英语语法句子种类基础知识.doc

英语语法句子种类基础知识来源：精品学习网 文章作者： 2010-04-02 13:57:08标签：语法 英语句子的种类可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1. 凡是说明一件事情，提出一个看法，或者表达一种心情的句子都是陈述句。大多数的句子都是陈述句，它可以用肯定式和否定式，句末用句号.，通常用降调。掌握陈述句的肯定式和否定式的构成及用法。e.g. We live in Tianjin. （肯定句）我们住在天津。We dont live in Shanghai. （否定句）我们不住在上海。注意：（1）在一般现在时的肯定式中，主语是第三人称单数时，动词要改成第三人称单数形式。e.g. John studies Chinese very well.（2）一般现在时和一般过去时的否定式要加助动词do （does）, did.e.g. I dont like swimming. 我不喜欢游泳。He doesnt have lunch at home every day. 他每天不在家吃午饭。They didnt play football yesterday. 他们昨天没有踢足球。2. 掌握一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句的构成、用法和答语。注意在一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句要加助动词do（does）, did.e.g. Do you often speak English at school ? 在学校你常讲英语吗？Does she have a brother ? = Has she got a brother ? 她有兄弟吗？Did it take you two hours to do your homework last night ?昨天晚上做作业花了你2个小时吗？What do you often do on Sundays ?星期日你常常干什么？When does your father get up every morning ?你父亲每天早晨几点钟起床？Why didnt your teacher come to school yesterday ?昨天你们的老师为什么没来学校呢？提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择一种，这种疑问句叫选择疑问句。结构是：一般疑问句or一般疑问句，但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略。说明or前面部分用升调，后面部分用降调。e.g. Is her brother an artist or a doctor ?她的兄弟是一个艺术家还是个医生？Would you like tea or coffee ?你愿意喝茶还是喝咖啡？Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on Sunday ?我们是周六还是周日去电影院？反意疑问句表示提问者有一定的主见，但没把握，希望对方来证实。注意反意疑问句的结构是：肯定的陈述句否定的疑问句（缩略形式）或：否定的陈述句肯定的疑问句（缩略形式）两部分的人称和时态要一致。特别要注意否定的疑问句中的助动词必须缩写，主语（最后一个词）必须是代词而不能是名词。e.g. Your sister has ever been to Shanghai , hasnt she ?你姐姐曾经去过上海是吗？The boys didnt find anything , did they ?男孩子们什么也没找到/发现，是不是？在回答反意疑问句时，要根据事实而定，事实是肯定的要回答Yes , ，事实是否定的要回答No, .e.g. He isnt going to the meeting , is he ?他不去参加会，是吗？Yes , he is . 不，他要去。No , he isnt. 是的/对，他不去。It didnt snow last week , did it ?上周没有下雪，对吗？Yes , it did. / No , it didnt. 不，下雪了。是的，没下雪。3. 掌握祈使句的肯定式和否定式。祈使句没有主语。指让对方做某事，动词要用原形。表示请求，命令、建议等。e.g. Go back to your seat , please. 请回到你的座位上去。Dont make so much noise. 不要吵吵闹闹。Lets go to school together ! 咱们一起上学去吧！（lets是含有第一人称主语的祈使句）Let him help the child. 让他帮助那个孩子。（let him是含有第三人称主语的祈使句）注意：否定形式是Lets （us , me）+not +动词原形e.g. Lets not say anything about it.对于这件事，咱们什么也不要说了。4. 表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情时用感叹句，理解由What和How引导的感叹句的语序和感叹句的使用方法。How和What与所修饰的词放在句首，其它部分用陈述句语序。在口语中谓语常省略。（1）how作状语，修饰形容词，副词或动词结构：How+形容词/副词主语谓语How nice the flowers are ! 花多漂亮啊！How hard he works ! 他工作的多努力啊！（2）what作宾语，修饰名词（名词前可有其他定语），单词可数名词前要加不定冠词a（an）.结构：What a （an）+形容词名词主语谓语e.g. What a clever girl （she is ）!她是一个多么聪明的女孩啊！What delicious food ! 多么好吃的食物啊！句子的类型可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句：The Simple Sentence由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。e.g. I get up at six thirty in the morning.My mother and I often go shopping.并列句：The Compound Sentence 由并列词and , so , but , or等）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。要掌握并列句的构成及用法。e.g. I help him and he helps me. 我帮他，他帮我。This is our first lesson , so I dont know all your names.这是我们的第一节课，所以我不认识你们。She likes bread and milk , but she doesnt like eggs at all.她喜欢吃面包和牛奶，但她一点儿也不喜欢吃鸡蛋。复合句：The Complex Sentence 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。e.g. If you are ill , you must see the doctor.如果你病了，一定要去看医生。（状语从句）I hope hes better tomorrow.我希望他明天身体更好一些。（宾语从句）熟练掌握宾语从句的语序及关联词that , if / whether , what , who , which , whose , when , what time , where , how 等的用法，以及宾语从句的时态。在复合句中作主句的宾语，叫宾语从句。注意：宾语从句的语序必须是陈述句语序。e.g. I asked him if he was a student.宾语从句的时态呼应是：主句的时态是一般现在时，从句可以是任何一个时态。如果主句的时态是一般过去时，从句必须是过去时态的一种形式。当表示事实、真理、自然现象时必须用一般现在时。e.g. The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.老师告诉我们地球围绕太阳转。请注意防止出现以下错误：A. They said that theyll leave if Peter stays.时态错误，应改为：They said that they would leave if Peter stayed.B. He asked why were you late for school.语序错误，应改为：He asked why you were late for school .C. Her brother asked me whose book this was ?标点错误，问号应该改为句号。熟练掌握由when , before , after , as soon as , until , because , than , if , so that等词引导的时间、原因，比较，条件、结果状语从句。