主谓一致--语法一致原则.doc

主谓一致 教案一、语法一致原则Reading books in bed is a bad habit. on the desk are two books .二）意义一致原则 有时，主语和谓语动词的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义，而不是语法上的单、复数形式，这样的一致关系就是意义一致。例如： My family watch TV after supper. The united states is a developed country. this pair of trousers costs fifty dollars. 三）就近原则 有时，谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语。 例如： either my grandsons or their father is coming. There is some bread and some cakes on the table.二、以集合名词做主语的主谓一致问题 有些集合名词，class,crew,crowd,family,audience,government,group,mob,staff,team, union committee, 这类名词作主语的主谓一致问题往往遵循 “意义一致”原则。例如： the present government is trying to control inflation. the school staff are expected to supervise school meals. （一）通常作复数的集体名词 包括police, people, cattle, militia, vermin等，这些集体名词通常用作复数。 例如： （二）通常作不可数名词的集体名词 包括baggage, luggage, jewellery, poultry，machinery, equipment, furniture, clothing, merchandise等 all the machinery in the factory is made in china. 四、以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题 （一）以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题 如：arthritis,（关节炎）bronchitis,（肺炎）measles（麻疹） diabetes,mumps,phlebitis,rickets,这类以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。 例如： measles usually occurs in children. （三）以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题 如the united states，the netherlands，因其是单一政治实体，所以谓语动词用作单数。 例如： 但如果是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。 例如： the himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant. the niagara falls are perhaps the most splendid waterfall in the world. （四）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题 某些以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语时，如physics, mathematics, mechanics, politics statistics, economics, physics is a fundamental subject in science. the third world economics is promising. （五）其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题 3) 表示成双成套的名词，如：chopsticks (筷子), compasses, clothes, glasses, jeans, scissors, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves, shorts等，作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式；但如与a kind of, a pair of, that pair of, a series of 连用，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： two pairs of scissors are missing from my tool box. the contents of the book are most amusing. 五、如果句子的主语是并列结构，其主谓一致问题通常遵循以下原则： （一）由and/both.and连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题 由and/both.and连接的并列结构作主语，可根据主语的意义决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。 例如： Butter and bread iron and steel war and peace fish and chips 当and连接的并列名词词组带有each，every, no, many a 等限定词时，谓语动词通常用单数。 例如： （二）由or/nor/either.or连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题 由or, nor, either.or, neither.nor, not only.but also 连接的并列结构作主语 （三）主语 + 介词 当主语后面跟有由 rather than , instead of ,more than, as well as, ,with, along with, together with, except, besides, but, in addition to , apart from ,including, concerning 等引导的词组时， 六、以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题 当主语为表示确定数量的名词词组时，如果数量概念被看做一个整体，动词用单数，如果被看做组成该数量的个体，动词用复数。 例如： three weeks have passed ,but two weeks are still left there were six silver dollars in each of the stockings. 如果作主语的名词词组是由“分数/百分数+ of”词组构成，all of, some of, half of, most of,其动词形式 取决于of词组中名词的类别。 例two-thirds of the people present is against the plan. All of the work has been done两数相减或相除，谓语动词用单数；两数相加或相乘，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。 例如： sixty minus seventeen leaves forty-three. forty-two divided by six is seven. six andplus eight makes/make fourteen. six times eight is/are forty-eight. 如果主语由one in/one out of + 复数名词 构成，在正式语体中，动词用单数。 例如： one in ten students has passed the examination. one out of twelve bottles was left intact. 如果主语由One or two days 、 one day or two / one and a half days / one /a day and a half day One and a half apples_(leave) on the table.如果主语是由“many a +/more than one +名词 用单数。 例如： many a man has his own responsibility. more than one ship was lost this year. 同位语原则Each of the students _ (take) an active part in the English contest.we each _ (take) an active part in the English contest.4）the+adj. 表示一类人 或物做主语时如 the+blind, deaf,living,dead,wounded,poor,rich old, young等5) the+姓的复数形式表一家人The Greens were watching TV when a fire broke out3)主语从句、动词不定式、动名词 形式作主语时， 谓语动词用单数。 Looking after the children is my full time job. To die for the people is a worthy death.9）由some, any, no, every + one/thing/body 所构成的不定代词做主语时，谓语用单数Nobody wants to go there.Something has been done to end the strike.2）单、复数同形的名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则。作单数意义时，谓语动词用单数，反之谓语动词用复数。这类名词有：sheep, fish, deer, means(方法), species(种类),works(工厂),10)倒装句中，必须认准哪是主语。如：1)Between the two buildings_ (stand) a monument.2)On the ship (be) over 2,200 people. 3)More than 1,500 people lost their lives. Among those (be) the young woman.12).all 做主语表示人时，谓动用复数；若表物，谓动则用单数。13 One or two + n (p) +V(p) a + n (s) + or two + V (s) 一两个 One or two students were late for class. One student or two was late for class.15) One and a half + n (p) + V (s ) a + n (s) and a half + V (s) 一个半16. one of the students , the only/very one of the students.17. a number of + n（复数） the number of + n（复数） 18.