语法--从句.doc

M9 U1 GrammarOverview of subordinate clausesTeaching aims:1. To overview the functions of adverbial clauses, noun clauses and attributive clauses. 2. To distinguish different types of clauses, as well as the specific usages of different conjunctions in each clause. 3. To pay attention to some special cases. Teaching steps:I. Lead-in.1. What clauses are included in subordinate clauses?2. What is the function of each clause? 一状语从句1. Function.2. Classification. Adverbial of time, place, manner, contrast, condition, reason, purpose and result. I.时间状语从句.1.when, while, as(1) _ I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of the bank. (2) _ he finished his lecture, people stood up and applauded.(3) I was walking on the street _ I came across an old friend. (4) We were about to set off _ it began to rain. (5) He had just finished the work _ the doorbell rang. (6) We were on the point of driving away _ the policeman signed us to stop.(7) It was foolish of you to take a taxi _ you could easily walk there.(8) _ your proposal sounds great, I dont quite agree with you. (9) _ I get older, I get wiser.总结：1. while 后跟表示持续性动词，多用进行时态。eg. He visited lots of tourist destinations while he stayed in Beijing. 2. when的常见句型 be doing when sb. do sth. be about to do when be on the point of doing sth. when had done sth. when sth. did.2.till, until, not until I waited until he came back.I didnt leave until he came back.(1)肯定句中：主句动词_(2)否定句中：主句动词_. (3)till不可以放在句首：(4)not until句型中的强调和倒装： You cannot leave until your work is finished.倒装句 Not until your work is finished can you leave.强调句 It is not until your work is finished that you can leave. 3. after, before, since 1).We hadnt run a mile _ he felt tired. 2)._ I could get in a word, he left without saying goodbye. 3).It was only a month _ they finally completed the project.4).It has been twenty days _ the war broke out.5).It is ten years _ he lived here.4. as soon as, once, the moment / minute, immediately, directly, no soonerthan, hardly / scarcely when（一就）(1)Ill go to see her _ she arrives.(2)I recognized him _ I saw him though we had seen each other for ten years.(3)She had hardly sat down when the phone rang.Hardly ?No sooner?5.every time; each time; any time; next time; all the time; the first time; the last time (1)_ I was in trouble, John would come to help me.(2)Next time you come, do remember to bring me that book.(3)I fell in love with the girl the first time I saw her.(4) The last time I saw him, he was busy preparing for the book. 要注意的考点：The problem wont be settled until we _ a chance to discuss it thoroughly.A. have had B. will have C. will have had D. would have(仍然遵循主将从现的原则，从句可以用一般现在时或现在完成时). 地点状语从句1.连词有：where; anywhere; everywhere; somewhere; wherever; no matter where2.区别定语从句和状语从句：(1) Leave it where it was. (2) Youd better make a mark where you have any questions. (3) Youd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions. . 原因状语从句1.连词有：because; as; since; now(that); seeing that; considering that 2. because, for(1)It must have rained last night, _ the ground is wet(2)_ he is ill, he is absent today. He must be ill today, _ he is absent. 3. since, seeing that, now that: “既然” （1）既然你是大学生，你不应该依赖你的父母。（2）Id like to accept this item, seeing (that) the price is reasonable.条件状语从句1.连词有：if; unless; so (as) long as; in case; on condition that; suppose/ supposing; provided / providing (that); given (that), etc. 2.真实条件句和虚拟条件句:(1)You can go out, _ you promise to be back before eleven.(2)_ they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help?(3)He wont go to sleep _ you tell him a story.(4) _ I forget, please remind me.(5) Look, suppose you lost your job tomorrow, what would you do?.目的状语从句1.连词有：so that; in order that; in case; for fear that; etc. (1) He told us to keep quiet for fear that we might disturb others. .结果状语从句1.连词有：so that; such that; so that; that; with the result that, etc. so 和such 的用法：so beautiful a girl such a beautiful girl such good friends such heavy smokesuch + adj. + 可数名词复数/不可数名词so + adj. / adv. + that(位于句首要倒装) eg. So angry was he that he couldnt speak. So fast did he run that he was far ahead of others. so many / much / little / few (表数量)+n. + thatExercises: (1)He was _angry that he left the room without saying a word.(2)He earned _ little money that he couldnt support his family.(3) These are _ little birds that we should protect them. (4) He told us _funny stories that we all laughed.(5) _ quickly did the workmen finish their work that at they were given a bonus. .方式状语从句1.连词有：as; as if; as though, etc.(1) You must do the exercises _ I show you.(2) Jean doesnt do the work the way_ I do.(3) It looks as if it is going to snow.(4) He is talking about Egypt as if he had been there before.as if 引导的状语从句可以用虚拟语气，也可以不用.让步状语从句1.连词有：though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter + wh-, wh-+ever, whether, while等:2.as / though引导让步状语从句 Tall as / though he was, he couldnt reach the apples. Quickly as / though he ran, he couldnt get there on time. Try as / though he does, he never seems able to make it. Child as / though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. (无冠词)+单数可数名词形容词 +as/though +主语+be, 副词谓语动词 + as / though + 主语 + 助动词/情态动词，3. Whether he drives or takes the bus, hell be here on time.However carefully you drive, you will probably have an accident. IX. 