The Analysis of The Tragedy of Tess.doc

英语题目：On Tess of DurbervillesThe Analysis of The Tragedy of Tess汉语题目:浅析造成苔丝悲剧的原因 5AbstractHardys masterpiece Tess of the DUrbevilles depicts the heroines miserable lifeDeliberating the whole novel，such a conclusion can be drawn：it is necessary to cause Tess tragedy. The capitalist moral bias and hypocritical martial system were the main reasons. She was the victim of the contemporary，which including her helpless family，cruel inducer Alec. Her own character is also responsible for her tragedy life. This paper try to analyze the cause of Tess tragedy.Key words：Tess tragedy society family fatalism摘 要哈代的代表作品德伯家的苔丝描述的是女主人公苔丝悲剧的人生。苔丝是一个单纯而美丽的农村女孩，但是她的一生却非常悲惨。资本主义的发展是造成苔丝悲剧的主要原因。苔丝懒散的父亲和唯利是图的母亲是苔丝悲剧人生的导火索。而阿列克则是造成苔丝悲剧的罪魁祸首，当然苔丝自身的性格也是重要原因。读完这部小说，我们会非常同情苔丝，但是我们不得不得出这样一个结论：苔丝的人生注定是一个悲剧。本文主要从社会、家庭、苔丝个性等方面分析造成苔丝悲剧人生的原因。关键词：苔丝 悲剧 社会 家庭 宿命论1.IntroductionHardy was a great critical realist in the late 19th century. And his novels enjoyed great prestige among the people at that time. Tess of the DUrbervilles is one of Hardys last and most important novels, it tell us the tragic life story of an intelligent and sensitive country girl.2.The outline of the storyIn this novel，Tess was a beautiful innocent country girl，who was born in a poor family. Tess father ，learned that he was descended from the famous DUrbervilles family，made little effort to maintain his family in comfort. Her mother worked very hard， however，it is difficult for her to ensure the children could dress warmly. In order to get rid of their poverty，Tess mother persuaded their oldest daughter Tess to visit the stroke- DUrbervilles，a wealthy family who had assumed the DUrbervilles name because no one else claim it. When met their supposed relatives ，however，she found only a blind woman and her dapper son Alec who made Tess uncomfortable by his improper remarks to Tess. At last Alec managed to get Tess alone and made her pregnant. Then Tess left that family and give birth to a baby but the baby didnt live long.A few months after the death of the baby，Tess went to the south to be dairymaid where she met Angel Clare. Although all the dairymaids were attracted to Angel，Tess interested him most. He thought her a beautiful and innocent young maiden. Angel against the wish of his parents asked Tess to be his wife. Considering Angel insistence coupled her love with Angel and her poor family，at last she agreed to marry him.On their wedding night，Angel told Tess about an evening of debauchery in his own past. Tess forgave him and told him about her affairs with Alec. However，Angel deserted her and left for Brazil.In order to get enough money to keep herself and family alive，Tess again went from farm to farm，doing hard labor in the fields. Unfortunately，she met Alec again and was pursued by him once more. Tess wrote to Angel but got no reply so that she was despaired and reluctantly went to with Alec again. However，several weeks later，Angel found her and told her he still love her. But he was more hurt than before when he found Tess with Alec. Now Tess hated Alec because he had destroyed her happiness once again. So she killed him when he slept. Running out of the house，Tess and Angel led a few days merry life outdoors. However，she was found by the police and finally hanged.3 Factors responsible for Tess tragedy lifeTess miserable experience was worthy of sympathy，but many kinds of factors deemed her tragic life.3.1 social factorSocial environment that she lived in was the main reason. After the British Industrial Revolution by the end of the 19th century, the capitalist economy began to intrude into the countryside gradually. Some modern agricultural machines were widely used, which made the small-scale peasant economy disintegrated. In the village，side by side with the agricultural labors，an interesting and better informed class， ranking distinctly above the former-the class to which Tess father and mother had belonged（p：570）. There are almost ten people in this family，of whom，Jack Durbeyfield，Joan Durbeyfield and Tess can be regarded as labors. Just because of this poverty， Tess，who had been deeply depressed and guilty，had to consider other ways to earn their living. Having no choice，Tess was obedient to visit the so-called relatives and ask for help. It was from here that the tragic story began to happen to Tess. As we all know，economy basis decides superstructure（叶敦平 1992）. On the contrary， the capitalistic system which causes a wide gap in economy of different class is the important social factor of Tess tragedy. All of her endured persecution was finished by capitalism single-handed. Therefore，it is reasonable that capitalistic system was the chief offender of peasants poverty and of Tess misfortune（Dong 2000）.3.2 Human factors3.2.1 family factorTesss father makes little effort to maintain his family in comfort . His life was changed by t he discovery of