高中较全的语法点拨.doc

目 录定语从句 1名词性从句 3状语从句 6非谓语动词 13情态动词 18虚拟语气 21动词的时态 24动词的语态 31主谓一致 34高中英语语法重点点拨高二英语组二九年五月二十一日定语从句作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的名（代）词叫作先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面。（一）定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导1、关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as 2、关系副词：when, where, why关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首，起着连接先行词和从句的作用，同时在从句中又充当句子成分。3、关系词的用法：关系词关代指人作主语that,who 作宾语that,who,whom,省略 指物作主语that,which作宾语that,which,省略指人/ 物作定语Whose（若指物，可同of which互换）as作主宾表关副地点where介词+ whichat/in/+which时间whenat/in/on+which原因whyfor+which注：选择关系词关键看先行词和它在从句中作什么成分而定。e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.（关系代词who在从句中作主语）The comrade with whom I came knows French.（whom在从句中作介词with的宾语）They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮。Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。Ill never forget the days (which/that/) I spent together with you. 我永远不会忘记与你共渡的日子。Beijing is the place where（in which）I was born.北京是我的出生地。Beijing is the place (which/that/)I visited last year. 北京是我去年参观过的地方。Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？Is this the reason（which/that/）you explained to me?这就是你给我解释的原因吗？（二）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。I was the only person in our office who was invited.（去掉定语从句，意思就不完整）2.非限制性定语从句:从句与先行词关系不密切,去掉从句,意思仍完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能用that引导。 Toms father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.（三）使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题1.that与which的区别。1）用that而不用 which的情况：先行词为不定代词anything, everything, nothing, any, little, one, few, much, all, none等时先行词有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰；先行词有the only, the very, the just 等词修饰；先行词既有人又有物时。 当主句是以who,which开头的特殊疑问句或先行词是who时。There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。Who that you have ever seen can beat him in the game?2）用which而不用 that的情况：引导非限制性定语从句； 代表整个主句的意思； 介词 + 关系代词。He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。This is the room in which my father lived last year. 这是父亲去年居住过的房子。2.as和which引导的定语从句1）as引导定语从句时的用法as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same as, such as结构中。This is the same book as I lost yesterday. 这本书与我昨天丢失的那本书一样。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as we all know, as I expect，as is announced,as is said 等。As I expect, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.2）as与which引导定语从句时的相同点都可引导定语从句；都可指整个主句；都可在从句中作主宾表3）as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别当主句和从句语义一致时，即表正如，正像之意，用as；反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。 He made a long speech, as we expected. He made a long speech, which was unexpected.as引导非限制定语从句位于句首,句中或句末，并有逗号和主句隔开；而which引导非限制定语从句只位于句末，并有逗号和主句隔开。 Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all.3. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently.The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.【注】This is one of the rooms that are free now 这是目前空着的房间之一。He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school他是我们学校中唯一懂法语的人。4. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语或状语隔开。 There is an expression in his eyes that I cant understand.5. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，不要拆开。The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.6. 介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介词在句尾，关系代词可有which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who，且可省略。 The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.7.当先行词way 意为方式，方法且在从句中作状语时，引导定语从句的关系词有that/in which或省略。I dont understand the way that/in which/- they worked out the problem.8.先行词是time时,表次数用that引导,that 可省略;表一段时间用when或at/during + which引导定语从句。This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.There was a time when/during which women had no right to vote.名词性从句名词性从句:即指性质相当于名词的从句，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一、引导名词性从句的连接词 连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词：when, where, how, why whenever, wherever, however连接词whether, if“是否”不充当句子的任何成分。 that只能起连接主句和从句的作用，不充当从句的任何成分，无词义二、名词从句的分类1.主语从句 ：用作主语的从句叫主语从句That she likes such kind of films is very interesting. Whether he will come remains a question. What she is doing is none of your business.Whoever comes will be welcome.Where he has been is still a puzzle.However you do it is all right with me.2.