集体备课---状语从句.doc

状语从句一、时间状语从句（一）时间连词when的用法特点一般来讲，when的意思相当于at that time（在时刻）因此从句的谓语动词通常是短暂动词，表示某一时刻的动作。不过，when引导的从句也可接延续动词，这时从句往往用过去进行进态，表示某一时间段内发生的动作。1主句一般过去时 + 从句一般过去时（1）I started my dinner when he left（2）He left when I got there若主从句都用一般过去时，则表示从句动作先发生。从句还可以用过去完成时，就有了下面的第二种时态搭配关系。2主句一般过去时 + 从句过去完成时（3）I started my dinner when he had left（4）He left when I had got there表示过去的动作中，when引导的从句还有一个重要的时态搭配，即一般过去时（simple past）与过去进行时搭配。此时的时态搭配与主句、从句没有关系，而只与动作的长短有关系。短暂动作用一般过去时，延续动作用过去进行时。这一时态配套使用所表示的意义是：在一个延续背景动作的过程中突然发生了一个短暂动作。既然此时的时态搭配与主从句没有关系，因此可以组合成下面两种时态搭配，即“主句过去进行时+从句一般过去时”，或“主句一般过去时+从句过去进行时”，即：主句一般过去时+从句过去进行时 The doorbell rang when I was telephoning主句过去进行时+从句一般过去时 I was telephoning when the doorbell rang 由“主句一般过去时+when+从句过去进行时”变成“主句过去进行时 + when +从句一般过去时”，此时when的意思发生了改变，由during the time（当时候）变成了at the time（正在那时）。这时when强调某个短暂动作突然发生，可以在when引导的从句中添加suddenly一词。eg：aThe doorbell rang when suddenly I was telephoningbI was telephoning when suddenly the doorbell rangeg： I was telephoning Harry when she arrived I telephoned Harry when she arrived 主句一般将来时+从句一般现在时 表示将来的动作时，主句显然要用一般将来时，而时间从句要用一般现在时表示将来，不能使用将来时态。Ill speak to him when he arrivesIll tell him about it when he comes back（二）时间连词while的用法特点当while用作时间连词时，意思相当于during that time（在期间），表示某一时间段内发生的动作。因此，从句的谓语动词通常接延续动词。The phone rang while I was taking my bathThe doorbell rang while we were watching TVwhile和when含义有差别：while的意思相当于during that time（在期间），表示某一时间段内发生的动作，因此，从句的谓语动词通常接延续动词。when的意思相当于at that time（在时刻），从句的谓语动词通常是短暂动词，表示某一时刻的动作。（三）时间连词until的用法特点until的用法有以下三个要点：第一、until既可以用作介词也可以作为连词，所以的后面可以接名词短语也可以接时间从句。第二、until的本质是表示“一个（主句）动作一直持续到某一个时间点”。具体来说就是：until前面的主句或句子的谓语必须是延续性的，until后面接的从句的谓语须是短暂性动词或接时间点。第三、until的句型结构有：1作为连词引导从句时的句型：主句的延续动词 + until + 从句的短暂动词；2作为介词接名词短语的句型：延续动词 + until + 时间点（不是时间段）。（1）延续动词 + until + 短暂动词或时间点当主句或句子的谓语动词是延续动词时，通常用肯定形式。until的后面若接从句，则从句的谓语必定是短暂动词，或者接表示时间点的名词短语。Wait until he comes backUntil I came back，he was waiting for me at my homeWell stay here until it stops rainingI will be away from my office until next Tuesday（2）短暂动词+ until + 短暂动词或时间点 若主句或句子的谓语动词是短暂动词，则要用否定形式。否定之后表示的是一个状态，而状态则是延续的，就是我们常说的“直到才”的结构。He didnt leave the office until his boss came backI did not realize how special my mother was until I became an adultIce cream did not reach America until about the middle of the eighteenth century（四）表示“一就”的结构有一些时间连词用来表达主句的动作和从句的动作相继发生，两者之间的时间间隔不长，相当于汉语里“一就”的意思。主句和从句的谓语都是短暂动词。1从句动作先于主句动作确切地说，就是从句动作发生之后，紧接着主句动作就发生了。表示这一时间关系的连词有：as soon as，once，the minute，the moment，the instant，immediately，directly和instantly等等。连词的用法和句式结构是一样的，主从句时态一般一致。若表示将来的动作，则主句用一般将来时（simple future），从句用一般现在时表示将来。We will leave as soon as it stops rainingIt began to rain as soon as I arrived homeThe doorbell rang as soon as we began having dinner比如下面两个谈论朋友的句子：A fair-weather friend is like a banker who lends you his umbrella when the sun is shining and takes it back the minute it rains酒肉朋友就像一个银行家，正值阳光灿烂时他会把伞借给你，而一旦天下雨他就立即将伞收回。2主句动作先于从句动作确切地说，就是在主句动作发生之后，紧接着从句动作就发生了。表示这一时间关系的连词有：hardlywhen，scarcelywhen和no soonerthan。这些连词的用法和句式结构是不一样的，主从句时态一般也不一致。他们一般多用来表示过去的动作，主句多用过去完成时，且常倒装，从句用一般过去时。可与as soon as等从句、主句互换。eg： No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain It began to rain as soon as I arrived home No sooner had I got into the shower than the phone rang No sooner had the storm started than all the lights went out可以用hardly / scarcelywhen这一结构来表达同样的意思。二、地点状语从句地点状语从句通常是由where引导，用来表达主句的动作发生的场所。“where + 陈述句”从句可以放在句首或句末。Stay where you areGenerally，air will be heavily polluted where there are factories地点状语从句若放在句首，在翻译时往往失去地点的含义。Where there is Love，there is also Wealth and Success!只要有爱，就会有成功和财富！三、原因状语从句1常见连词的用法常用because，for，as和since/now that/in that这四个连词来引导原因状语从句。在这四个连词中，because的语气最强，只有它才能用来回答why的问句，所引出的原因往往是听话人所不知道的或最感兴趣的；也只有because才能被强调词如only，just和perhaps等来修饰。请看例句：My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful一般来说，“我”不被朋友喜欢的原因是听者感兴趣的，所以用because引出这个原因。连词since表示人们已知的事实，是不需强调的原因，所以常译成“既然”，通常放在句首。Since we dont have class tomorrow，why not go out for a picnic?连词as与since的用法差不多，所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉而不需用because加以强调。请看例句：As Monday is a national holiday，all government offices will be closed连词for表示推断的理由，是对前面分句的内容加以解释或说明。It rained last night，for the ground is wet this morning相比较而言：as和for引导的主、从句，二者处于平等位置；because引导的从句显得比主句重要，强调原因；since引导的从句显得次要，而主句重要，以说明将要做什么事。2用介词表示因果关系常用的介词有：because of，due to和owing to, on account of, thanks to。因为是介词，所以其后面不能接从句。请比较：We had an accident because he was carelessWe had an accident due to his carelessnessOwing to his carelessness we had an accident一般来说，owing to常置于句首，而due to通常不这么用。四、目的状语从句在英语中，常用的引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that，in order that和that。另外，在目的状语从句中常含有情态动词，比如may / might或can/could等。eg：I turned off the VT in order that my classmate could study in peace and quietI spoke slowly and clearly so that / in order that the audience could understand meWe climbed high (so) that we might get a better view目的状语从句一般位于主句之后。但若要强调目的状语从句，可将so that或in order that引导的从句置于句首。In order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet,I turned off the TV五、结果状语从句（一）常见连词的用法常用的引导结果状语从句的连词有：sothat和suchthat。结果状语从句都要放在主句之后，而不能提到句首。1连词sothat的用法 多数结果状语从句是由sothat引导的，这里so的后面接形容词或副词。 The food in our school canteen is so bad that flies go there to lose weight2连词suchthat的用法 suchthat来引导结果状语从句，此时such的后面要接名词。 Diplomats and crabs are creatures who move in such a way that it is impossible to tell whether they are coming or going 外交官和螃蟹是行为方式相同的动物，因为我们无法判断他们是要向前走还是想往后退。试比较： He is such a good teacher that everyone likes him He is so good a teacher that everyone likes him（二）结果状语从句的倒装在英文中，such / sothat引导结果状语从句，为了强调，还可以将主句中的so或such引导的部分置于句首从而构成倒装结构。So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speedSuch a fool was he that he believed her六、条件状语从句（一）常见连词的用法最常见的条件状语从句的引导词是if和unless。连词if表示“如果”，unless表示“如果不”或“除非”。If winter comes，can spring be far behind?Inside this book you will find a series of successful skills，strategies and suggestions for improving your English，but these will be useless unless you carry them out（二）其他条件状语从句的连词其他引导条件状语从句的连词有：suppose（that），supposing（that），providing / provided（that），so long as，as long as和on condition that等。So long as you work hard enough，an iron rod can be ground into a needleA man is not old as long as he is seeking somethingA man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams一个人只要还有追求，他就不算老。只有当心中不再有梦想，而只是满怀遗憾，这时他才真正老了。