13第十三讲 虚拟语气.doc

高中英语语法 第十三讲 虚拟语气第十三讲 虚拟语气虚拟语气表示所说的话不是事实，而只是一种愿望、猜测、假设、建议，并且这种愿望、建议等实现的可能性很少或根本不能实现时，所使用的语气就是虚拟语气。如：If I were a bird, I could fly in the sky freely. 要是我是一只鸟，我就能自由自在地在天空飞翔。Id rather you came this afternoon. 我倒想要你今下午来。一 条件句中的虚拟语气 （主句和从句都要用虚拟语气）虚拟条件句主句例句1与现在事实相反的假设If+主语+did (动词的过去式)(be动词用were)主语+should/would/could/might do (动词原形)If I had time, I would attend the meeting.If I were you, I should seize the opportunity to go abroad.2与过去事实相反的假设If +主语+had done (过去分词)主语+should/would/could/might have done (过去分词)If you d taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exam.3与将来事实相反的假设If+主语+did (动词过去式)If+主语+were to do (动词原形)If+主语+should do (动词原形)主语+should/would/could/might do (动词原形)If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.If it were to rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off.If he should not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting until next Monday.典型例题If it Saturday today, we for an outing, A. were; went B. should be; would go C. was; will go D. should be; will go your arrival, Id have met you at the railway. A. If I know B. Should I know C. If I had know D. If I knew四个情态动词在主句中的用法 （主句中should 只用于第一人称，从句中的should可用于各种人称）用法例句1.若表示在某一假设的条件下，必然而然就会发生某事，第一人称可用should或would而二、三人称只用would. If I had gone to the party last night, I should have met her.If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it.Ifyou hadmoney, you wouldbuyacarIf he studied at this school, he would know you well.2.若表示在某一假设条件下就能够干某事，各人称都用could. If I were you, I could notice his strange behavior.If you had taken my advice, you could have finished your work.If it were Sunday, she could go to see her grandma.3.如果表示在某种假设条件下有可能会发生某事，各人称都用might.If I had time, I might go shopping.If you had worked at that time, you might be a great scientist.If he came, he might solve the problem.二 错综时间虚拟条件句情况例句1 从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.If they had informed us, we would not come here now.If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better.If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now.2从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing.If he knew her, he would have greeted her.典型例题-HowIwishIhadstudiedharderwhenIwasinschool! -Ifyouhad,you_workintolateeverydaynowadays. A.dontB.wouldntC.didntD.wont三 含蓄虚拟条件句情况特点例句1 省略连词if 当虚拟条件句中含有 were，had，should，等动词时，可以将if省略，然后将 were，had，should，等词移至句首，构成主谓倒装。注意：顺便说一句，以上移至句首的had不一定是助动词，如果是实义动词也可倒装 Ifheshouldfail, hewouldkillhimself.Shouldhefail，hewouldkillhimself. IfIwereyou, Iwoulddoitatonce.WereIyou，Iwoulddoitatonce. Ifhehadseenyouyesterday,hewouldhave askedyouaboutit. Hadheseenyouyesterday,hewouldhave askedyouaboutit. Ifhehadmoney, hewouldbuyacar.Hadhemoney, hewouldbuyacar. _ your address，I would have written to you. A. Did I know B. Were I to know C. Had I known D. If I should know2将条件隐含在介词短语中butfor,butthat,without,incaseof,under,(undermorefavorablecondition)Withoutair,noonecouldlive.(=Iftherewerenoair,noonecouldlive.) Butforhishelp,hewouldhavefailed.(=Ifithadntbeenforhishelp,hewouldhavefailed.)But for the help of my English teacher, I_the first prize in the English Writing Competition.A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won3将条件隐含在某些连词or, or else, otherwise, sothat,unless,incase,supposing,lest,provided(倘若)，forfearthat(惟恐),onconditionthat,ifonly句子（一般现在时）+ or, or else, otherwise + 句子（谓语：shouldwouldcouldmight+ 动词原形）句子（一般过去时）+ or, or else, otherwise + 句子（谓语：shouldwouldcouldmight+ have done它们后的句子如果说的不是客观事实，它们前边的句子采用陈述语气，后边的句子采用虚拟语气。Imreallyverybusy,otherwiseIwouldcertainlygotherewithyou. (otherwise=ifIwerenotsobusy)I was busy that day. Otherwise I could have gone there with them. (=If I hadnt be busy that day, I would have gone there with you.)Ididntknowthathewasacheat,orelseIwouldnthavebelievedhim. (orelse=ifIhadknownhewasacheat)He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he _ a goal.A. had scoredB. scored C. would scoreD. would have scored4将条件隐含在一定的上下文中Dont bother to read all these papers. It would take too long. (=If you read all these papers, it would take too long)I would have finished the work, but I have been ill.(=If I hadnt been ill, I)5有时，虚拟条件句中 主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。省略从句省略主句He would have finished it. You could have passed this exam. If I were at home now. If only I had got it.四 名词性从句中的虚拟语气从句情况例句1 主语从句在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，结构为： （should ）+ 动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。 