在复合句中修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词等的从句叫作状语从句。时间状语从句：When she reached home , she had a short rest.当她到家时，她休息了一会儿。Judy had finished writing the book before she went to Queensland.朱娣在去昆士兰之前已经写完了那本书。I went to bed after I finished my article.我写完文章之后才上床。As soon as the bell rang the students, stopped talking to each other.铃声一响，学生们就停止了谈话。We wont leave until the headteacher comes back.班主任回来我们才会离开。原因状语从句：The children went to the farm , because the farmers needed some help.孩子们去农场是因为农民们需要帮忙。比较状语从句：Jim is older than Lucy is.吉姆比露西大。条件状语从句：If it rains tomorrow , we wont hold a sports meeting on the sportsground .如果明天下雨，我们就不在运动场上开运动会了。结果状语从句：The box is so heavy that I cant lift it.这个箱子太沉以致于我无法抬起来。目的状语从句：The headmaster spoke loudly so that all the students could hear what he said.校长高声讲话为的是全体学生能够听到他所讲的话。让步状语从句：Although he is young , he knows a lot of things.虽然他年龄小，但却认识许多事情。状语从句的时态要与主句时态相互呼应。但要注意以as soon as , when , until等引导的时间状语从句表示将来的动作时，从句要用一般现在时表示将来。e.g. He will write to me as soon as he gets to America.他一到美国就给我写信。When I see him , I will tell him this good news.当我见到他时，我将告诉他这个好消息。We wont leave until we finish our homework .直到完成作业我们才会离开。以if引导的条件状语从句假设的是将来的动作，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。e.g. He will come to see me if he has time. 如果条件状语从句放在宾语从句中，时态则依照宾语从句的要求而变。e.g. My mother said she would buy me a book if I studied hard.我母亲说如果我努力学习，她要给我买一本书。以because引导的原因状语从句不可能和so一起连用。e.g. He didnt come to school yesterday because he was ill.他昨天没来学校，因为他生病了。注意防止出现以下错误：A. Im sure hell ring you up if he will come back.从句时态错误，will come应该改为comes.B. Because he was tired , so he went to bed very early.中文习惯用因为所以，但在英语中because不能和so同时使用，应该去掉其中的一个。高考英语听力试题解题技巧指导来源：大耳朵英语 2010-04-01 17:47:22标签：高考 听力 学习方法一、要保持良好心态,学会善于预览,做到有的放矢。准确获取对话中的具体信息,如时间、地点、人物、数字、价钱等,它们在试题中占相当大的比例。这类题要求学生在听清、听懂信息的同时,还要对所听到的信息做简单的计算、时间比较、深层推理等。例1:At what time does train to Leeds leave?A. 3:00. B. 3:15. C. 5:00.录音原文:W: Excuse me, could you tell me when the next train to Manchester leaves?M: Sure. Well, it/s three now. The next train to Manchester leaves in two hours, but you can take train to Leeds which leaves in fifteen minutes, and then get off at Manchester. It stops at Manchester on the way.本题考查考生对话语所揭示信息的分辨能力。在男士的答语中给了三个时间,现在是三点,下一趟去Manchester的时间为再过2个小时,去 Leeds 的火车是15 分钟之后,只有第一个和第三个时间才与所问问题有关。所以答案为B。二、理解对话的主旨大意。常见的提问形式有:What are they talking about? / What are the man and the woman talking about? / What does the passage talk about?等等。对于此类题若是对话,则要把对话双方联系起来考虑。一般来说更应注意第一个说话人所说的关键词语,它往往引出一个话题。例2:What are the two speakers talking about?A. A football player.B. A football team.C. A football match.录音原文:W: Do you know that Michael Owen has won France Football/s Golden Ball Prize?M: Not a surprise. He has 20 goals this season.本题考查对所听对话主题的把握。对话的中心谈一位球员, 而不是一支球队或一场球赛。所以答案为A。三、推断对话发生的背景、地点及对话者之间的关系。常见的提问方式有:Where is. ? /Where does the conversation probably take place? / Where are the two speakers now? /Where is the man going? 和 What/s the man (woman)? / What/ s the man/s (woman/s) occupation? / What/s the probable relationship between the two speakers? / Who is . ?等等。对于此类问题要求考生根据谈话内容来揣摩、推断谈话发生的场所或抓住暗示人物身份与关系的词语等,据此做出正确的判断。例3:What is the relationship between the two speakers?A. Neighbors. B. Father and daughter.C. Husband and wife.录音原文:W: Hello.M: Hello. Lucy. This is John. Look, could you do me a favor? I/ve tried to phone my wife six times and I can/t get through. The line is busy all the time. Could you possibly go next door and give her a message?W: Sure. What do you want to tell Mary?M: Could you just say I/ve run into an old friend and I/m staying with him and not at the hotel. I/ll give her a ring later.W: Sure. I/ll go round now.M: Thanks a lot, Lucy.W: Okay. Bye.M: Bye!该题考查考生对谈话者之间的关系进行判断。根据对话中的语气及内容,我们不难判断此题的答案为A。四、理解领会对话的观点、态度及意图常用的提问方式有:What does the man (woman) think of . ? / How does the man (woman) feel about. ? 等等。听这类试题我们首先要判断两个人的态度是否相同。如果不相同,我们要分清每个人对这件事情的看法,千万不能够混淆。另外说话人的态度是通过语气、语调等的变化体现出来的,因此,听的时候要做出正确的判断。