初一英语上册语法总结.doc

1. 初中英语时态总结动词的时态 英语共有16种时态，根据近几年曝光的四、六级考卷分析，时态测试重点主要有：完成时态现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时；进行时态现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、完成进行时；一般时态。 一、一般时态 1、一般现在时 (1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week等连用。例如： 1)The moon moves round the earth. 2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day. (2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如： 1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him. 2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow. (3)某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如： 1)The plane leaves at three sharp. 2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow. (4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如： 1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first. 2)Youll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.2.一般过去时 (1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如： We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film. (2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如： 1)He always went to class last. 2)I used to do my homework in the library. (注意与be used to doing短语的区别) 3.一般将来时 1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如： I shall graduate next year. 2)几种替代形式： 1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如： Im going to buy a house when weve saved enough money. 2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如： I am to play tennis this afternoon. 3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如： He was about to start. 4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事，必定发生的事。例如： The train is due to depart in ten minutes. 5)be on the point/verge of +v ing强调即将发生的某种事态。例如： The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home. 二、进行时态 1.现在进行时 (1)表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等连用。例如： Dont disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now. (2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作，常与always，continually，forever，constantly等连用。例如： My father is forever criticizing me. (3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如： They are leaving for Hong Kong next month. (4)有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从属”等的动词。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感觉的词)；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的动词)；be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在状态的动词)；have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有与从属的动词)；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。例如： 1)Tom looks pale. Whats wrong with him? (look在此为联系动词，意为“显得，看上去”) 2)Tom is looking for his books. (look在此为实义动词，意为“寻找”) 2.过去进行时 过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如： 1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered. 2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk. 3.将来进行时 将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如： 1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema. 2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening? 4.完成进行时 (现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。 三、完成时态 完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为： 1.现在完成时 (1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作(常与yet，already，just连用)，或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况(常与for，since连用)。例如： 1)I have just finished my homework. 2)Mary has been ill for three days. (2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如： 1)I havent been there for five years. 2)So far, she hasnt enjoyed the summer vacation. 3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中： This (That, It) is (was) the first (second) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如： (1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting. (2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening. 2.过去完成时 (1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如： 1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. 2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles. (2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get away. 另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是： 1)was / were + to have done sth,例如： We were to have come yesterday, but we couldnt. 2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如： I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. (3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型： 1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如： Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如： No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. 3)by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如： The experiment had been finished by 4 oclock yesterday afternoon. 3.将来完成时 将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如： 1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai. 2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 oclock. 3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left. 4.完成进行时 完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。 (1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如： I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still havent found it. (2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如： It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places. (3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如： By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours. 清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供四：时态一致 时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是： 1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态 He says that he lives in Wuhan. We hope that there will be many people at your party today. “Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I dont know who bought it.” “Theres a lot of excitement on the street.” “There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?” 2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候，从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态 He said he was writing a novel. The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment. He said his father had been an engineer. 3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时，从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如： The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder. 注：在此种情况下，即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态，从句谓语也应用一般现在时。 4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时，还应注意，若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词，从句谓语只能用虚拟语气，不能遵循时态一致原则。例如： We insisted that we do it ourselves. 动词的语态 语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态) 2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态) 1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语 (1)在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。 (2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。 2.被动语态的时态形式 常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式。 表1 时?SPAN lang=EN-US 一般时 进行时 完成时 现在 am asked am being asked is asked is being asked are asked are being asked 过去 was be asked was being asked were be asked were being asked 将来 shall be asked shall have been asked will be asked will have been asked 过去 should be asked should have been asked 将来 would be asked would have been asked 3.短语动词的被动语态 短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如： 1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at. 2)All the rubbish should be got rid of. 4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态 “get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如： The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如： get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚) get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解) get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸) get married(结婚) 5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态 (1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。