比较状语从句由as as , (not) so as , more than ; the more the more 等引导。在表达倍数时，可用三种句型：This building is twice taller than that oneThis building is _ that oneThis building is _ that one状语从句中常见的省略现象:1.时间状语从句中：Dont speak until spoken to.Once seen, it can never be forgotten.While/ When doing her homework she listens to the radio.2.条件状语从句中：Come tomorrow if possible /if so/ if necessary.He has no money. If any, he will give you. Unless repaired, the machine is of no use. 3.方式状语从句中：Some flowers shut up at night as if to sleep. He looked around as if in search of something.Jane seemed as if good at everything. 4.让步状语从句中：He showed no fear though in front of such danger. 主语一致时，状语从句的省略通常省掉主语和be动词。这一点与分词作状语相同，即:主语一致，主动关系，分词状语用ing形式； 或主语一致，被动关系，分词作状语用过去分词形式。二定语从句1功能：a.限定 * The book that / which you got from Mr. Charles is mine.b.修饰 * Shakespeare, who has written many lyric poems is not popular with the youth. 专有名词，名人的姓名通常不会使用限制性定语从句。2. which 和as 引导的非限制性定语从句。(1) He got number one in the competition, which made her parents extremely proud. (2) As is known to all, the earth is round.(3) Earthquake can kill many lives, as happened in Sichuan. 2要素：a.先行词。b.关系代词(that , which, who, whom, whose，as) 或关系副词(where , when, why); * That is the museum _ we visited last month.* That is the museum _ we worked last month.Is this museum the one _ we visited last month? 3. that/ which的选择(1) 何时只用that?序数词，最高级，不定代词(all, everything, anything, nothing, little, none, much)，先行词被all, any, every, no, little, much, few, the last, the only, the very修饰;人和物同时作主语，见金榜P18-19. (2) 何时只用which?非限制性定语从句介词后的关系代词，如：in which / of which / for which6. some/ many/ most 等常置于of+ which/ whom 之前* It is a language shared by various cultures, each of which uses it differently.* She has quite some pen friends, most of whom are from English speaking countries.(介词+关系代词中的介宾 只能是which 或whom,不能用who) 7as 的用法a. 先行词为the same/ such/so, 或含有这些词时, 定语从句用as 引导。* I have the same book as you want to have a look at.b. 先行词为整个句子，且从句动词有 “正如一样” 的意思The elephant is round like a rope, as / which everybody can see. said the blind man.8. so / the same/ such as区分so/ such thatlHe was so talented an artist _ everybody wants to keep his works.lHe was so talented an artist _ was welcomed by all the counties.Who?9. 几个特殊先行词：way; situation; point, scene, case, etc.1) Chinas new food law provides for a food recall system _ producers have to stop production if their food isnt up to standards. 1) Cubism is a type of art _ things are represented as geometric shapes.2) Do you know the phenomenon _ quite a lot of boys and girls are crazy about the computer?3) Bungee jumping is a sport _ a person makes a vertical jump from a high platform with a rubber cord tied to their ankles so that they bounce.4) Ive come to the point _ I cant stand him.5) The country is in the situation _ a war will break out at any time.三名词性从句一.定义: 二.分类 三.引导名词性从句的关联词,它们的功能是什么？1）连接词：that, whether (or not), if 2）连接代词：who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever, whomever, Whichever 3）连接副词：when, where, why, how1)We all know that the sun rises in the east. 2)I went to ask whether I could go with him.3)What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.4)Whoever leaves the room ought to turn off the light.5)It is where he was born.几个要注意的特例：（1） Who do you suppose (should) be sent there?（2） Father asked what was the matter with me. （3） what was wrong with me. Test yourself:1. -Do you remember _he came? -Yes, I do. He came by car.2._ makes men different from the other animals is that they can think and speak.3._he had failed in the examination surprised everybody.4. It seems to be _ the trouble lies.5. The place is _ was called Jin Ling.6. The reason why he didnt come in time was _he had missed the first train.但在做题时，同学们不需要考虑很多，而是要从句子结构（从句中缺少什么成份）和语境（需要什么意思的词），来答题。四. 名词性从句的难点1.同位语从句和定语从句的区别：(1) 可以带同位语从句的名词通常有：news, word, message, fact, (have no) idea, thought, hope, order, proposal, suggestion. (2) 如何来区别这两种从句：定语从句和前面的名词意思上有着密切的关系，关系词不仅连接句子，还在从句中做成分。同位语从句前的名词是没有这样的作用的。A.The message that he left on the desk came to me.B.The message came to me that he wanted to have a rest.2. “that” 何时不可以省？1). That he was put into prison really worried his parents.2).Jack kept his promise that he would always do anything he could for Lily to make sure of her happiness.3).The reason is that we are all new comers.4) We all know that the sun rises in the east.5) Madam Curie believed (that) life was full of difficulties and that we shouldnt beafraid of them. 主语从句、同位语从句,表语从句不可省略。 单个宾语从句口语中可以省，两个并列的宾语从句，第一个可以省，第二个不可以省。3whether 和 if的用法区别(1). They doubted whether the answer was right (or not). (2) .When we set off for London depends on whether we can buy the tickets.(3) .Whether or not you are the right person to choose is very clear.