高中情态动词最全归纳--欧业外语.doc

欧业外语培训内部资料 情态动词的用法总结 1欧业外语培训 情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。possibility: can / could, may / might certainty: must, will, should ability: can / could, be able to permission: can / could, may / mightrequests: can / could, will / would suggestions: could / may /might, shallnecessity: must, have to, have got to, need advice: ought to, had better语法特征1. 情态动词没有人称和数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加- s (have to, have got to, be able to 除外)。2. 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。3. 情态动词本身具有一定词义,但不能单独做谓语, 后一般接动词原形一起构成谓语部分 4. 情态动词无非谓语形式,即无不定式、分词等形式。1. can和be able to1) can (could) 表示能力、可能, 只用于现在式和过去式can表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以做。I can climb this pole. He is only four , but he can read. Fire cant destroy gold. 因为can不能和其他助动词连用，所以表示将来式时用will be able to ：You will be able to skate after practising it times.2)表可能性 Can the news be true? It cant be true. What can he possibly mean? 3)表示允许（和may意思相近）常见于口语。Can (May) I come in ? 我能进来吗？Can I smoke here ? could表过去的能力、可能和许可，（间引） At that time we thought the story could not be true.4) be able to可以用于各种时态。只用be able to的情况：a. 位于助动词后。b. 情态动词后。c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。d. 用于句首表示条件。 e. 表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/ were able to,不能用could。注意:could不表示时态,只表示：1) 提出委婉的请求,回答中不可用could。 - Could I have the television on? - Yes, you can. / No, you cant.2) 在否定、疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。 He couldnt be a bad man.补充:can和could Can 和 could 可以表示某人或某物一时的特点，可以翻译为“有可能，有时会”。It can be very warm in this area 。这个地区有时可能非常暖和.He can be very friendly at times 。他有时会非常友好。 can表示能力时（即有某种知识和技能而能办到），可以与be able to 换用。但是在将来时和完成时中必须用be able to ；表示经过努力而成功地办到了某个具体的事情时，只能用be able to ，不可以用can。这种用法的be able to 相当于succeed in 或manage to。另外：cannot 比cannot 更强调。 Canyoutype ？ Areyouable to type ？Iam surewe shall be able to get youajopsoon 。（不能用can）Hehas been able to finish the work on time。（不可用can）After years of hard work hewas able to win the prize 。（不可以用could）Hecouldt climb the mountain 。（没有能力爬，因而也没有爬）Hewas not able to climb the mountain 。（尝试爬过，但是没能爬上去）另外：be able to 强调能力，通常表示一次性的事件，一般不表示经常性的事件。Iwas able to pass the examination 。（Isucceeded in passing the examination 。）我能考试及格。（考试及格了）After studyingthat youwillbe able to sovle these mathematics problems 。学习完这个方法后，你能够解这些数学题了。在否定句结构中，be able to 指暂时的情况，而can可以指经常的情况。Heis not able to swim today 。他今天不能游泳。Hecant swim at all 。他根本不会游泳。Ishall not be able to go to school tomorrow 。我明天不能上学在表示“经过尝试或努力为能做到”的意思时，一般不用be able to。如对Were youable to find the pen？做否定回答应该用：No，Icouldnt （find it ）。不能说：No ，Iwasnt able to find it 。could 可以用来表示过去习惯性动作的完成，而was able to 却没有这种用法。Icould runafter abus and catch it twenty years ago ，Icant do that now 。二十年前，我能在后面跑着追上公共汽车，现在不行了。cannot cant 与tooover（)enough perfectly sufficiently 等词连用，意思是“越越”“无论怎样也不为过”、“决不会够(过)”。Youcant praise him too much 。你无论怎样称赞他都不过分。Youcannot be over careful 。你越细心越好。Icant thank youenough 。我对你感激不尽。This point cannot be overemphasized 。这一点无论如何强调都不过分。注释： cant cannot too enough 等中的not ，也可以用never hardly scarcely等代替。Therecanneverbe toomuchdeception in war 。兵不厌诈。We can hardly/scarecely pay too high a price for liberation .为了解放，我们无论付出多高的代价也不为过。cant / cannot too / enough 等后的附加疑问句的动词用肯定形式can，不用 cant。You cant praise him too much ，can you ？你无论怎样赞扬他都不为过，对吧 ?You cannot be too careful ,can you ?你再小心也不为过，对吧“cannot wait 不定式 ”意思是“be eager to 急于做”，表示强调的肯定意思 。