kaplan四套模考软件听力文本.doc

Kaplan 四套模考软件听力文本画横线的都是没听懂的! 第一套: 第一篇 Hello, professor Millar. Can I have a few minutes of your time?Oh! Hello, Mike. Come on in. Im all ears.I need to talk to you. Ive missed several classes and I have been late a lot recently, and Id like to explain my situation and ask for your advice.Good! I was actually hoping to run into you. You know, youve been doing well in class until quite recently. So, Id really hate to see you put your grade in risk. Unnecessarily like that. You realize that any more absences will negatively impact your grade. So, whats up?Yeah, I know, well, its like this. About two weeks ago I took on another part-time job. With the recent tuition increases, Im on a real tight budget now. UhSo I work late at night in a bakery, and afternoons at environmental systems.Oh, the prestigious environmental systems! That must be a nice place to work.Yeah, they offer me a job -work on a project-so I jumped at the opportunity to earn some more money for college. So Ive been working long hours. And on top of that, I have to take the bus, and you know how the buses run in the morning.Yeah, tell me about it. But the real problem is though, looks like youve beat off more than you can chew; Mike. The way I see it, you are over extended. Your jobs leave you exhausted, so you miss class or come late.Exactly! Im really tired in the morning. So it has been hard to make it till your 8:00 AM class.And my class is not exactly a breeze either, right? Youve missed a lot of important material already. You realize the midterm is coming up in 3 weeks. I will be concerned about your performance on the midterm.I am worried about my grade. Im between a rock and a hard place. But the project at the environmental systems will last only in another 4 weeks. I dont know what to do. I need your class for graduation, so I cant drop it. Well, let me think. UhI had a student drop out from my 10:00 AM class. Tell you what. Considering your great performance until recently and the fact that your work situation is only temporary, Im willing to let you come to my 10 oclock section instead. Is that gonna work for you?Oh! Thank you. I really appreciate it. Well. Im glad weve been able to sort things out(整顿事情), Mike. See you in class.Thanks again, professor Millar. B 托福机经第二篇UmCan I help you with something?Yeahyeah actually Imhaving a little trouble accessing me online database. I was supposed to go online and download an article, but it cant quite seem to get it. I mean I dont even know where to start really. And I have to have it read by 3:00 today for a class discussion or Im sunk.Well, OK. Hold up there. First you need to get out of the library catalog and left-click on the electronic media. Thats the icon down there on the left of the screen. Its right under branch library resources.This oneYeah, double-click on that. There you go. Now which college are you in? Arts and Sciences or Engineering or Business or?Arts and SciencesSo then click on that, and youll get a list of sub-topics. So again, just choose which one you want. You have to scroll through the list. Its in alphabetical order. Do you know the name of the database?Its supposed to be a Bibliography for East-Asian Studies. Im studying in Japanese literature. Its called the BAsomethingor maybe the BE.The BEAS, the Bibliography of East-Asian Studies. Yes, its right there. Double-click on the title. Now do you know the name of the journal you are looking for?Yes, its written down here on the syllabus. It sayshold onlet me see. It says “Inferring Gender Roles from Classical Japanese Poetry”.OK, but what about the journal title?Oh, right. OK, I think this is it, “the Review of Asian Literature”. And the date December 1994.OK, there it is. Now all you have to do is download it. Dont save it to file, just open it. Do you know your student number?Yes.Good! You need to enter that to print the article. Click print and then enter your ID number at the prompt. The printer is over there in the corner. Its a little slow. So you might have to wait a minute or two for the pages to start coming out.第三篇MusicRight, lets get started. Today, we are going to talk about the beginnings of the music printing industry. Well, everyones heard of Gutenberg and his famous 42-line Bible, right? The whole idea was that it was printed for movable type meaning.ah. a small number of different symbols, lots of the alphabet, punctuation marks and so on could be easily combine to print a page of text. And then recombine to print something else when the print one was finished. Before this, if you want a book, it had to be copied out by hand, which was slow and definitely not cheap. Today is text book, so comparison. Another problem was that even at high prices, there werent enough people who could read and write and who are willing to sit for 8 or 10 hours a day copying books. Before movable type, people made printing blocks from wood. This needed a lot of skill and was also very time-consuming. So was only feasible for short works with high expected sales and of course you couldnt set up new text on a wood block. What wood blocks were good for was illustration and continue to be used for this until 17 century. Yes.So did the introduction of movable type printing mean that people who wrote out the books the, ah. scribes I guess would have gone out of business overnight? Well, actually the transition was a lot more gradual than that. For one thing the early printing presses had a hard time keeping up with the demand. Gutenbergs Bible is sold out long before the last copies come off the price. And there was still a market for lavishly illustrator than colored books like the prayer books known as book of hours. And of course paper were still very costly, so printers would when take the rest of publishing books with expected good sales. The Bible, for instance, hence a lot of books continue to circulate in manual script. So, what about music? Well, Gutenbergs Bible first appeared around 1454. But the first serious music printing for movable type wasnt till around 1500 to 1501. When the on the day Petrucci, publics collection called harmonice, musices, odhecaton. Let me write those names on the board for you. The word ottaviano dei comes from two Greek words. Oday like our old meaning song, and odhecaton meaning a hundred, though in fact there seem to be only 96 pieces in the collection, so I hope one disappointed, Ok, so why do you think it took nearly 50 years before Gutenbergs message were applied to music printing. Well, I guess musics a lot more difficult than words to print? Yes, youre quite right. Thats one very important reason. In fact Petrucci took at a privilege of business license if you like to print music from republic of Venus in 1498. But it took more a couple of years to perfect its system and bring out its 1st edition. At first, perchuchi had to use technique called triple impression. So, he printed the staff lines first, then the notes, then the words. Later he managed to reduce this to two impressions by a printing staff lines and text together. Of course this depends on being able to align the paper very accurately in the press each time. Still there was no where nearest hard is curving wood blocks surrounding manual scripts by hand and results for some of the most beautiful shift music ever printed. I think you can see that even from your photocopied handouts. I think there may be another reason.Was it maybe that there wasnt at all that much demand? I guess not everybody can read, I mean, regular books and only a very few of those who could read words could read music as well.Yes, thats true. There was some demand for , but overall, printers want to make a leaving so concentrate on the material would widen its possible appeal. Still was the renaissances an increasing interest in all kinds of learning, people would leisure and education would become more interested in music. Petrucci designed his book to look as much like an expensive manuscript as possible with elegant and initial capitals and spacious and claddered layout. And he made a choice of repertoire with a lot of pieces that must be well-known in his day.So Petrucci was aiming at people who wanted play or maybe hear familiar music, but who wouldnt be able to afford lavish manual script. Yes, I think thats quite good insight. I think too the Petrucci was aiming at social claimers as well as music lovers. Im not saying his music wasnt used, but maybe his publications were a bit like the coffee table books of the day, mainly for display as well as for use. He prices his collections to be within the means of gentry, merchants and even artisans and they certainly sold in large numbers. He was the 1st to see a potential market for printed music. And in the big way he actually helps to create that market.第四篇 Marine BiologyLets conclude our discussion of the distinct Florida mammals with the Monachus tropicalis(海豹名字的另一种语言) or to put it in plain English the Caribbean Monk seal. Not much is known about the Caribbean Monk seal because it was not studied in depth by zoologist until after itd already vanished, although there were reported sightings by sailors as recently as 1984, the last documented sighting was in 1952. However it wasnt officially included on the list of extinct species until 1996. Some scientists speculate that isolated populations might still exist somewhere in the Caribbean, although quite frankly most marine biologists feel thats mostly wishful thinking. The seals range stretched from Florida all over the Caribbean Sea, it was found in Heidi, the Bahamas, Barbados, well, generally throughout the West Indians. The little has known about the life circle of the seal, we do know that its pubs, its babies were born at about the beginning of December. The pups had a coat of black fur and measured about a meter in lank. The adult seal was greyish brown with yellow underbelly head and muzzle. They could die up to 400 feet and 8 mainly lobster, octopus, eel, and fish around coral reefs were their home. There may predators were sharks. The monk seal got its name because it seems that they tend to travel alone like a monk, it also had a fold of skin behind their head that resembles the monks hood. As you should know from your reading, in Hawaii theres subspecies of monk seal that is in endangered. And it will probably be considered the same species if not for the fact of geographic isolation from the Caribbean population. Lets bring our focus down to the reasons for their extinction. The first Id like to diagraph a bit and get you all tell me a little bit about why the Hawaii monk seals are dying out. Yes Jessica. Well, according to the article at least, no one is really sure, but probably its the same old reasons you know. Overdevelopment of their habitat means they have a smaller range in which to live and less food; also the water is getting dirtier. Do you think any of those factors relate to the extinction of the Caribbean seal?Well, the Caribbean and Florida in particular were centers of tourism. Just like Hawaii today. Tourism means profit, and profit often means rapid, uncontrolled development of hotels, tract housing and golf courses. And the runoff from that kind of development pollutes the water and affects the seal habitat and foods supply. So there was a lot of development happening and in Florida most of that took place in the 19 than earlier 20th centuries when there werent many.well. you know limits on what developers could do.Right, and in specific at least in relation to Floridas flora and fauna, can you think of any other examples how uncontrolled development is harm to population? Yes, Mark?Well, in Floridas everglades, even now, drainage and pollution from nearby cities and farms are causing the rapid decline of the Florida crocodile and panzer and water birds maybe. I think I read the many water-birds like the famous Flamingo are losing their habitat as the everglades dry up due to development. Right! and the major factor in the case of Florida even today and also a big factor in this extinction of the Caribbean monk seal was pouching. Illegal hunting devastated seal populations. Fortunately, at least the Hawaii monk seal doesnt need to worry much about this. Hawaiis problem is different, to an extent. But it could learn a lot from Floridas experience if it wants to save its own seals.