表语从句： 表语从句在句中作表语，它位于主句的系动词之后The problem is that smokers cannot go without smoking. 问题是抽烟的人不抽烟就会感到难受。 The question is whether it is worth doing. 问题是这是否值得做。China is no longer what it used to be. 中国已不是从前那个样子了。This is where he has worked for years. 这就是他多年工作的地方。3.宾语从句：在句中可以作谓语动词或介词或某些形容词的宾语They know that the habit may kill them. They doubt whether or not Jack is a good student. The teacher is satisfied with what she has said Im glad that I can go with you.4.同位语从句:同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、fact、demand、doubt、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。The news that we won the game is exciting.I have no idea when he will come back home. Word came that our football team had won the match. 三、名词性从句中应注意的点：主语从句:1.有时用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。常用句型如下：1.)It is +名词+ that.( 名词:a pity/ no wonder/a pleasure) eg.It is a pity that my new computer doesnt work. 2.) It is +形容词 + that.(形容词若是strange, necessary, important, natural.主语从句得用虚拟语气should + Veg. Its necessary that you complete the design before National Day. 3.) It is +过去分词+ that(常用动词:report, say, tell, believe, think.)eg.Its said that the sports meet will be put off. 4).It + 不及物动词 +that eg. Itoccurredtomethat I had told him the news. 我突然想起来我已经告诉他这个消息了。2.使用主语从句应注意：1.)从句作主语，谓语常用单数，但以what开始的主语从句，如后面的表语为复数时，谓语也用复数。eg.What he wants to buy are three books and two ballpens.What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world2.)that 从句位于句首时，that绝对不能省略。That we are invited to the concert is good newws to us.3.It 作形式主语和引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是强调句子某一部分，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。eg. a) It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 b) It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）宾语从句1.连接词that引导的宾语从句,若主句动词后有两个或以上的宾语从句，除第一个that外，其余均不可省。eg.I forgot (that)my papers was due on Tuesday and that my teacher had said he would not accept late papers. 2.在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。Eg. I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。3.注意宾语从句中的时态呼应1）当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。eg He studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时）eg. He studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时）eg. He know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）eg. He has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时）2）当主句动词是过去时态，从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。eg.The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America She told me that the earth turns around the sun.表语从句1.表语从句的表现形式除了用从属连词，连接代词和连接副词引导以外，还可用as, as if， as though Things were not as they seemed.It looks as if it is going to rain.2.另外还要注意以下常用的两种结构：The reason whyis that eg.The reason why he was fired is that he didnt work hard.That is because He was late for school yesterday. That is because he was ill. (because 说明理由) That is why. He was ill. That is why he was late for school.(前面说明理由，why引导从句表结果) 同位语从句1.凡表示“请示、建议、命令”等动词的相应的名词引导的同位语从句，均用 (should) +V原形如：order, advice, suggestion, demand, proposal.eg. The suggestion that he (should)not go there is of great value. 2.同位语从句和定语从句的区别： 1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。 2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。eg.The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语） The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分） 四、名词性从句中应注意的其它情况：1.whether 与 if 的区别 1)在宾语从句中可互换eg.I dont know whether/if he will come this evening.2)在表语、同位语从句中只能用whetherThe question is whether the film is worth seeing.3)在主语从句中，只有用it 作形式主语时，whether,if都能引导主语从句，而if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾，否则也只能用whetherWhether we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided It is not sure if he will succeed.4)在介词后只用whetherI havent settled the question of whether Ill go back hpme.5)直接跟动词不定式时也只用whether .eg.He doesnt know whether to stay or not6)后面紧跟or not 只用whether。 eg. Whether you like it or not, you must do it well We didnt know whether or not she was ready. 7)某些动词后（discuss/depend）只用whether:eg.It all depends(on)whether they will support usWe must discuss whether he will be allowed come here.2.