their kindred with the noble DUbervilles. He began to live as he considered proper for a titled man as soon as he heard of his ancestry. He spends his time thinking of ways to rest or e his family name to its former grandeur . It was his drinking and irregular energy for work that lead to the decline of t he family. He was concerned about his reputation. T he sense of his own dignity prevents him to got a job; Tess marriage was failed, the only thing that he thought was what other people would thought about t he collapse of his familys pride(Zhang 2004).Tess mother was a conceited ignorant woman. When she was informed that Mrs DUbervilles was blind and had a single son，she ventured to ask Tess to visit them with the prospect of finding a cousin with a lot of money，taking a risk of losing Tess virginity. She just thought of Tess, particular her beauty as a way to earn their living.3.2.2 AlecAlec, a hypocritical, deceitful selfish and ill tempered man, is the evil man in Tess life. He was not a number of DUbervilles at all，but a shame one. When Tess went to find her so-called relatives，her imaginable kin was a good，dignified gentleman，as was described in the novel。the sublimation of all the DUbervilles lineaments，furrowed with incarnate memories representing in hieroglyphic the centuries of her familys and Englands history.（p：58）.But she was completely wrong. He had an almost swarthy complexion，with full lips，badly molded，though red and smooth，above which was a well-groomed black moustache with curled points，though his age could not be more than three or four-and-twenty.To some extent，Alec was a real rascal. He had illegitimated sexual relation with a couple of women. At first sight of Tess，he was attracted by her charming face. In other word from then on he began to think of how to possess this girl(Dong 2000). On a Saturday night when she was in the town looking for her companions as it was time to go home, when she met Alec DUrberville and she went home with him. But unfortunately they were lost she lost her innocent that night,and from now on, Tess life was to be completely different . That is to say it was the beginning of her miserable.3.3 Tess characters Tess was well characterized, was a victim of the social changes, and a woman of good nature as suggested by the subtitle of the novel: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented. Tess was inheriting the pride traditionally associated with noble ancestors; she told Alec that she can wish for no better name than DUrbervill. Her pride prevents her from living with Alec although she knew that she would live comfortably. And deserted by t he husband, whom she still loves with her whole hear t. She was too proud to tell her parents the truth of their separation. Tess was one of pretty and innocent country girls, and she looks forward with hope to her future life. However, her pride leads her to tragedy life. Her pride was often regarded a s a flaw in her character, which reveals the double standard of the patriarchal culture .In the meanwhile，I think she was conservative. Although she was educated，historically，many schools existed at that time were set up by churches. The influence of the church on schooling is still strong（Zhu 1997）.As a result，she was educated in a way of Victorian society, and received the ethical teaching of the church. She minded her moral integrity which came from social style in which all the people thought of as an essential matter. She thought that her instinct simply to love had to be reconciled with societys idea about love and marriage. And she felt quite guilty about her loss of innocence and pregnancy. So she refused Angel again and again although she loved him very much.3.4. Hardys fatalismTess miserable life was linked with Hardys fatalism. In Hardys opinion，no one can be depended on but yourself and it was impossible to have supernatural power help you. Hardys works aim at the struggle of men against the mysterious force which rules the world, brings misfortune into mens life and predetermines his fate. Fate seemed to be hidden in the accidents beyond peoples imagination. For example, because of Tess father was drunk, then Tess drove the wagon for him. The old horse was killed on the way. Then her tragedy began. It was easily found in another example . Before the marriage, Tess wrote all her past in a letter to Clare. Unexpectedly, the letter was put under the carpet of Clares room so he didnt see it. Thus she was discarded on the evening of her wedding. A series of accidents made Tess tragedy continuously appeared(Shi 2000). Her fate seemed to be doomed by these vicious forces. She couldnt get rid of it no matter how she struggled. In the novel，Hardy expressed magnificently his concern for the individual and his bitter awareness of how a cold and cruel society can destroy the human endeavor and the human spirit. He wanted to show clearly