I cannot wait to read the book 。我非常渴望读这本书 。He couldn t wait to see her 。他渴望见到她 。练习题：Please remind your grandpato takemedicine on time，for amanof his age_be very forgetful 。Ashould B。must C。shall D。can You cannot be_careful when you drive a car .A.very B.so C.too D.enough The car broke down on the way ,but we_get out of the desert at last.A.might B.would C.were able to D.could2. may和might 1) 表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿。May God bless you! He might be at home.注: might 表示推测时,不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。2)当回答由may 引起的问题时，否定答语要用must not,表示不许可、不应该、不行。May I come in? ( = can ) Yes, you may. No, you mustnt. 3)表建议（可和as well 连用）成语:may/ might as well,后面接不带to 的不定式 意为不妨e.g. If that is the case, we may as well try. You may as well stay where you are.might 1)表过去的可能和允许多用于间接引语 She said that he might take her dictionary.除在间接引语中外，might一般不表示过去的可能与许可。表过去的可能可用could，表过去的许可可用were (was) allowed to。 2)表现在的可能，其可能性要比may小。Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock.3. have to和mustA 两词都是必须的意思, have to 表示客观的需要, must 表示说话人主观上的看法, 即主观上的必要。e.g. My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 1、must 的主要用法。1)表示必须、必要 We must do everything step by step .2)must 的否定式有两个：当回答由must引起的问题时，否定答复要用neednt或dont have to 表 不必、无须、用不着、不一定的意义。当表示不应该、不许可、禁止时，就用must not。Must I go tomorrow? 明天我必须去吗？ Yes, please.是的，请吧！ No , you neednt.( = dont have to ) 不，你不必去。 You must not smoke here. 你不准在这儿吸烟.另外，have to 能用于更多时态：We had to be there at ten . We will have to reconsider the whole thing.have to 的否定式：dont have to do 不必做 。You dont have to go right now. B have to有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式。但must可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。e.g. He had to look after his sister yesterday.C 在否定结构中：dont have to 表示不必; mustnt表示禁止。You mustnt tell him about it.4. 情态动词ought to 的用法。Ought to 后接动词原形，表义务，但不及must 那样具有信心:You dont look well. You ought to go to the doctor.Ought to 用于否定句，可缩略为oughtnt to。You oughtnt to smoke so much. 也可以用于疑问句，如：Ought you to smoke so much?你应该抽这样多烟吗？Ought to 在间接引语中表过去时形式不变，如：He said you ought to tell the police.5. 情态动词shall与should 的用法 1、shall的用法 1)用于第一人称征求对方的意见，如：What shall I wear on the journey? Shall we dance? 2)shall 用于第二、三人称时要重读，不可以缩写，表示说话人的意图、意志、允诺、命令、命运或必然结果等；在法律、条约、协定等文件中可以表示义务、规定等。You shall have a lot of money .(意图/允诺)你会有很多钱的。Each citizen shall carry his identification card when travelling.(规定)旅游时每个市民务必带上身份证。You shall arrive there before sunset .(命令)你们要在日落前到达那儿。If you dont behave yourself ,you shall be punidhed .(威胁)如果你行为不轨的话，你会受到惩罚的。The task shall be finished by Sunday .(允诺)任务会在星期天前完成的。He shall get what he deserves .(警告)他会得到他应该得到的。Death is certain to all;all shall die .(命运)死必临万物；万物皆必死。Better days shall soon follow .(预言)好日子不久会来到。The time shall come when they shall be avenged .(意志)为他们伸冤的时候会来的。Who touches pitch shall be defiled .(必然结果)玩火者必自焚。POWs shall not be ill-treated .(法律用语)战俘不得受虐待。The new regulation shall take effect on May the first .(规定)新章程自五月一日起实施。情态动词should一般不应被认为是情态动词shall的过去式，主要用法有：1)用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿，但语气较委婉温和，如：What should we do now? 2)表示应该、必须，常与must 换用。例如：We should (must) master a foreign language at least.3) 在It is natural (strange, necessary, surprised, impossible, important ) that句型中，在It is suggested / ordered / demanded that.句型中，主语从句中的谓语动词要用should +动词原形表示理所当然、奇怪、必要、惊异等的意思。在lest（以免）、for fear (that) (以防)、in case（以备万一）等之后也要用should+动词原形 如： It is strange that he should say so. 6. 