名词性从句的语序: 不管什么词引导，从句的语序始终用陈述语序Eg .I dont know why he was crying. 我不知道她为什么哭。The question is why there is little rain here. 问题是这里为什么雨水少。 3.Who/whoever,what/whatever等的用法区别 一般说来，what/who等含特指意义，而whatever/whoever等含泛指意义，意为“无论什么/无论谁”。 eg.Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachildwhatever heorshewants. (这里的whatever表 泛指意义)无论孩子要什么就给他/她什么事不明智的Icantrememberatthemomentwhohassaidthewords.(这里的who表特定的某人) 4.that与what引导名词性从句的区别what用来引导各种名词性从句，并在从句中做主语、宾语或表语，意为“所的事或物”。 eg.What I need is more time. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中做need的宾语)The boy isnt what he used to be. (what引导表语从句，并在从句中做be的表语) I have no idea what has happened to her. (what引导同位语从句，并在从句中做主语)that 也可用来引导名词性从句，但 that本身无意义，也不在从句中做任何成分，仅仅起一个连接的作用。 eg.The teacher taught us that we should always do our best.状语从句复习要点：掌握句法功能，记住连接词 语法意义：状语从句是复合句中的一种，整个从句作主句的状语，修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词、或副词。置于句首时，状语从句后面一般要有逗号隔开；如果状语从句置于句尾，则从句前一般不用逗号。按照所作的状语和意义可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式和比较等九种状语从句。具体如下：一 时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, the instant, every time, each time, any time , the first time, the last time, the next time , immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when1 【区别】when, while和as的区别（1）when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。 When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词） 突然beabouttodowhen.“就在那/这时，（突然）另外一个动作发生了，在这儿只能用when。 We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。（2）while引导的从句谓语动词一般是一段较长的时间或过程，故动词必须是延续性动词或状态。 主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词表示的动作或状态是同时发生或存在的；While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (同时发生) 一个动作在另一个动作持续过程中的某一时刻发生。Hefellasleepwhilehewasdoinghishomework. while可用作并列连词，前后对比，而. Heisdiligentwhilehisbrotherisidle. while可以引导让步状语从句，译作“虽然”，“尽管”，只放句首。Whilehewasrefused,hedidntfeeldiscouraged. （3）as表示“当”， 引导的动作是延续性的动作 强调主句和从句的动作同时发生；用来说明某人同时一边,一边两种正在发展和变化的情况We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱 as也可以强调“一先一后。例如： As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生2 the minute, the moment, the second, the day，the instant, immediately , directly 等词引导的时间状语从句表示“一-就-” 相当于 as soon asHe says “hello”to me every time he sees me3 no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when引导的从句若no sooner，hardly，scarcely置于句首，句子要倒装，而且主句用过去完成时从句用过去时。He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家,就被邀请开始另一旅程。 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。4.由by the time“到-为止”引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如： By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。 5.由since引导的时间状语从句。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。注意句型It is/ has been 时间since从句的句型.I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。 It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。 6.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。I didnt go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。 It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。7 .由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句有时译成“就，才”。主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如： It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。 It was four days before they came back. 过了四天他们就回来了。My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。 After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。 After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我们回家了。（从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时） 8特殊句句式比较1. It is / has been+ 一段时间 + since+ 从句 （过去时）从-以来多长时间了It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了。It was + 一段时间 + since+ 从句 （过去完成时）从-以来多长时间了It was ten years since his grandfather had died。他爷爷已经去世十年了。2. It will be + 一段时间+before+ 从句 （一般现在时）(要过-才-) It will be two years before I graduate from a high school. 再过两年我才能高中毕业It was + 一段时间+before+ 从句 （一般过去时）（过了-才-）It was a long time before I went to sleep again. 过了很长时间我才睡着。3 It is/ was + 具体时间(时间点) + when +从句 It was three oclock in the afternoon when they arrived in the mountain village. 他们到达那个山村的时候是下午三点钟4 It is / was + 被强调部分（时间状语）+ that + 其它 （强调句型） It is at three oclock in the afternoon that they arrived in the mountain village.就在下午三点中, 他们到达了那个山村二 地点状语从句常用引导词：where特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.