论白河山毛榉的保护与开发.doc

论白河山毛榉的保护与开发摘要：笔者从可持续发展的角度，从保护、开发、利用三个层面，提出了加强管护、间伐改造和扩大种植三大发展措施，论述了因地制宜发展山毛榉资源的发展途径，并展望了生态效益和经济效益的发展前景。关键词：山毛榉； 保护； 开发 白河山毛榉生长在海拔15001800 m的五龙尖主峰下面北向的原始阔叶林中，分布面积约30 km2。五龙尖是白河县的最高峰，主峰最高海拔1 908 m，是目前全县境内发现山毛榉的唯一生长地。因此，这里的山毛榉称之为“白河山毛榉”，是非常稀有而珍贵的林木资源。如何保护好、开发好、利用好这里的名贵林木资源，是摆在政府和林业部门面前艰巨而长期的任务。山毛榉的拉丁学名是Fagus grandifolia，属于山毛榉属，斗科（Fagacae）落叶乔木植物，又名水青冈、麻栎金刚、窝窝栎、芝麻栎、石灰树，是世界级的名优木材品种。俄罗斯曾经以山毛榉为现代化武器命名，推出了举世瞩目的的“萨姆17山毛榉”防控导弹，这一奇怪的军事现象使山毛榉树种一举享誉全球。白河山毛榉是1994年才被发现和开始利用的。一个偶然的机会，白河县四新乡晏家村党支部书记兼护林员张国华，在湖北省十堰市某装潢材料市场看到了一种木质细腻、纹理匀称的地板条，凭着他在五龙尖林区多年护林的经验，断定五龙尖林区有这种地板木材。于是就佯装地板的买主，和老板攀谈有关地板的情况。得到有关资料之后，张国华来到五龙尖采集标本，去林业部门进行鉴定，被确认为山毛榉。 市场理论上有红山毛榉和白山毛榉之分，红山毛榉属于上等品种，价格高，白山毛榉次之。实际上这是一个误区，张国华告诉我们说，在深厚的土层中生长起来的山毛榉呈白色，生长快，材质硬度较差。在山石夹缝中生长的山毛榉生长速度慢，纹理呈红色，材质坚硬。二者实际上是同一个品种，由于生长在不同的土壤环境中，才导致红白不同的颜色和材质差别。白河山毛榉的心材边材区别不明显，有光泽，无特殊气味和滋味。木材纹理直或斜，结构中且均匀，材质重且硬。木材气干密度平均值0.792 g/cm3，径向、弦向、体积干缩系数平均值分别为0.187%、0.417%、0.627%，径面、弦面、端面、硬度平均值分别为68.5 MPa、66.7 MPa、72.8 Mpa。木材强度属中等，顺纹压力极限强度平均值为48.9 MPa。 具有切削较容易、握钉力强、油漆后光亮性良好等工艺特性。笔者认为：要保护、开发好白河山毛榉资源，就必须实施保护性开发，走出一条加强管护、间伐改造、扩大种植，可持续发展的路子。1 加强管护五龙尖地处陕西白河与湖北省竹山县交界的地方，目前，公路已经通到白河县茅坪镇晏家村三组的朱家湾并且有经过五龙尖通往湖北的趋势。从林区管辖权属上看，五龙尖林区有国有林、村有林和村民个体承包林，有的地方界线还不是十分清晰。随着交通的日益便捷和历史遗留问题的日渐凸现，必须适时解决好历史遗留问题，在物权法和相关林业法律法规的框架内进行林业确权，化解林业权属纠纷，强化林区巡查的频率，切实防止滥发、盗伐案件，特别是破坏稀有林木资源的发生。在人工看护的同时，设立林区公路监控摄像头，确保山毛榉林业资源不遭破坏而得以持续发展。2 间伐改造白河山毛榉混生在五龙尖原始林区内，大部分空间被毛栗树、山樱桃、亮皮树、冬青树等树种和山杠竹占领，严重影响了山毛榉的生长速度和繁衍数量。要保证山毛榉的正常生长，就有必要对以上影响山毛榉生长的树种进行人工间伐，以保证山毛榉的快速生长。同时，对已经或者行将枯死的山毛榉老树进行有效利用。笔者在五龙尖林区看到，不少老龄化的山毛榉枯死在山林中，有的已经倒地腐烂，导致了稀有林木资源的白白浪费，十分可惜。针对这种情况，林业部门应该立即采取有效措施，有计划、有步骤的引导、鼓励当地村民组织护林专业队，对赘余山毛榉资源进行保护性开发利用。在林业部门的监控之下，或加工，或贩运，以林养林，以减少护林的费用，又增加了农民的收入，取得护林和富民的双赢效果。3 扩大种植在五龙尖林区，大量的山毛榉林业资源在20世纪70年代“农业学大寨”运动中遭到严重破坏，在以后退耕还林发展的林木中，几乎找不到山毛榉的影子。在地处海拔15001800 m的箭弓垭、狗钻洞、天星眼、迷魂阵、四龙井、狮子包、熊家湾、娃鱼洞、草坡等地方，还有大约20 km2的土地，适合山毛榉生长。可以把山毛榉作为退耕还林的特殊品种，鼓励村民连片种植，并享受退耕还林的优惠政策。用1520年的时间，五龙尖林区不仅绿树葱茏，山里农民还有了自己的“摇钱树”。0.5万hm2的山毛榉，预计平均年产5 m3木材/667 m2，产值2.5万元/m3，可以实现年产值18.75亿元。利用现有的自然资源，因地制宜发展山毛榉种植产业，不愧是一条富民强县，福泽子孙，具有显著的地方特色，聚生态效益和经济效益于一体，一“榉”多得的发展之路。The protection and development of theory of baihe beech Pick to: the author, from the perspective of sustainable development from three aspects: protection, development, utilization, put forward to strengthen management, thinning and expansion planting three development measures, this paper discusses the development of ways to adjust measures to local conditions development of beech, and looks ahead the prospect of ecological benefits and economic benefits. Key words: beech, Protection; The development Baihe beech growth at an altitude of 1500 1800 m north of wulong pointed below the main original broad-leaved forest, the distribution area of about 30 km2. Wulong peak is the highest peak of Bai Hexian main / / /top 1, 908 m above sea level, is currently the only found in beech growth. Therefore, beech is called baihe beech, here is a very rare and precious forest resources. How to protect, develop and utilize the precious forest resources, is facing the government and the forestry sector difficult and long-term task. Beech is the Latin names of Fagus grandifolia, belongs to the beech, bucket (Fagacae) deciduous trees plant, aka,s oak, beech, holm oak kong zhi holm oak, lime tree, is a world-class famous wood species. Once named for beech for modern weapons, Russia launched the remarkable Sam - 17 beech prevention and control of missile, the strange phenomenon of military beech tree overnight fame all over the world. Baihe beech was discovered only in 1994 and begun to take advantage of. An accidental opportunity, four xinxiang Bai Hexian taking home village party branch secretary and the ranger zhang guohua, a packaging material market in shiyan city, hubei province saw a kind of wood is exquisite, texture well-balanced article floor, with his experience in wulong pointed forest region for many years, forest protection, concluded that wulong pointed in this wood floor. So he pretend to buyers of the floor and talk with my boss about the floor. After get the relevant information, zhang guohua come