情态动词will和would的用法 1）表示意志，决心或愿望。例如： He would not let me try it . 2）will表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性，would表示过去的习惯行为。(必须与行为动词连用，would= used to) 例如：He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.3）用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，表示对对方的请求，would的语气比will委碗:Would/Will you kindly tell me the way to the station? 7. 情态动词need和dare的用法 这两个词只能算半情态动词，它们作情态动词用时，一般用在否定句和疑问句中，如果用在肯定句中，多数是实义动词，一般现在时单数第三人称就要加s，并有时态变化，后接不定式时须带to, 试比较：Need I explain once more? （情态）The question needs to be discussed. （实义）She dare not tell the truth to him. （情态）We should dare to think, to speak and to act.（实义）She doesnt dare to go out at night by herself.（实义She dare not go out at night by herself.（情态）8. should和ought to should 和ought to 都为应该的意思,可用于各种人称。e.g. - Ought he to go? - Yes. I think he ought to.表示要求,命令时,语气由 should(应该)、(had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。9. had better表示最好 had better 相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。had better (not) do e.g. It is pretty cold. Youd better put on my coat. had better have done表示与事实相反的结果,意为本来最好。You had better have come earlier.10. would rather表示宁愿 would rather (not) do would ratherthan宁愿而不愿would sooner had rather had sooner表示宁愿、宁可的意思。e.g. If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school11. will和would 1) would like to do = want to 想要 e.g. Would you like to go with me?2) Will you? / Would you like? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时,疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。3) 否定结构中用will, 一般不用would, wont you是一种委婉语气。e.g. Wont you sit down?12. need和dare 这两词既可做实义动词用,又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词,两者都只能用于疑问句,否定句和条件句。need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to,而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to时常可以被省略。1) 实义动词: need+ n. / to do sth.2) 情态动词: need,只用原形need后加do,否定形式为need not. e.g. - Need you go yet? - Yes, I must. / No, I neednt.3) need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表被动need doing = need to be done13, used to 的意思是“过去常常”，已经含有 always ，often ，sometimes ，from time to time等意思，但是它却可以和它们连用。 He always used to / used always to come by bus 。 他过去总是坐公共汽车来。 He often used to work late at night 。他过去经常工作到深夜。 She always used to get up at four oclock in the morning 。她过去总是早晨4点起床。但是used to 不可以与表示具体次数或一段时间(即特定的时间段)的词语连用。He went to abroad three times 。He lived in the countryside for three years 。但是可以和过去确定的时间壮语连用。He used to live here in 1995。He used to be devoted to her when she was a little girl 。In those days we used to live in the country 。 另：would 和used to 的区别如下：两者都可以表示过去的习惯性动作。但是would 只强调过去特定情况下的习惯性动作(由动态动词表示)，单纯的过去和现在无关；而used to 即可以强调过去的习惯性动作(由动态动词表示)，也可以强调过去的事实或状态(由静态东此表示)，且与现在形成对比，即可表示持续的状态，也可表示过去重复的行为。I used to have an old car 。过去我有一辆旧轿车。I didnt use to like opera ，but now Im getting interested 。我过去不喜欢歌剧，但现在逐渐有了兴趣上面两句话的动词均是静态动词，说明过去的事实或状态，不能用would 代替used to 。注：woud 和used to一样，都不可用来表示发生的次数，也不能与表示一个特定的时间段的状语连用。He went to Lomdon three times when he was a child .他还是孩子时，去过伦敦三次。但是would可以和sometimes/now and then/from time to time 等词组（表示过去有时或偶尔的时间状语）连用。She would sit there for hours sometimes ,doing nothing at all .他有时一连坐好几个小时，什么事情也不干。 练习题： When he was there ,he_go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day . A.would B.should C.had better D.might 14带to 的情态动词带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?She didnt use to play tennis before she was fourteen.You ought not to have told her all about it.Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。情态动词的推测用法从推测角度分：可 能 (1-50%) might; may; could; 很可能 (60-90%) should; ought to; would; will肯 定(100%) must 不可能 (0%) cant-Theres someone at the door. Didnt you hear the bell? -It _ be Jack.从形式角度分一般式Model V. + be / do 进行式Model V. + be doing 完成式 Model V. + have doneHe should be back now. He must be watching the live football match. She may have arrived there.表示推测的用法 can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下：must表示推测 1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为一定。2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时, 后面通常接系动词be的原形或行为动词的进行时。e.g. You have worked hard all day. You must be tired.（对现在情况推测判断)He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。比较: He must be staying there. 他现在肯定呆在那里。 He must stay there. 他必须呆在那。3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时, 要接完成时。 e.g. I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep.4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测, 后面要接不定式的完成进行时。-Why didnt you answer my phone call? -Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didnt hear it. 5) 否定推测用cant. e.g. If Tom didnt leave here until five oclock, he cant be home yet.6）对must 所在句子变反意疑问句时，应注意以下习惯搭配：must 作“必须”解时，反意疑问句中重复must 。All the children must respect their parents ，mustnt they ？ 孩子必须尊敬父母，对吗？ must 作“有必要”解时，反意疑问句中用need 。We must tell her the truth ，neednt we ？我们现在有必要告诉她实情，对吗？“must be ”表示推测时，反意疑问句用be 的适当形式 。You must be thirsty ，arent you ？你一定渴了，是吗 ？“must have done ”表示推测时 ，附加疑问句一般用have 或 has ，但是有明确表示过去的时间壮语（before 除外）时，反意疑问句用过去时态。He must have finished the work ，hasn t he ？He must have gone abroad last week ，didnt he ？You must have been tould about it that day ，werent you ？mustnt 表示“禁止，不允许”时，反意疑问句一般用may 。The children mustnt play with fire ，may they ？也可以用must 。We mustnt be late ，must / may ？我们不可以迟到，对吗？must 用于表示询问对方意向时，反意疑问句部分的动词可以与前面陈述句部分的动词不一致。You must come tomorrow ，will you ？7) must有一种含义：“偏要”“硬要”。表示说话人对句子主语所发出的动作或行为是不希望的、不满的甚至是生气的。通常指令人不愉快的事情。must用于第二人称时，常常含有讽刺挖苦的意思：Why must you be so stubborn （固执）？He must come and worry her with questions ，just when she was busy cooking the dinner 。 If you must smoke ，at least you could use an ashtray （烟灰缸）。00 As I was sitting down to lunch ，the electric bell must ring 。Why must you be so late ？你为何非要这么晚来呢 ？练习题：Why _you always interrupt me ？ A 。can B 。will C 。may D。 must Naturally ，after I told her what to do ，my daughter _go and do the opposite ！ A 。may B。can C。 must D。 should 另：have to 多表示习惯动作或客观条件索引出的义务；而must则用于表示一种重要或急迫的事情： We have to care for the young 。（义务） She has to be at the office before 8 every day 。（习惯） You must go to the manager at once ，or you ll be diamissed 。（急迫的事情）通常have to 强调客观需求，表示因客观环境或事态促使而不得不作某事；must 强调主观看法，表示主观上认为有必要做谋事。 I must learn another language 。（主观想法：I want to ） I have to learn another language 。（客观需求：身为一个外交官）但是must 可以表示客观必然性，意思为“必然（会），总是会”，而have to 则不可以这样用。 All men must die 。人固有一死。 Competition must happen 。竞争总会发生。 Truth must be out 。真相总会大白 。 Winter must be followed by spring 。冬天到了，春天还会远吗 ？ There must be a day for revenge 。总有报仇的那一天 。练习题：You mustnt tell it to your morther ，_？ Amust you Bdo you Cneed you Dwill you -The students must hand in their term papers in a week ，_？-No，they _。Aneednt they ，mustnt Bmustnt they ，mustnt Cmustnt they ，neednt Dshouldnt they ，should 9）情态动词的多种时态表示法a 情态动词+动词原形,表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。