一般来讲，工厂多的地方空气污染就严重 Wherever you go, you should work hard. 无论你去哪儿，你都应该努力工作Where there is a will , there is a way.有志者事竟成。(谚语) Wherever there is smoke , there is fire.无风不起浪。(谚语)三、条件状语从句（一）引导条件状语从句的连词有：if（如果），unless（除非；如果不），aslongas（除非；只要），supposing（假设），onconditionthat（条件是），incase（如果）once （一旦）on condition that（在条件下）， providing， provided (that)， supposing， suppose (that) （假如， 假使）as long as (=so long as) 意为“只要”。If you ask him， he will help you. 如果你请求他,他会帮助你。He is sure to come unless he has some urgent business. 他一定会来， 除非他有急事。They are going to have a picnic if it doesnt rain next week.如果天不下雨,下星期他们要去野餐。YoucanusemybikeonconditionthatyoureturnitbyFriday. 你可以使用我的自行车，条件是你星期五以前还。Suppose/Supposing (that) he does not come, what shall we do? 他要是不来,我们该怎么办？You may use the book so long as you will return it on time. 只要你准时还， 你就可以借这本书。难点提示：用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时.（二）条件状语的特殊用法1 条件状语从句在虚拟语气中的使用。 IfIweretoIshouldfirstofallgettheexpertstodiscusstheplan. 如果我真的想做这事，我首先会找专家们讨 论我的计划。If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. 要是你早来几分钟就碰到他了2条件状语从句中的省略。 Cometomorrowifpossible.可能的话，明天来。 IwillbuyaDVDsetifnecessary. 如果有必要的话，我就买DVD。四、让步状语从句让步状语从句表示：虽然，尽管，即使等概念，由although（尽管）, though（尽管）, however（无论怎样）, whatever（无论什么）, whoever（无论谁）, whomever（无论谁）, whichever（无论哪个）, whenever（无论何时）, wherever（无论哪里）, whether（是否）, no matter (who, what, where, when, etc) （无论）, even if（即使）, even though（即使）等词引导。1 though, although表示“虽然，尽管”之意。这两个连词意思大致相同，在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中，though较常使用，although比though正式，二者都可与yet, still或nevertheless连用，但不能与but连用。Although/Though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong. 他虽然年纪大了，身体还很健壮。值得注意的是，although引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多， though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。例如：She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard. 她虽然不用功学习，考试却及格了。2 as, though表示“虽然但是”，“尽管”之意。as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现，被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形，though间或也用于这样的结构中，但although不可以这样用。例如：Object as you may, Ill go.= Though/Although you may object, Ill go. 纵使你反对，我也要去。Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress.= Though he works hard, he makes little progress.尽管他学习很努力，但几乎没取得什么进步。Child as/though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do= Though he was a child, he knew what was the right thing to do.虽然他是一个孩子，但他知道该做什么。3 even if, even though 表示“即使”，“纵使”之意。although与though一样，意为虽然，不能与but连用. even though语气比although强烈,意为 即使，尽管even if引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性，而even though引导让步状语从句时，是以从句的内容为先决条件的，也就是说，说话人肯定了从句的事实。例如：Well make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要作一次旅行。Even if he is poor, she loves him.即使他很穷，但她还是爱他。Even though he is poor, she loves him.尽管他很穷，但她还是爱她。4 whether.or.表示“不论是否”，“不管是还是”之意。由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两个方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。例如：Youll have to attend the ceremony whether youre free or busy. 不管你忙不忙，都要参加这个典礼。Whether you believe it or not, its true.无论你是否相信，这都是真的。5 “no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“都；不管都”，它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。No matter what happened, he would not mind. (=Whatever happened, he would not mind.)无论发生了什么，他都不会介意的。No matter who you are, you must keep the law.(=Whoever you are, you must keep the law.不管你是谁，你都要遵纪守法。但“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句，而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。例如：Whatever (=No matter what) you say, I wont believe you. (Whatever 引导让步状语从句)无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。Ill eat whatever (no matter what) you give me. (whatever引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么，我就吃什么。Whoever comes will be welcome. (Whoever 引导主语从句) 不管谁来都受到欢迎。6 有时while也可以引导让步状语从句，但一般要位于句首。例如：While I like the colour, I dont like the shape.我虽然喜欢那颜色，但不喜欢那形状。综上所述，我们可以看出，学习让步状语从句的关键是关联词的选用；其次，要注意的是由as引导的让步状语从句要用倒装语序。 7 However (=No matter how)+ adj/adv + 陈述句However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, Ill take it.无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。五、 原因状语从句原因状语从句表原因引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要的