wulong pointed collecting specimens, identification to the forestry sector, was identified as beech. Market theory has red beech, white beech, red beech belong to fine varieties, price is high, the white beech. In fact this is a myth, zhang guohua told us, grows up in deep soil layer with a white beech, fast growth, material is qualitative hardness is poorer. In rock cracks growth beech growth speed is slow, red texture, texture hard. Both is actually the same variety, with the growing in different soil environment, leading to red, white and different colors and materials. Baihe beech heartwood of sapwood distinction is not obvious, luster, no special smell and taste. Wood texture is straight or oblique, structure and uniform, the material is heavy and hard. Average air dried wood density of 0.792 g/cm3, radial, string, volume shrinkage coefficient of average were 0.187%, 0.417%, 0.627%, average diameter, string surface, end surface, hardness, respectively is 68.5 MPa, 66.7 MPa and 72.8 MPa. Wood is medium intensity, along the grain average pressure ultimate strength is 48.9 MPa. With cutting more easily, good brightness after holding nail force is strong, paint and other process characteristics. The author thinks that: to protect, develop good baihe beech resources, we must implement protective development, out of a strengthening management, thinning transformation, expand the planting, the sustainable development path. 1 to strengthen the management Wulong peak is located in shaanxi baihe, along the border with zhushan county villagers in hubei province at present, the road has been to Bai Hexian MaoPingZhen Zhu Guwan taking home village three groups and has a tendency to pass wulong pointed to hubei. From forest areas under the jurisdiction of the ownership, wulong forests, peak forest there is a state-owned forest, village and the villagers individual contract, in some places boundaries is not very clear. As the traffic is convenient and the increasingly protruding problems left over by history, must be timely solve problems left over by history, in the property law and related laws and regulations within the framework of forestry in forestry right verification, dissolve the forestry ownership dispute, strengthen forest patrol frequency, to prevent spamming, the unlawful cases, particularly those destroy the rare trees resources. In artificial care at the same time, to establish a forest road surveillance cameras, ensure no beech forest resources destruction and sustained development. 2 the thinning transformation Baihe beech mixed in wulong forest area, most of the space is Mao Li tree, mountain cherry, bright skin, Holly and other tree species and mountain bamboo poles occupied, seriously affected the growth and reproduction of beech. To ensure the normal growth of beech, it is necessary to carry out the above affect the growth of beech trees artificial thinning, to ensure the rapid growth of beech. At the same time, the old beech tree that has been or is about to die for effective use. Ageing in wulong forest see, many die in the mountains of trees, have been to the ground decay, led to the scarce forest resources wasted, great pity. For this kind of situation, forestry department should immediately take effective measures, in a planned and step by step guide, encourage local villagers group forest protection professional leagues, protective of outages beech resources in the development and utilization. Under the monitoring of the forestry sector, or processing, or trafficking in Lin Yanglin, to reduce the cost of forest protection, and increased the income of peasants, forest protection and enriching the win-win results. 3 enlarge planting In wulong forest, a lot of beech forest resources in the 1970 s suffered severe damage in the emulating da-zhai on agriculture campaign, in the later development of returning farmland to forest trees, almost cant find the shadow of the beech. In is situated at an elevation of 1500 1500 m dogs, arrow bow (drill holes, star, eye, labyrin