全套教材共四册, 每册(包含一本 “综合教程”及一本学生用书)有十课, 每课由 “Talking Face to Face 口若悬河-说； Being All Ears洗耳恭听-听；Maintaining a Sharp Eye 火眼金睛-读；Trying your Hand一试身手-写；Having Some Fun 开心一刻-乐”五部分组成。每课配套练习都能在网上在线完成, 在线批改, 非常适合网络教育学生自学。五.新编实用英语学习总体要求我院拟使用教材前三册作为专科各专业(护理专业除外) 的英语课程的主要教材, (1)课程使用第一册, 本期学习第一册（第5，10课除外）。 在 “综合教程”每课的五部分中, 着重掌握“Maintaining a Sharp Eye 火眼金睛-读；Trying your Hand一试身手-写”三部分。要求通过语言实践的方法来学习, 作到动嘴,动眼, 动手与动脑并举。 学生用书“学学练练考考”基本上是 “综合教程”的补充和扩展,学生只需在 “Maintaining a Sharp Eye 火眼金睛-读”部分中选第一篇文章来学习即可. 基础好, 有余力的学生可多选择一些其他部分的内容来学习。 六.新编实用英语重,难点分析（一）词汇与短语1本期要求掌握生词及配搭短语约300个，并能在听说读写译的实践中学会使用。每课阅读部分练习“Read and Complete 4”是仅有的纯粹词汇练习，应该全作。本册书第177 196页对全书的词汇与短语作了总结，应安排一定时间学习。2要求重点掌握的短语见下：leave an impression on / upon sb.给某人留下深刻的印象get better acquainted with更好地了解in most cases在大多数情况下in this way 这样，以这种方式prefer A to B喜欢A胜于喜欢Bgo on holiday 去度假used to be曾经as a matter of fact 事实上attachto附上in contrast 正相反in general总的来说in person亲自instead of不是（而是）tend to do sth.倾向于做某事vary fromto自到不等take up 占据，占领check in 登记get on 登，生活go wrong 出毛病，失败on fire着火put up 竖起，建起pay for付款pick up 取，拿，拾起burst into爆发hold up 使停顿in return回报on the best terms关系非常好despair of对失去信心；绝望be about to 正要，即将to ones amazement令惊奇的是apologize to 向某人道歉keep ones promise 遵守诺言fail to do sth. 没能做成某事in this case 这样的话divide into 分成drown in 淹没subject to 需经受draw up 起草，制订head on 前进spare no efforts 不遗余力under the eye of sb.在某人的指导下give up放弃take part in 参与crazy about对着迷in addition 除此之外help yourself to吃，别客气start with / by 用作为开端bring along随身带来contribute sth. to 对做贡献get in touch with与某人保持联系at high speed 以高速度be ready to准备好了switch on 打开电源be blessed with 被赐予，具有look forward to 盼望regard sth. as把视作remind sb. of 提醒，使想起short of 缺乏（二）语法部分1英语句子的基本类型：（可参阅 第一册P12）（1）英语句子从功能上分为：a. 陈述句, b. 祈使句, c. 疑问句和d. 叹句.。如:a. It is a rule that the new will take place of the old.a. Give me five minutes.b. Did I offend you somewhere ?c. How nice the weather is today! （2）从结构上分为: a. 简单句, b. 并列句, c. 复杂句和d. 并列复杂句。e.g. a. The sky is blue.b. The sky is blue and the sea is blue, too.c. They like to surf in Hawaii when the weather permits.d. They like to surf in Hawaii when the weather permits, but they never travel abroad.2名词单复数和名词所有格基础知识（可参阅 第一册P41）3定冠词与定冠词的主要用法（参阅第一册P28）4形容词和副词比较级与最高级基础知识（请参阅第一册P.127）5动词的基本时态 (一般时、进行时和完成时)动词时态是语法的一个重点，也是一个难点，要求大家付与足够的时间与精力。这里作一个扼要的介绍。英语的时态就是用动词不同的形态来表达不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态。这是与我们汉语截然不同的，我们汉语只需用时间副词就足够了。 请看下例：Peter saw a hit movie yesterday. 彼得昨天看了一场很叫座的电影。从上面一句英语和汉语译文可以看出, 英语句子的动作看发生在昨天，不但用时间副词yesterday, 而且用动词 see的过去形态 saw来表示。但是，在汉语句子中，只用副词“昨天”就够了。了解详细内容，请参阅第一册P.55, P70。6动词的主动语态与被动语态动词的语态也是语法的重点和难点，大家也要给予足够的重视。语态和时态是不同的概念，语态是围绕及物动词发生的动作的施动者与受动者两者的关系，以及在句子中如何表述的问题。 请看下例：a. Our maid vacuums the floor carpet every week.b. The floor carpet is vacuumed by our maid every week. (我们家女佣每周吸地)在这两个句子中, 女佣(maid)是吸地(vacuum)这个动作的施动者，由她去执行吸地这个动作，而地毯(the floor carpet)则是受动者，接受吸地这个动作。a 与 b 的区别在于，a是以动作的施动者做主语 主动语态，而b则是用受动者作主语 被动语态。句子中，英语动词的形态也发生了变化，a句用vacuums (主动语态)，b句用 is vacuumed (被动语态)。所以，英语动词被动语态的一般形态是： be + 动词过去分词。上面b句翻译成汉语就是：“我们家的地毯每周都由女佣吸过”。可见，汉语里表达被动语态只需要用“被”“由”“管”“给”等字词就够了，动词没有形态变化。