e.g. I dont know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.b 情态动词+动词现在进行时, 表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。e.g. At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papersc 情态动词+动词完成时, 表示对过去情况的推测。e.g. We would have finished this work by the end of next December. d 情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时, 表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。e.g. Your mother must have been looking for you. e 推测的否定形式,疑问形式用cant, couldnt表示。e.g. Mike cant have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.注: could, might表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如can, may。10)情态动词+have+过去分词1) may (might) have + done sth., can (could) have + done sth. 表示过去,推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。e.g. Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.2) must have done sth., 表对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测,语气较强,有肯定的意思。e.g. - Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. - She must have gone by bus.当情态动词表示推测时，其所在的句子的反意疑问句的简短问句应与情态动词后的主要动词的形式相呼应。情态动词 + be 是对现在所作推测，反意问句应作为一般现在时或现在进行时处理。He may be in the library, isnt he? (Im afraid )He is in the library, isnt he?They cant be playing on the playground, are they? (Im sure )They arent playing, are they?情态动词+ have done 是对过去或人生经历所作推测， 反意问句应作为一般过去时或现在完成时处理。 如：You must have seen the film yesterday, didnt you? He cant have missed the train then, did he? She must have been to the Great Wall, hasnt she? They may have lived here for a long time, havent they?3) ought to have done sth.should have done sth.本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做; 否定句表示不该做某事而做了。 注: ought to 在语气上比should 要强。e.g. He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。)4) neednt have done sth. 本没必要做某事e.g. I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I neednt have done so. The weather was hot.5) would like to have done sth. 本打算做某事e.g. I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.二、情态动词试题的突破方法：(1) 学生首先从整体上把握情态动词的语法和语义特征。(2) 逐个学习，了解每个情态动词的用法特征，尤其要熟练掌握一些常用或常考情态动词的基本用法并认真区别具有相同功能的、意思相近的情态动词的用法。(3) 收集并熟练掌握真实的口语材料和近几年高考有关情态动词的试题，在真实的语境中去体会、领悟、印证、掌握情态动词的用法特征和常见考点。三、情态动词的解题技巧：(1) 认真审题，结合所给出的语境，正确把握说话者的语气、情感、态度、观点等。(2) 认真思考所给选项中情态动词的基本特征和用法，并结合语境推敲答案。(3) 要注意把握时间概念。情态动词无论是表达“推测和可能性”，还是表达“虚拟”这一概念，只要是对过去已经发生的事情进行描述，一律用“情态动词+have done”这一结构；对现在或将来的事情进行描述，用“情态动词+动词或系动词原形”。例如：（NMET2008山东，24）Thank you for all your hard work last week. I dont think we _ it without you. A. can manageB. could have managedC. could manage D. can have managed根据题干中所给出的时间last week可知我们已经做完了工作，已经完成，故排除A、C两项，再结合could have done表示虚拟语气以及与前面的I dont think，故说话者想表达的意思是：离开了你，我们本不可能完成这项工作。故答案为B项。四、情态动词用法归类与高考试题分析：（一）表示推测的情态动词对现在或将来情况推测，用情态动词+do / be / be doing；对过去的推测，用情态动词+have done / been；表示肯定推测的情态动词按可能性大小依次为 must, should / ought to, may, might, could；否定推测，常用cant / couldnt，译为“根本不可能”、“想必不会”，表示推测的语气非常肯定，may not, might not或could not译为“可能不”、“也许不”，表示推测的语气不很肯定。 (1) must表示推测，意为“一定”，只能用于肯定句中。 must have done意为：一定做过某事或某事肯定发生了。 例如： (NMET2007 江苏)She looks very happy. She _ have passed the exam.I guess so. Its not difficult after all. A. should B. could C. must D. might【解析】句意为：她看上去很高兴，一定是通过了考试。【答案】C(2) should (not) / ought (not) to在中表示根据常规或常识推测，表示“某事应该或不应该发生”，语气比must或cant / couldnt稍弱。例如： (NMET2007全国I)Hows your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?It _ be, but it is now heavily polluted.A. will B. would C. should D. must 【解析】should此处表示推测，意为“应该”。【答案】C(NMET2005上海)There _ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving