付博2011暑期强化——翻译.doc

2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语辅导翻 译一 翻译标准翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整地表达出来的一种活动。翻译在某中程度上讲也是一个思维再创造的过程。在翻译的过程中，译者必须遵守一定的标准与原则。对于考研翻译而言，“忠实”和“通顺”是两项最基本的要求。忠实：由于翻译是在理解了别人用一种语言所表达的意思后，把同样的意思用另一种语言表达出来，因此译者首先要忠实于原作的内容，也就是说翻译的过程主要是传达别人的意思，而不是自己进行创作，不得篡改、歪曲、遗漏原文所表达的思想。可见准确地理解原文是翻译好一篇文章的关键。通顺：这条原则指的是将一种语言翻译成另一种语言后，译文要流畅、明了、易懂。具体到英译汉来说，就是将英语翻译成汉语后，语言必须符合汉语的习惯和规范，用词要准确，文字不晦涩、不生硬、不洋化。二 翻译步骤1_2_3_4_5_三 考试热点1、被动语态的翻译 The car was severely damaged beyond any means of repair while the driver was safe and sound.汽车损坏严重，已无法修理，而驾车者却安然无恙。 The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of science. 此项发现得到科学界的高度评价。(或：科学界对此项发现给予高度评价)。 Rubber is found to be a good isolating material人们发现，橡胶是一种良好的绝缘材料。 The area has been marked out for building more hotels.人们划出这块地区用于建造更多的旅店。 The result of the invention of the steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.蒸汽机发明的结果是机械力代替了人力。 What measures have been or are being adopted by the government to reduce air pollution?政府已经采取或正在采取哪些措施去降低空气的污染程度呢？ The amount of carbon monoxide that an engine gives off can be reduced by special devices designed to make the engine burn the fuel more efficiently.使发动机更有效地燃烧燃料而设计的特殊装置可以降低发动机一氧化碳的排放量。 Additional International Standards may be added to the series in the future.将来还可能对本系列标准增加若干项国际标准。 My first forty years were spent in Southern Europe.我的前四十年在南欧度过。 These machines are operated by a worker only.这些机器只由一句工人操纵。 In industry, natural materials difficult to get are often replaced by plastics.在工业中，不易获得的天然材料常常被塑料代替。 Over the years; tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉，多年来在很大程度上被历史学家和科学的思想家忽视了。 Problems should be resolved in good time.问题应该及时加以解决。 The Apollo XII crew reported that their spaceship was being followed by tow UFOs.阿波罗十二号的宇航员曾报告说，它们的宇宙飞船正遭到两个不明飞行物的跟踪。 For separating iron from the impurities the iron ore must be melted.为了使铁跟杂质分离，铁矿石必须经过冶炼。It cannot be denied that不可否认It has been illustrated that据说明；据图示；图中表示It has been proved that已经证明It is(usually) considered that据(通常)估计；人们(通常)认为It is assumed that假定It is believed that大家相信It is alleged that据称It is demonstrated that已经证明，文中(图中)表明It is estimated that据估计It is expected that人们希望It is found that据发现；人们认为It is generally agreed/recognized that.人们通常认为/承认It is hoped/still to be hoped that(我们)希望/仍希望It is mentioned that据说It is noticed/noted that人们注意到/前面已经指出It is proposed that有人提议(指出)It is recommended that有人推荐It is regarded that人们认为It is reported that据报道It is said that据说It is stressed that人们强调说It is supposed that据推测；假定It is thought that有人认为It is universally accepted that普遍认为It is well known that众所周知It is well known that必须承认It should be pointed out that必须指出It will be seen from it that由此可见2、定语从句的翻译 The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并且给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。 They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.他们可能不得不背着一种臭名而终其余生，这个臭名就是：他曾贸然采取一项行动，这项行动破坏了首脑会晤，并且可以设想，还可能已经触发一场核战争。 It is he who received the letter that announced the death of his uncle.是他接到了那封信，说他的叔叔去世了。 I told the story to John, who told to his brother.我把这件事情告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。 Christmas carols are loved by all who hear and sing it every year.圣诞颂歌为大家喜爱，人们每年都欣赏和演唱。 World War II was, however, more complex than World War I, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.第一次世界大战是帝国主义列强之间争夺市场、资源和领土的冲突，而第二次世界大战却比第一次复杂。 In such an experiment the insects can be taught to fly to the ultra-violet, which for us is just darkness.在这样的实验中，能够训练昆虫飞向紫外线，而紫外线对我们来说只是一片黑暗。 There are many people who want to read the book.许多人想读这本书。 Home workers are people who have made decisions regarding their careers and life-styles.在家工作的人是按照自己的职业和生活方式做出这种决定的。3.抽象名词的译法 We were caught up in a discussion about the situation in Afghanistan when the professor walked into the classroom.当教授走进教室时，发现我们正在兴致勃勃地讨论阿富汗局势。 It would be wise to handle this delicate problem with calmness and patience.冷静耐心地处理这个微妙的问题是明智的。 Even an elementary knowledge of statistics is sufficient to enable the journalist to avoid misleading his readers.即使只懂得一点统计学的初步知识。也足以使记者避免报道失真。4.正义反译和反义正译 There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. 人们对智力这个词所指的不同表现意见比较一致，而对这些表现如何解释或分类则有不同的看法。 And the cycle continues. 如此循环，永不止息。 It cannot be too much emphasized that listening is the most important in learning English. 应当特别强调，听力在英语学习中是最重要的问题。 The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. 把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或适用不当。 The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. 科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以准确而严谨解释的表达方式。 The United Nations has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world set on it. 迄今为止，联合国辜负了世界人民给予的希望。 I thus appeared to them to be quite familiar with this sort of situation, and it confirmed them in their belief that I was a thoroughly disreputable character. 这样一来，在他们眼里，我就像是非常熟悉这一套的了，也是他们更加确信我是一个地地道道的坏蛋。 To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. 批评智力测试不反映上述情况，犹如批评温度计不能够测风速一样。 Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the plants revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. 伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以求证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球旋转。有如下词语经常用正反、反正译法：动词：fail, miss, lack, live up to, ignore, refuse, withhold, neglect, refrain, deny, over-look, exclude名词：absence, failure, refusal, ignorance, neglect, exclusion 形容词：few，little, free from, short of, safe from, thin, worthy or, ignorant 副词：little, less, otherwise, too to , vainly连词：more than, unless, before, until, rather than, or介词：without, about, except, beyond, instead of, in place of, out of 5.习惯用法的翻译取舍比较（1）（3）（6）（7）（13）异同比较（2）形式肯定意义否定（6）（10）（11）加anything but形式否定意义肯定（5）（8）（9）（12）（15）（16）除anything but形式肯定意义肯定（4）形式否定意义否定（14）（1）more A than B、less B than A, not so much B as/but A Teaching can be more like guiding and assisting than forcing information into a supposedly empty head.教学与其说是把知识灌输到假定为一片空白的头脑中，还不如说是对其进行引导和帮助。 It remains our view that a definition would be more likely to interfere with than to assist the competent organs of the United Nations to take quick and effective action to ensure the maintenance of peace.我们仍然认为，一项定义与其说是有助于，还不如说是有碍于联合国各个主管机构采取迅速而有效的行动确保和平。 It was a curious exchange, less a debate than a quarrel between two aggressive men, each of them determined to impress the audience as more peaceful than the other.这是一次奇妙的交谈，与其说是两个好斗的人之间的一场辩论，还不如说是一次吵嘴，双方都竭力想使听众觉得自己比对方更爱和平。 However, this is not so much a weakness in his work as it is the inevitable result of scholars neglect of this period.然而，这与其说是他作品中的弱点，倒不如说是学者们忽略对这个时期的研究而造成的必然结果。（2）no more than, not any more than The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. 心脏和胃一样无智力可言，因为它们都是由大脑控制的。 The food on the ship was no better than on any other ship on which Billy had sailed.这条船上的（供应的）食品和比利工作过的其他船上的食品一样差劲。 There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.他们没有理由限制你服用多少维生素，正像他们不能限制你喝多少水一样。 No one can hold back the tide of revolution any more than a man with a broom can hold a flood that has burst the dam.任何人都无法阻挡革命洪流，正如一个人不能拿着扫帚挡住决堤的洪水一样。 The archaeologists efforts are not directed at proving the correctness of the Bible any more than belief in God can be scientifically demonstrated.考古学家的努力并不是要“验证”圣经的正确性，正如信仰上帝不能从科学上证明一样。（3）rather than He rather than you is responsible for the loss.他而不是你要对这损失负责。 Rather than a punishment or a burden, work is the opportunity to realize ones potential.工作不是惩罚，也不是负担，工作为个人潜力的发挥提供机会。（4）only tooto I shall be only too pleased to help him.替他帮忙我是非常高兴的。（5）cannottoo A book may be compared to your neighbor; if it be good, it cannot last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early.一本书好比你的邻居；如果是好书，读书的时间再长也不嫌长；如果不是好书，你越早丢开它越好。 One can scarcely pay too high a price for liberty.为自由人们付出多大的代价都不过分。（6）other than Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other than those in which the crude ores are mined.提炼矿石的厂房通常不设在采矿石的国家，而设在其他国家。 Holidays other than those in this brochure do not have free places for children.小册子上没写的节假日里小孩不免费。 We missed the last bus so there was no choice other than to walk home.我们错过了最后一班公共汽车，所以除了走回家外别无选择。（7）It is not that but that It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working ; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然准确得多。（8）Cannot too You cannot be too careful in this matter.在此事上你再仔细也不过分。 We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.对现代科学的价值再重视也不过分。（9）much less, still less, to say nothing of, not to speak of, not to mention, let alone He knows little of mathematics, and still less of chemistry.