Of Studies 课件.ppt

EssayReading Whatisanessay Prose Anarticlewhichdiscussesatopic Itundertakestodiscussamatter expressapointofview persuadeustoacceptathesisonanysubject orsimplyentertain Invitingustoenteraworldofthoughtandexperience itpersuadesustoviewthingsinaparticularway directandexplicit expositionofideas Basedonfacts dataandinformation itismorefactualratherthanfictional Incontrasttotheimaginativefeatureofothergenres Ithasuncertainstatusinliterature TypesofEssays Narrativeessays totellsstories chronicleeventsExpositoryessays toexplainideasandattitudesSpeculativeessays toexploreideasandfeelings lessauthoritative lessinsistentArgumentativeessays tomakeclaimsandpresentevidencestosupport ElementsoftheEssay Voice tone attitude formal dignified elegant solemn allusive authoritative reversed controlled casual intimate andconversational humorous conciseandsharp urgent insistent wittyandcharmingStyle howdoestheauthoruselanguageinauniqueway diction individualchoiceofwords formalorinformalwords colloquial syntax longandcomplexsentences orshort simplesentences parallelismandbalance rhythm punctuations figureofspeech theuseofsimile metaphor imagesofcomparisons etc inordertoclarifyabstractideas thoughtsandfeelings andtoillustrateapointwithvividnessstructure howthoughtconnectwiththoughtThought ideas views arguments Canbewithfeelings 梁实秋散文周作人散文余光中散文余秋雨散文宗璞散文杨朔散文周国平散文 OfStudiesbyFrancisBacon 1561 1626 Nametipsascientiapotestasest 知识就是力量 Readingmakethafullman conferenceareadyman andwritinganexactman 读书使人充实 讨论使人机智 笔记使人准确 Somebooksaretobetasted otherstobeswallowed andsomefewtobechewedanddigested 书有可浅尝者 有可吞食者 少数则须咀嚼消化 Historiesmakemenwise poetswitty themathematicssubtitle naturalphilosophydeep moralgrave logicandrhetoricabletocontend 读史使人明智 读诗使人灵秀 数学使人周密 科学使人深刻 伦理学使人庄重 逻辑修辞之学使人善辩Wivesareyoungmen smistresses companionsformiddleage andoldmen snurses FrancisBacon 1561 1626 EducatedatTrinityCollege Cambridge representativeoftheEnglishRenaissanceStatesman philosopher essayistLordKeeperoftheSealandthenLordChancellorofEngland Apioneerofmodernscientificthought philosophyofmaterialismScientificexperiment freshobservation inductivereasoning deductivethinking ArealprogenitorofEnglishMaterialism TheAdvancementofLearning 1605 NovumOrganum 1620 新工具 TheNewAtlantis 1626 Utopia Bacon sliterarysuccess Essays 58essays 1597and1625 coveringawidevarietyofsubjectsinrelationtothesociallifeofhisage Usuallyeachessaydiscussesasinglesubject forinstance OfStudies OfBeauty OfRiches Shortastheyare theseessaysshowBacon sprofundityinunderstandingmanandsociety Bacon sessayswereundertheimpactofMontaigne 蒙田 aFrenchessayistintheageofRenaissance Bacon sessaysarecharacterizedbytheirconcisenessandbrevity simplicityandforcefulness practicalityandversatility Manysentencesinhisessaysaresuccinct 简洁 impersonal 客观 aphoristic 似格言 andhavebecomeverypopular Bacon sessaysarerecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose OfStudies ItisthemostpopularofBacon s58essays Itanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefor thedifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies andhowstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter Forcefulandpersuasive compact 简洁的 andprecise OfStudies revealstousBacon smatureattitudetowardlearning Thisessayimpressesthereadernotonlybyitsargumentativestrengthbutalsobyitseleganceofstyle Whatisthemainidea 1 whatpurposesdoesstudieschieflyservefor 2 Howshouldpeoplestudy differentattitudestostudies differentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeople3 Whatinfluencedostudieshaveonourhumancharacter LanguageandStyle 1 succinctandconcise ellipsis omission shortsentencesTheirchiefusefordelight isinprivatenessandretiring forornament isindiscourse and forability isinthejudgment anddispositionofbusiness Historiesmakemenwise poets witty themathematics subtitle naturalphilosophy deep moral grave logicandrhetoric abletocontend 2 easytounderstand simile metaphor analogyNaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants thatneedproyningbystudyDistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters flashythings Thereisnostondorimpedimentinthewitbutmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises 3 forcefulandstriking parallelism balancedsentencestructures排比句Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth tousethemtoomuchforornament isaffectation tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrules isthehumorofascholar Antithesis thesettingofcontrastingphrases ofoppositeideas foremphasis throughparallelstructure 对偶句Afriendexaggeratesaman svirtues anenemyhiscrimes Goodbreedingconsistsinconcealinghowmuchwethinkofourselvesandhowlittlewethinkoftheotherperson Craftymencondemnstudies simplemenadmirethem andwisemenusethem Usingsynonyms superordinates 上位词 hyponyms 下位词 forstresssuperordinates vegetable hyponyms cabbage carrot potato tomato weighandconsider talkanddiscourse taste swallow chew digest 4 solemn classical balancedsentencestructures Latinquotations5 aphoristic witty preciseandpointed incisiveandprofound fulloftruthandwisdom practical richexperience sharpobservationandwideknowledge6 tone impersonal Forcefulandpersuasive compact 简洁的 andprecise OfStudies revealstousBacon smatureattitudetowardlearning Thisessayimpressesthereadernotonlybyitsargumentativestrengthbutalsobyitseleganceofstyle 培根对文学的主要贡献是他的 论说文集 或称 随笔 Essays 共收入文章58篇 英语论说文又称 随笔 或 小品文 都是散文 prose 体的一种 培根学识渊博 阅历丰富 对社会人生观察细致 思考周密 其文涉及社会风尚 为人处世 治学方法等各个方面 无所不包 兼之文笔简洁 擅用类比 论述透彻 文中充满哲理之精辟处几乎俯拾皆是 许多已成为家喻户晓的格言名句 培根的修身处世箴言充分体现了他一贯的崇尚实用 讲究实际的思想 QuestionsforDiscussion 1 Summarizethemainideaoftheessay 2 Whydoestheauthormeanbysayingthat Theyperfectnature andareperfectedbyexperience 3 Doyouagreethatbook