例4:6. How does the man feel about David/s way of sleeping?A. It/s effective. B. It/s strange. C. It/s the best.7. How many hours does David sleep a day?A. Four. B. Six. C. Seven.8. What does the woman suggest at the end of the talk?A. People should develop a habit like David/s.B. People need longer hours of sleep.C. People have different sleeping habits.录音原文:M: How come David is always so full of energy.W: He has a strange but highly effective way of sleeping.M: What is that?W: He takes a short sleep for an hour every six hours and has a total of four hours/ sleep each day.M: Where did he get that strange idea?W: He read from a book which said it was the best way of human beings and he believed that.M: How many hours do you sleep a day?W: I need at least seven hours. I once tried to follow David/s example. But it never worked out of me.M: If I sleep during the day, I can never wake up.W: Not everyone is David, I guess.第6小题考查对说话者所持观点、态度的理解情况。对话中女士提出 He has a strange but highly effective way of sleeping, 然后对David的睡眠方式进行了一番描述。男士则继续质疑,其中也体现自己的态度:Where did he get that strange idea? 所以最佳答案为B。第7小题考查细节,A为正确答案。第8小题与第6小题考查的内容一样。男女对David的睡眠方式进行了一番讨论之后,女士才说/Not everyone is David, I guess./,意为/我想不同的人有不同的睡眠方式/。所以C项为最佳答案。英文写作中常用的逻辑词汇来源：E度空间 文章作者：疯狂的读书人 2010-07-11 09:45:38标签：写作 词汇1. 并列关系and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example2. 转折关系although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite3. 顺序关系first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next4. 因果关系as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently, on account of5. 归纳关系as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word几个用得比较多的句子:As far as I am concerned, the advantages of outweigh its disadvantages.Nevertheless, the disadvantages of is undeniable.To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ In a word, it is true that bring about both positive and negative results. But we can try our best to reduce the negative influence to the least extent.Obviously, in every aspect, This diagram unfolds a clear comparison betweenandAs to the other three, though the growth rates were not so high, they were indeed remarkable and impressive.英文作文中常用套句下文中出现的 A,B, “.”(某事物), sb( somebody),要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换.开头:When it comes to ., some think .There is a public debate today that .A is a commen way of ., but is it a wise one?Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.提出观点:Now there is a growing awareness that.It is time we explore the truth of .Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.进一步提出观点:. but that is only part of the history.Another equally important aspect is .A is but one of the many effects. Another is .Besides, other reasons are.提出假想例子的方式:Suppose that.Just imagine what would be like if.It is reasonable to expect.It is not surprising that.举普通例子:For example(instance),. such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)A good case in point is.A particular example for this is.引用:One of the greatest early writers said .Knowledge is power, such is the remard of . That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise.). How often we hear such words like there.讲故事(先说故事主体),this story is not rare., such delimma we often meet in daily life., the story still has a realistic significance.提出原因:There are many reasons for .Why . , for one thing,.The answer to this problem involves many factors.Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves .The first reason can be obiviously seen.Most people would agree that.Some people may neglect that in fact .Others suggest that.Part of the explanation is .进行对比:The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of.Although A enjoys a distinct advantage .Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.A maybe . , but it suffers from the disadvantage that.承上启下:To understand the truth of ., it is also important to see.A study of . will make this point clear让步:Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as.I do not deny that A has its own merits.结尾:From what has been discussed above, we may safely drawthe conclusion that .In summary, it is wiser .In short.