(4) .The question whether his answer is also right isnt solved. whether 可以与or not 连用，if 则不可以。表示“是否”时，if 不能放在句首。4. who, whoever, whomever在选择时，注意三个词的意思和在句中所做的成分。who是谁的意思，whoever=anyone who在从句中做主语, whomever 做宾语。(1). _studies best isnt known to us.(2). Eat any cake you like and leave the others for _comes here later.(3). _breaks the law must be punished. 5. 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用Wish;it is time that sb. did sth. suggest, require, command, insist, propose, recommend, demand Its necessary/essential/ important/ strange/ astonishing that sb(一)状语从句1. John shut everybody out of the kitchen _he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.A. which B. when C. so that D. as if2. I would appreciate it _you call back this afternoon for the doctors appointment.A. until B. if C. when D. that3. After the war，a new school building was put up _there had once been a theatre.A. that B. where C. which D. when4. John may phone tonight. I dont want to go out _he phones.A. as long as B. in order to C. in case D. so that5. Someone called me up in the middle of the night，but they hung up _I could answer the phone.A. as B. since C. until D. before6. Dont look down upon Bob. He has his own advantages.Oh, yes. _others are weak, he is strong.A. If B. When C. Where D. Though7. It is ten years _he smoked.A. that B. when C. since D. while8. _ you may do，you must do it well.A. Which B. Whenever C. Whatever D. When9. Are you thinking about going to New York for the holiday?No. But if I _the time，I would definitely go.A. have B. had C. have had D. would have10. I saw Mr. Smith last Sunday. We had not seen each other _I left London.A. as B. before C. since D. till11.The problem wont be settled until we _a chance to discuss it thoroughly.A. have had B. will have C. will have had D. would have12. _ you talk to someone or write a message，you show your skills to others.A. At times B. Some time C. By the time D. Every time13. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she _.A. will arrive B. is going to arrive C. arrives D. is arriving14. We should finish the important job，_.A. long it takes however B. it takes however longC. long however it takes D. however long it takes15. Why do you want to find a new job _youve got such a good one already?A. that B. where C. which D. when16. He got excited at the news，_ I was calm.A. when B. while C. because D. after17. Shall Brown come and play computer games?No，_ he has finished his homework.A. when B. if C. unless D. once18. Hardly had he arrived in Hongkong _she rang me up.A. when B. than C. that D. and19. _，he never seems able to do the work beautifully.A. Try as he does B. as he tries C. Try as does he D. As he does try20. If _，I would have gone with him.A. had he told me B. he had told me C. he has told me D. he would tell me21. We will never give in _they might do or say about our plan.A. no matter how how C. whatever D. although22. If you go to Xian，you will find the places there more magnificent than commonly _.A. supposing B supposed C. to suppose D suppose23. Its no wonder youve got a headache _you drank so much last night.A. though B.n case C. when D. while24. I wonder if I_ time. If I _time，Ill go with you.A. have；have B. will have；will have C. have；will have D. will have；have25. Please pronounce the word _I did.A. by the way B. the way C. the moment D. like26. I was about to leave my house _the phone rang.A. while B. when C. as D. after27. I had cut the meat into pieces _Mother started cooking.A. when B. as soon as C. after D. while28. It was _ everyone went to the beach. A. so hot a weather that B. such hot weather that C. a hot enough weather so that D. a very hot weather so that29. _ Im late, start without me.A. Even if B. In case C. Unless D. Because30. It is a long time _ . A. when I saw you last B. since I saw you last C. ago I saw you last D. then I saw you last31. Lets talk all this over again _ we make a final decision. A. after B. before C. while D. when32. We shall start off as planned _ A. no matter he will come or notB. whether coming or not C. no matter whether he come or notD. whether he comes or not33. _ the weather was fine, I opened all the windows. A. As B. Because of C. For D. With34. _ your help, he could not have made such great progress.A. Unless B. But for C. If he had no D. Had he hadnt35. _ in the United States, StLouis has now become the 25th largest cityA. Once the fourth biggest cityB. It is the fourth biggest cityC. It was the fourth biggest cityD. Before the fourth biggest city it was36. -My watch started up again.-You should take it to be repaired _ its working now.A. even though B. in spite thatC. despite D. however37. _ I met him, he was working as a secretary in a big companyA. Since the first time B. The first time C. The first time when D. For the first time38. Dr. Smith is aware that we still have a long way to go in improving human living conditions and in fighting sickness _ .A. where it is found B. wherever is it found C. wherever it is found D. where is it found39. We all know that, _, the situation wil