至于英语动词各种时态的被动语态形式。请参阅第一册P.85 7时态的照应和主语与谓语一致这两方面的内容。（请参阅第一册P.99, P113）（三）交际语言部分英语交际用语有很强的实用性，也是统考内容之一。交际用语的运用不但要求在一定语境中用语和应答在语法上正确，尤其要求用语符合英语国家人民的交际礼仪和交际习惯，要求语言得体，这涉及到语用学以及跨文化学科等多方面知识。大家应该在自己的涉外实践活动中和平时的英语学习中不断积累总结，才能熟悉并掌握大量的英语交际用语。交际用语的使用（也就是试题中选项的确定）必须掌握几个原则：一是必须要使参与交际双方能够实现预期的交际意图，完成信息和情感的交流任务；二是使用语言必须语法正确；三是使用语言必须得体；四是用语必须与语境协调一致。下面以三个实例来说明交际用语的一些特点和解题的一般技巧。【示例一:】-Would you like to go fishing with us now?- _.A. No, I dont likeB. It sounds interesting but I have lots of homework to doC. Its so kind of you to invite me.D. Thank you for your invitation. 本题的正确答案是B。这个答案表达了不去钓鱼的意思，也通过对钓鱼这种活动的称赞，来使拒绝的含义表达得委婉礼貌，而且说明了不能去的原因，回答十分得体。如果用C或D，虽然很礼貌，但是未能表达出去还是不去的意思，问话者对回答不得要领，使得这个轮次的语言交际的目的未能实现。所以，完成信息或者情感的交流是语言交际的首要任务，做这种试题时必须记住。【示例二】 A: Are you ready to order desert, please? B: .A. Yes, pleaseB. Please dont order itC. Yes, Id like to have some chocolate cake D. No, dont mention it解开这一道问题的关键是，弄清楚对话发生在何处以及对话者之间的关系。从发问的内容便知道，这是发生在一家餐馆中一个招待和一位顾客之间的对话。清楚了每个对话者的身份，很快就可以确定答案是C了。其实，很多涉及交际用语的问题都有一个辩明对话者身份的问题，这一点同学们一定要注意。【示例三】 M: Hi, miss. Your coat is really very beautiful. W: _.A. Thank youB. None of your business.C. Yes, I bought it in Boston.D. Yeah, my husband gave it to me as a birthday present.在这位女士可以选择的四个答案中，前面三个答案在语法上都正确，但是只有最后一个答案A才是最得体（注意：是得体，而不仅仅是正确）的回答。因为，在等车的这段时间中，男士为了打发时间，想主动与女士拉话，这句话只不过是他想“抛砖引玉”用来开始一场谈话的开场白。如果在改革开放以前，一位中国女士最可能用的答案是B，但是在英语国家，这是不太可能的，可见交际用语的选择有明确的文化解读。【示例四】 Mike: Do you mind telling me where youre from, Jane? Jane: .A. Certainly. Im from LondonB. Sure. I was born in LondonC. Not really, you can do it D. Certainly not. Im from London这是明显发生在两个陌生人或者不太熟悉的人之间的对话。只有D才是答案。因为，回答是针对 Do you mind?而不是 where are you from?的，所以用Certainly 和 Sure 都表明她在意，不愿意讲她是哪里人，但后面又回答了是哪里人这个问题，显得前后矛盾。这个例子说明，交际用语要复合英语国家人民的习惯，才能达到顺利交流的目的的习惯，才能达到顺利交流的目的。（四）阅读部分 每课的“Maintaining A Sharp Eye 口若悬河 读”里面包含两篇短文，可以把第一篇作为学习重点，完成其后的所有练习；第二篇作为次重点。基础好、有余力的学生还可以在学生用书的同一部分选学更多短文作为补充。（五） 翻译部分 教材每课阅读部分“Maintaining a Sharp Eye火眼金睛-读”中的“Read and Translate读短文做英译汉”，“Read and Simulate模仿句型做汉翻英”以及第二篇短文后面的“Read and Translate读短文做汉译英”都是英汉互译的材料，可根据各自情况选择一些来做。 （六） 写作部分教材的写作分为 “Applied Writing应用文写作”以及 “Sentence Writing 句子写作” 两部分。句子写作是基础，应用写作是实用，都不能忽视。但是，现阶段更应该多作一些基础性练习，因此第二部分“Sentence Writing 句子写作”应该作为重点来学习。本期应从单句写作的练习进展到段落写作。 第四部分 教材各部分提示语汉语译文A.本期学习课程目录1. GREETING AND INTRODUCING PEOPLE第一课 打招呼与作介绍2. GIVING THANKS AND EXPRESSING REGRET第二课 致谢与致歉3. DIRECTIONS AND SIGNS第三课 路径与标志4. TIME TABLES AND SCHEDULES第四课 时刻表与日程6. STUDY第六课 求学7. SPORTS AND HOBBIES第七课 体育和爱好8. COOKERY, FOOD AND CULTURE第八课 烹调、饮食和文化9. CELEBRATING HOLIDAYS AND MAKING FRIENDS 第九课 庆祝节日和交友B. 课程各部分提示语Section Talking Face to Face第一部分口若悬河-说Follow the Samples模仿实例练口语Act out成双成对练口语Put in use设身处地练口语Section Being All Ears第二部分洗耳恭听-听Listen and Decode听录音选答案Listen and Respond听录音作回应Listen and Complete听录音完成句子Listen and Judge听录音作判断Listen and Read听录音做短文填空Listen and Match听录音找关联答案Listen and Conclude听录音做结论Section Maintaining a Sharp Eye 第三部分 火眼金睛-读Read and Think 读短文回答问题Read and Complete读短文作填空练习Read and Translate读短文做英译汉Read and Simulate模仿句型做汉翻英Read and Judge读短文作判断Read and Rewrite读短文练习写作Read and Translate读短文做汉译英Section Trying your Hand第四部分一试身手-写Applied Writing应用文写作Read and Simulate模仿范例学习写作Simulate and Create模仿范例写应用文Sentence Writing 句子写作Write trough Applying Grammar Rules从语法规则练习写作Write through Correcting Mistakes从改错练习写作Write though Translation从翻译练习写作Write through Describing a Picture看图画写短文Section Having Some Fun第五部分开心一刻-乐第五部分 课程作业 网上作业将分两次在网上公布, 结果将记做平时成绩, 参加本课程成绩总评. 第六部分 期末考试题型32. 交际用语 (5 %) (51%). 阅读理解 (40%) (202%). 词汇与结构 (20%)Section A 多项选择 (151%)Section B 完形填空 (51%). 翻译(20%) Section A翻译例句选优 (51%) Section B英汉互译 (53%).写作(15%)第七部分 综合练习. Use of English交际用语Directions: In this part there are five incomplete dialogues in each group. For each dialogue there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the One answer that best completes the dialogue. Group One 第一组 1. Hello, may I talk to the headmaster now? . A. Sorry, he is busy at the moment B. No, you cant C. Sorry, you cant D. I dont know2. Do you think I could borrow your dictionary? .A. Yes, you may borrow B. Yes, go on C. Yes, help yourself D. It doesnt matter3. Would you like to have dinner with us this evening? .A. Ok, but I have to go to a meeting nowB. No, I cant C. Sorry, but this evening I have to go to the airport to meet my parents D. I dont know4. Hi, is Mary there, please? .A. Hold on. Ill get her B. No, she isnt here C. Yes, she lives here D. Yes, what do you want5. Please help yourself to the fish. .A. Thanks, but I dont like fish B. Sorry, I cant help C. Well, fish dont suit me D. No, I cantGroup Two 第二组 1. Hurry up please, or Ill be late. .A. Sorry sir, but the traffic is thick now B. Well, its alright, sirC. How can you say that, sir? D. Oh, we are going the right way2. Excuse me, but can you tell me the way to the airport? .A. Dont ask that B. Sorry, Im a stranger here C. No, I cant say that D. No, youre driving too fast3. How about a date to the movies tonight. Jane? .A. I dont think soB. Im sorry. I have to drive my mother home tonight C. Never mind D. Take it easy4. Are you ready to order desert, please? .A. Yes, pleaseB. Please dont order it C. No, dont mention it D. Yes, Id like to have some chocolate cake5. Did Tom tell you to water the flowers? .A. No, And so did I B. No. And neither did I C. He did. And so I did D. He did. And so do IGroup Three 第三组 1. Can I help you with the bag? .A. No, no. I can take it myselfB. Thank youC. Sorry, you cantD. No, Im all right2. Hello, Id like to speak to Mark, please. .A. Yes, Im Mark B. This is Mark speakingC. Its me here D. This is me3. Can you go out with us for dinner this evening? .A. No, I already have plansB. Thanks a lot but Im busy tonightC. No, I really dont like being with youD. Im ill, so I shouldnt go out for dinner4. Sorry, I must be leaving now, because theres a meeting. .A. Oh, no, you cantB. Yes, you can leave if you likeC. Do you really have to go? Couldnt you at least stay for another cup of tea?D. Oh, no. I dont understand5. Id like to book a filth go Shanghai, please. .A. No, of course not B. Do you mid if I said no?C. Yes, sir, single or return? D. You cant. We