他几乎不懂数学，更不用说化学了。 In old China, there was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an electronic industry.在旧中国，几乎没有机器制造业，更不用说电子工业了。 Some people never read a newspaper, let alone a book.有些人从未读过报纸，更不用说书本了。 He is the most intelligent, not to mention handsome, people I know.他是我知道的最聪明的人之一，此外他还是个英俊的人。（10）the last+名词+不定式，或the last+名词+定语从句 You are the last person I want to see.你是我最不愿意见的人。 He would be the last person to go along with the proposal.他将是最不可能同意这项提议的人。 Breach of promise is the last thing that he is likely to commit.违约的事情他是绝不会干的。/他决不至于干出违约的事情。（11）only to+动词“ They dont have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing.他们不必花钱去剧院、电影院或歌剧院买价格昂贵的票，结果却发现，所演节目令人失望。 I went to pay a visit to my teacher only to find that the door was locked.我去拜访老师，结果却发现大门被锁上了。（12）nobut There is no man but has faults.没有人没有错误，/人皆有错误。（13）would ratherthan I would rather die with my head high, with indestructible faith and profound belief in the destiny of our country, than live in humility and renounce the principles which are sacred to me.我宁愿昂着头，怀着不动摇的信念，抱着对祖国前途的真切信心而死，也不愿在屈从之下背弃神圣的原则而生。（14）not nearly The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.粮食供应将远远赶不上人口的增长，这意味着我们在粮食生产和购销两方面正陷入危机。（15）no less than; no lessthan It is no less than blackmail to ask such a price for a mere vase.区区一花瓶索要如此高价，简直是敲诈。 There were no less than one thousand people at the meeting.到会的不少于1000人。 China insists always on the need for self-reliance, no less in economic policies than in making revolution.中国始终坚持独立自主，不但在进行革命方面，而且在经济政策方面亦如此。（16）Anything but; nothing but; all but; but for; but that+从句; Be + nothing + else but, / else than / less than; Nothing else than The young mans failure in the College Entrance Examination for the third time is nothing else than his laziness.这个年轻人高考第三次失败完全是由于他的懒惰。 Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.天才不过是劳动加勤奋而已。 His failure was due to nothing else than his own carelessness.他的失败完全是由于他自己的粗心。 His negligence was nothing less than criminal.他的精心大意无异于犯罪。 Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely.虽然他单独一人待在这所无人居住的房子里，但是他埋头于研究工作，一点也没有感到孤独。 The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.科学研究的方式不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给予准确而严禁解释的表达方式。 It was all but impossible to climb back into the boat.要再回到船上已几乎不可能了。 But for the rain we would have had a nice holiday.要不是因为下雨，我们的假日一定过得很惬意。 But that you had seen me in the water, I would have drowned.要不是你看见我掉在水里，我早就淹死了。6否定的翻译法 The object moved not because I pushed on it.该物体的移动不是因为我的推动所致。 We did not build institutes of technology to educate our boys for export.我们成立理工学院不是为了培养学生日后出国。 All is not gold that glitters.闪光的东西并不一定是金子。 I do not like both of the books.这两本书我并不喜欢。四 真题训练Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)2010One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly one economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and , if its stability depends on its intensity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invert excuses to give it economic importance At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect the insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be cambric in order to be valid. It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet. (47)but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence of absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48)Time was when biologists somewhat over worded evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak or that they prey only on “worthless species”.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economic minded foresters they grow too slowly or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops (49)In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up, a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50)It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.2009There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.(46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47)Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the worlds work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output. But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.(48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young. (50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which w