在作文中引用合适的名言警句,会给你的文章增色许多。这里收集了我本人喜爱的一些名言,可能会对你有用。我们使用引用的位置可以在开头结尾或正文段落中.常见的使用形式如下:One of the greatest early writers said .Knowledge is power, such is the remard of . That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise.). How often we hear such words like there.Useful quotations逆境by Robert CollierIn every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time.努力与成功by Ann LandersOpportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people dont recognize them.坚持by Ralph Waldo EmersonNo one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.Confucius 孔子Our greatest glory is not in never falling.but in rising every time we fall.坚持Mother TeresaTo keep a lamp burning we have to keep putting oil in it.Henry FordNothing is particularly hard if you divide it inuo small jobs.Winston ChurchillNever, never, never, never give up.Albert EinsteinIn uhe middle of difficulty lies opportunity.努力与成功by CrassusThose who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly.Thomas EdisonThere is no substitute for hard work.Leo TolstoiThe strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and Patience.Thomas JeffersonIm a great believer in luck,and I find the harder I work.the more I have of it.Robert CollierSuccess is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.Ray A. CrocLuck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get.实际经验与间接经验Youll learn more about a road by traveling it.than by consulting all the maps in the world.动机与结果Vince LombardiWinning isnt everything.but wanting to win is.John F. KennedyWe choose to go!to the moon and other things , oot because they are easy, but because they are hard.ThucydidesThe strong do what they will.The weak do what they must.为人态度:John WoodenTalent is God given-Be Humble.Fame is man given- Be Thankful.Conceit is self given -Be Careful.行动:Theodore RooseveltDo what you can , with what you have , with where you are.Publilius Syrus MaximNo one knows what he can do till he tries.TerenceThere is nothing so easy but that it becomes difficult when you do it reluctantly.Thomas FullerA wise man turns chance into good fortune.William HazlittProsperity is a great teacher;adversity is a greater.William PennNo pains, no palm;no thorns, no throne;no gall , no glory;no cross, no crown.Will RogersEven if youre on the right track, youll get run over. if you just sit there.Opportunity rarely knocks on your door.Knock rather on opportunitys door if you ardently wish to enter.成功与失败Vince LombardiIts not whether you get knocked down.Its whether you get up again.Winston ChurchillAn optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity;a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.热情(年轻/年老)Ralph Waldo EmersonNothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.信心James AllenThe will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do.Samuel JohnsonFew things are impossible to diligence and skill.AugheyLost time is never found again.VoltaireNo problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking.NapoleonVictory belongs to the most persevering.细心EuipidesLeave no stone unturned.计划与工作Norman Vincent PealePlan your work for today and every day;then work your plan.Henry FordFailure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again.Thomas EdisonI start where the last man left off.理想与现实What the mind of man can conceive and believe,the mind of a man can achieve.勤奋Benjamin FranklinPlough deep while sluggards sleep.目标Henry David ThoreauIn the lone run men hit only what they aim at.幸运Emily DickinsonLuck is not chance.Its toil.Fortunes expensive smile is earned.勤奋Thomas EdisonGenius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.Useful Quotations想象力Albert EinsteinImagination is more important than knowledge.挑战:Walter BegehotThe great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do.机会与准备Abraham LincolnI will prepare and some day my chance will come.信心与事实Henry FordWhether you think you can or think you cant - you are right.English ProverbWhere theres a will theres a way.There is no failure excepting no longer trying.L