are busy. Reading comprehension阅读理解Directions: There are six passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions. For each question there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage 1Peoples attitudes towards gift giving may vary from country to country, even though the desire to convey a feeling of friendship is often universal. Here is an example to illustrate the differences.Japan is a gift giving country. It is not unusual in Japan to offer a gift to a person who is leaving or has been helpful. When people do that, the gifts tend to be substantial and expensive. However, at least in the typical Japanese style, it is not required to attain a thank-you note or card to the gift. Japanese people may express their attitude and friendship directly through the gift they have carefully chosen and given to the very person they love and respect.In contrast, you are likely to get more cards than gifts in the United States. A card may come with a small gift or no gift at all. In general, American people dont care very much whether the gift is expensive or not. As a matter of fact, your gift for them would be appreciated all the more if you make it yourself instead of buying it from a store. And the words on the card seem to be the most important thing. When someone does not have a card on hand, he or she would write a thank-you note on a piece of paper, give it to you in person or put it in your pigeon hoe.1. According to the first paragraph, people in different countries .A. may have different habits of gift givingB. may have almost the same habit of gift givingC. have the same attitudes towards giftsD. must give gifts on the same occasion2. Japanese tend to give a big gift to their friends to show their .A. sadnessB. friendshipC. angerD. sympathy3. The author thinks that in Japan, .A. people do not like give gifts in any casesB. people often give gifts when his friends ask forC. it is unusual to give gifts to a person when he or she is leavingD. it is usual for people to give a gift to a person who offers help4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. Americans would rather send cards to their friends than gifts.B. Americans like expensive gifts which come directly from a store.C. Americans like to put their gifts in the pigeon holesD. Americans do not care whether you write some words on your gifts or not.5. The title of the passage most probably is .A. Different GiftsB. Americans Attitudes towards GiftsC. Different Attitudes toward Gift GivingD. Japanese Like to Give Expensive GiftsPassage 2 Americans often greet each other simply with Hello or Hi. They believe such an informal greeting often implies a close and friendly relationship. Similarly, Americans do not have a formal farewell. They will just wave good-bye to the whole group. Or perhaps, they will simply say Bye, So long or Speaking of time, Ive got to run and then leave. To Americans, a friendly and informal relationship is the most important thing. Yes, a proper introduction will leave a good first impressio