例如： 1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态) 2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态) 3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态) (2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如： 1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态) 2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态) 6.被动语态与系表结构的区别 (1)The novel was well written.(系表结构) (2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态) 7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思 例1：The book is selling remarkably well. 例2：The song sounds very beautiful. 能这样用的动词还有read(读起来)，clean(擦起来)，wash(洗起来)，write(写起来)。 例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned). 能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。 例4：The meat is cooking. 例5：The book written by the professor is printing. 被 动 语 态 学 习 小 结 英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。初中阶段的被动语态有五种时态，我们可以从以下方面进行小结：一、被动语态的时态及结构（以动词do为例）结构：主语 + be + 过去分词时态：1. 一般现在时： am (is, are) done.2.带情态动词的被动语态：must (can, may, should, need, would) be done 3. 一般过去时： was (were) done * 4. 一般将来时： will (shall) be done * 5. 现在进行时： am (is, are) being done* 6. 现在完成时： have (has) been done (前三种形式为四会掌握内容)二、从初中阶段所学五种基本句型谈变被动语态时应注意的问题。1主语 + 连系动词 + 表语 (S+V+P) 此结构不可用被动语态。(正) The flowers smell sweet.(误) The flowers are smelt sweet.2主语 + 不及物动词 (S+V)此结构不可变被动语态。(正) An accident happened last night.(误) An accident was happened last night.3主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 (S + V+ O) （1）将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语 Children often sing this song This song is often sung by children. （2）将含有介词或副词的动词短语变为被动结构时，不可将介词或副词去掉。 We should listen to the teachers carefully. The teachers should be listened to carefully.4主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 (S + V+ IO+ DO) （1）.将表人的间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语不变。 He showed us a picture . We were shown a picture. （2）.将指物的直接宾语变为主语，要在间接宾语前加介词to或for. 常用加to的动词give, show, pass, read等 常用加for的动词 buy, get, make, sing, draw 等 A picture was shown to us. A dictionary was bought for me by my parents. 5 主语+及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 (S+ V+ O + C) 如动词为 make, see, hear, watch 等，后接宾语补足语为不带“to”不定式时，变被动语态时要加上“to” 。 I saw him fall off the tree.He was seen to fall off the tree.*6. be + 过去分词 并非都是被动语态，系动词 be, feel, seem,look,等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，作表语用，表示某种状态。 Im interested in mathematics. 我对数学感兴趣。*7. 某些动词用主动语态来表示被动含义。The womans clothes sell well. 女装卖的快。被动语态专项练习1 一、选择题( )1._ a new library _ in our school last year? A.Is; builtB.Was; bulitC.Does; buildD.Did; build( )2.An accident _ on this road last week. A.has been happenedB.was happenedC.is happenedD.happened( )3.Cotton _ in the southeast of China. A.is grownB.are grownC.growsD.grow( )4.So far,the moon _ by man already. A.is visitedB.will be visitedC.has been visitedD.was visited( )5.A talk on Chinese history _ in th school hall next week. A.is givenB.has been givenC.will be givenD.gives( )6.How many trees _ this year? A.are plantedB.will plantC.have been plantedD.planted( )7.A lot of things _ by people to save the little girl now. A.are doingB.are being doneC.has been done D.will be done( )8.Neither of them _ in China. A.is madeB.are madeC.were madeD.made( )9.Look! A nice picture _ for our teacher. A.is drawingB.is being drawnC.has been drawnD.draws( )10.Your shoes _. You need a new pair. A.wear outB.worn outC.are worn outD.is worn( )11.The doctor _ for yet. A.isnt sentB.hasnt been sentC.wont be sentD.wasnt sent( )12.-When _ this kind of computers_? -Last year. A.did; useB.was; usedC.is; usedD.are; used( )13.The Great Wall _ all over the world. A.knowsB.knewC.is knownD.was known( )14.I _ in summer. A.bornB.was bornC.have been bornD.am born( )15.He says that Mr Zhang _ to the factory next week. A.is sentB.would sendC.was sentD.will be sent( )16.Who _ this book _? A.did; writtenB.was; written byC.did; writtenD.was;written( )17.Mary _ show me her new dictionary. A.has asked toB.was asked toC.is askedD.asks to( )18.A story _ by Granny yesterday. A.was told usB.was told to usC.is told usD.told us( )19.The monkey was seen _ off the tree. A.jumpB.jumpsC.jumpedD.to jump( )20.The school bag _ behind the chair. A.putsB.can be putC.can be puttedD.can put( )21.Older people _ well. A.looks after B.must be looked after C.must look after D.looked after( )22.Our teacher _ carefully. A.should be listened toB.should be listenC.be listenedD.is listened二、把下列句子改写成被动语态1.They make machines in that factory._2.Every body likes this song._3.He doesnt show the stamps to me._4.People dont grow rice in the west of Japan._5.He often helps Tom when Tom is in trouble._6.Do the workers build many buildings?_7.Does Kate sometimes break glasses?_8.Do you always send a letter to Mr Hu?_9.What does the teacher often tell the boys to do?_10.How many desks do they buy every term?_11.They sold that kind of shoes in this shop last week._12.Granny told us a story last night._13.He didnt give the dictionary to me yesterday._14.He didnt buy anything there before he left._15.Did he clean the blackboard just now?_16.When did she cook supper yesterday?_17.Where did she make them?_18.Whose ruler did you borrow?_19.We must tie the young tree to the stick._20.They cant mend the bike in that shop._21.You should take good care of her baby._22.You may take it back home._23.May I look after the baby at home?_24.Must we hand in our exercise-books now?_25.Can you mend this radio here?_被 动 语 态 练 习 2一、 将下列句子变为被动语态，每空一词。1. We can finish the work in two days. The work _ _ _ in two days.2. They produce silk in Suzhou. Silk _ _ in Suzhou.3. The children will sing an English song. An English song _ _ _ by the children. 4. You neednt do it now. It _ _ _ by you now.5. Lucy sent me a New Year Card last week.A New Year Card _ _ _ her by me last week.6. Peole use metal for making machines.Metal _ _ for making machines.7. He made me do that for him.I _ _ _ that for him.8.I have given this book to the library. This book _ _ _ to the library.9.Did they build a bridge here a year ago? _ a bridge _ here by them a year ago?10.Well put on an English play in our school. An English play _ _ _ on in our school.11.More and more farmers buy colour TV sets. Colour TV sets _ _ _ more and more farmers.12.My brother often mends his watch. His watch _ _ _ by my brother.13.We must water the flowers every day. The flowers must _ _ (by us) every day.14.They use knives for cutting things. Knives _ _ for cutting things.15.He made the farmers work for a long time. The farmers _ _ _ _ for a long time.16.Did he break the window yesterday? _ the window _ _ _ yesterday?17.They have sold out the light green dresses. The light green dresses _ _ _ out.18.We clean the classroom every day. The classroom _ _ every day.19. You must not plant trees in very dry earth. Trees _ _ _ _ in very dry earth.20.You can dig a hole in the earth. A Hole _ _ _ in the earth.二、 用动词的正确语态填空。1. The students _ often _(tell) to take care of their desks and chairs.2. That play _(put) on again sometime next month.3. The old man is ill. He _ (must send) to the hospital.4. Vegetables,eggs and fruits_ (sell) in this shop.5. What _ a knife _ (make) of? It _(make) of metal and wood.6. A Piano concert _(give) here last Friday.7. _ the magazine _(can take) out of the library?8. The room _ (clean) by me every day.9. The stars _ (can see) in the daytime.10. Some flowers _(water) by Li Ming already.11. These kinds of machines _(make) in Japa