It is/was +adj.It is admirable /dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening / better / best / curious / desirable / important /vital/ strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural thatIt is +nIt is a pity / a shame / no wonder. that It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /asked/decided/commanded/insisted. that It worries me thatIt is important that we should do well in our lessons first. It is strange that he should not come. It is a pity that we should not meet last night. It is suggested that we should work hard.It worries me that we should be blamed for that. It is vital that we _ act out at once to protect the environment. A. would B. should C. will D. can2 宾语从句宾语从句表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，如：advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建议)结构为：(should) + 原形动词注意：当insist的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here.The Party asked that we should serve the people with our heart and soul. Tom insisted that he hadnt stolen the watch. His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam. Johns pale face suggested that he _ill, and his parents suggested that he _a medical examination.A. be, should have B. was, have C. should be, had D. was, hasbelieve, expect, suspect, think, imagine等动词的否定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。结构为： should + 原形动词Can you believe that he should kill a tiger? Can you imagine that he should take the first place in the long jump contest?wish之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。结构为：现在 过去时(be 用were )过去 (1)had + 过去分词；(2)would / could / might / should + have + 过去分词将来 would / could / might / should + 原形动词I wish I learnt English well.I wish I had been there with them last week. I wish I could have take part in the game.He wishes we could go and play games with him. The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I _ to it. A. had not gone B. have not gone C. did not go D. can not have gonewould rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。现在 过去时(be 用were )过去 had + 过去分词将来 过去时(be 用were )Id rather you were here now. Id rather you had seen the film yesterday. Wed rather you went here tomorrow. 3 表语从句同位语从句表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或同位语时，表语从表及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。结构：(should) + 动词原形。His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully. Their plan is that they should build a new factory in their hometown.。We followed his advice that we should ask our teacher for help. He told us his idea that he should go to university.Your advice that _ till next week is reasonable. A. she waits B. she wait C. wait she D. she waited五 定语从句中的虚拟语气表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ （should ）+ 动词原形。It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. It is high time you should go to work. Dont you think it is time you _ smoking?A. give up B. gave up C. would give up D. should give up六 状语从句中的虚拟语气从句用法例句1目的 for fear that, in case, lest引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为： should + 动词原形。should不能省略She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. He started out earlier lest he should be late. so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为： can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动原He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word.Read it aloud so that I _ you clearly.A. may hear B. will hear C. hear D. have heardHe is working hard for fear that he _. A. fell behind B. may fall behind C. should fall behind D. would fall behind2 让步在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.I didnt know this Picasso exhibit was closed, but I wouldnt have been able to come even if _ about it.A. I know B. I had d known C. I have been knowing D. Ive know在whatever， whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：主句结构不限现在或将来 may +动词原形过去 may +完成式(指过去) We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.You mustnt be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形，主句结构不限。Although /Though he should often be late, he is a good student. Although/ Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 3方式as if, as though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。现在 过去时(be 用were )过去 had + 过去分词将来 would / could / might / should+原形动词He treated me as though/as if I were his own son.The little girl talked in that voice as if she were an adult.They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long. He coughed twice as if someone should come. He tal