第五篇AstronomyWell, today were going to talk about near earth objects, or NEOs, and impact they have had and probably will have on earth history. Ok, ah, um, although we tend to think outer spaces empty, is actually fuller than you might think, with small objects known as asteroids, The main concentration of these is in a bell between Mars and Jupiter, but surprising number have more eccentric orbits. That can bring them dangerously close to earth. If you look at this picture of the moon, I bet theres something strikes you straight away. The craters, right? There are so many of them, and quite a few are huge, tens or even hundreds of miles across. So big, that they can be seen from earth without a telescope. To create these craters is obvious that sometime in the moons history its been hit. It has some pretty major sized asteroid collide with it. What Im saying is so many big asteroids have hit the moon, you can be pretty sure that sometime in earths history similar sized objects definitely hit earth, too. In fact, it seems that a 200 foot asteroid hit Sybron as recently as 1908. And this small ones are thought to strike about once in a century. The impact in Tunguska, thats Tunguska in June 1908. Fortunately hit in a nearly uninhabitant area, so few people were affected. So what about medium and large asteroids? Well, a medium sized object maybe half a mile across or say up to a mile would have much bigger impact. The force of the explosion would be about the same as 300,000 metric tons. Thats 300000 million tons of TNT or Danami. To put that in perspective, the Tunguska impact was about by suppose for surround 50 million tons of TNT equivalent. So a medium sized asteroid would do quite a bit more damage. Surprisingly the thing is likely to cause the most damage isnt the impact itself, but atmosphere poisoning. The released energy would split up Nitrogen and Oxygen molecules and atoms, and some of these were compound to form toxic oxide and nitrogen which would poison anything or anyone who breathe the toxic fumes. And really big asteroids, Let me see. We think that the really massive asteroid say 5 or 6 miles across, might hit earth once in about 15 million years. A number of people have suggested that the impact of this kind may have been responsible for the demise of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Its maybe saying a bit more about this. As early as 17 century, the famous astronomer Edmund Halley, Im sure you all heard the comet he has discovered, well, Halley realize the comets and other objects in space might collide with earth. You can image how the authorities of those days reacted to that kind of idea. In pretty much, every scientist after that who suggests such a thing was known as crank. This was until the famous 1980 paper by the Alvarezs team put forward some hard evidence. Analysis of rock from the cretaceous period around the time of the dinosaurs extinction showed a higher than expected amount of radium. This heavy metal is common in meteorites, but extremely where on earth. So the most likely explanation is that originates from meteorites impact at that time. Without wishing to frighten anyone I want to know that although major impact do happen once in a blue moon and the risk from NEOs is real. It is also very, very small. However, given the potential benefits of tracing these objects says not really that expensive to do. With enough warning, we already have the technology to head off potential impact and prevent all limited damage could do. 第六篇EducationGood afternoon, everyone. Um.When I was a new first-grade teacher, I had a youngster in my class who had a tough time learning to read, despite my best effort. It was a very humbling experience. To help you avoid such pitfalls and become effective teachers, you need to know what factors affect the process of learning to read. Today we will focus only on a few of those factors. The differences between spoken and written languageOk, when you look at human civilization, you know that the speech is ubiquitous, all human cultures have language. And by the way, linguist will tell you that theres no simple or primitive languages, they are all equally complex, equally well equipped to express a range of human experience. Whats more, speech doesnt have to be taught. We just acquire it effortlessly and consciously as small children. Languages biologically determine human treat and innate human ability. Unlike speech though, writing emerged in a comparatively few highly complex cultures, such as the Sumerian, Phoenician, Egyptian, Chinese, Indus valley and Mayan cultures. Writing force under the category of human invention like the will or gun powder. Its not natural or biologically origin like speech and most importantly writing is learnt with some effort, through practice. Children can learn it until theyve reached to certain developmental level. So were all competent users of spoken language. But we have to learn to read or write. Stop for a moment and appreciate that fundamental difference. Another difference between speech and writing becomes apparent when we consider what happens when we speak. We are concerned with conveying a message with meaning. But written language has a physical representation.