Knowledge helps you to reach the destination provided you know what the destination is七、让步状语从句（一）常见连词的用法常见的引导让步状语从句的词有though，although，even though和even if，此时，主句前不可用but，但可用yet或still。Although he tried hard,（yet / still）he failedAlthough I didnt know anybody at the party,I had a very good timeThe family is the essential presencethe thing that never leaves you,even if you find you have to leave it（二）表示让步转折关系的介词在英文中，还可以用介词来表示让步转折关系。这些介词主要有despite，in spite of和for all。需要注意的是，although和though是连词，因此后面介词只接名词（短语），不能接从句。请比较：Though he was inexperienced，he did a very good jobIn spite of his inexperience，he did a very good job其他类型的例子还有：Although it was dangerous,Despite the danger,Though the weather was bad,In spite of the bad weather,介词后面除了接名词短语外，还可以接what引导的名词从句。综上所述，介词后面可以接名词、名词短语、动名词或what引导的从句；连词后面可以接完整的陈述句、形容词（相当于省略句）、分词（相当于省略句）等。（三）置于句首的while一般表示“尽管”while位于句首，一般意为“尽管”，引导让步状语从句。While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics，Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression日本的教育常常因为重视基础知识而受到外国人士的赞扬，但是其教育往往强调应试和机械性的学习，而不是强调创造性及自我表现。（四）as引导的倒装句表示让步as引导的倒装句可表示让步，这一结构有：adjadv分词 + as + 主语 + 谓语动词名词（无冠词）短语1形容词提置句首Young as he is，he is knowledgeable Oldest in our workshop as he is，he works hardest2副词提置句首Much as I respect him，I can not agree with himAgain as he failed in doing this experiment，he didnt lose his heart3分词提置句首 Praised as he was，he remained modest4名词提置句首 Child as he is，he is knowledgeable Lazy a boy as he is，he is kind to help others 这里的as 可以替换为that或though，尽管较少这样使用。不可以用althoughBDCAeg：Much although I have traveled，I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness，whatever the job八、比较状语从句（一）连词as的基本用法as引导比较状语从句，其基本结构是asas，这里前一个as是副词，而后一个as才是比较状语从句的连词。1结构（1）：as + 形容词或副词 + as The work is not as difficult as you think2结构（2）：as + 形容词+ a(n) +可数名词单数+ as Rarely has a technological development had as great an impact on so many aspects of social，economic，and cultural development as the growth of electronics很少有哪项科技的发展能像电子技术的发展这样，对我们的社会、经济以及文化等诸多方面产生如此重要的影响。3在否定句中第一个as可用so代替 This room is not so large as the one we saw yesterday4为了保持句子平衡，从句还可以用倒装结构 此时的结构是“asas+助动词+主语”eg：Small as it is，the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth尽管蚂蚁很小，但是它同地球上的任何其他动物一样，也是一种动物。The computer revolution may well change society as fundamentally as did the Industrial Revolution计算机革命对于我们人类社会的改变之深刻，就如同当年的工业革命。（二）连词than的基本用法1可比性问题 可比性问题，即指导应是两个同类事物才能比较，如he和I。不是两个同类事物是无法比较的。 He is taller than I(am) The weather of the South is wetter than the North2比较形式问题即指在有than的比较句子里，主句中必须有比较级形式出现。There are few electronic applications to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than robots很少有任何一项电子技术的应用能够像机器人这样，引起了人们对未来就业机会的恐慌。Alikely Bmore likely Cmost likely Dmuch likely 答案：BDCABOn the whole，ambitious students are much likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition3为了保持句子平衡，从句还可以用全部或部分倒装 此时的结构是：than +助动词+主语 On the whole，ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition（三）表示倍数比较的三种句型结构在英文中，除了用than和as来对两个事物进行比较外，还可以用times和twice等来说明两事物之间的倍数关系。表示两事物倍数关系的比较（以三部即three times）（1）“倍数+比较级”结构：A is three times bigger（或其他形容词的比较级）than B（2）“倍数+asas”结构：A is three times as big（或其他形容词的原级）as B（3）“倍数+名词”结构：A is three times the size（或其他形容词对应的名词形式）of B（四）the more，the more句型结构“the more，the more”结构的基本意思是“越，越”。这里的比较级部分都须在各自的分句中充当一定的成分，换句话说，相当于是将分句中的某个成