标准高考英语阅读理解解题技巧.doc

近年来英语高考的趋势是“得阅读者得天下”，可见阅读在高考中的重要地位。分析全国一、二卷和各自主命题省份的高考试卷可以看出，阅读题的分值一般为30-45分，每小题的分值都是一样的，均为2分，只是题目的数量有所差异。对阅读的考查越来越多地注重于语言运用能力之上的逻辑思维能力和批判思维能力的考查。所以同学们要加强阅读训练，提高自己的理解能力。高考考试大纲对英语阅读作了以下说明：1. 理解语篇主旨大意； 2. 理解文中具体信息； 3. 根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义； 4. 作出简单的判断和推理；5. 理解文章的基本结构； 6. 理解作者的观点、意图和态度。四、知能提升（一）知识讲解I. 主旨大意+作者的观点、意图和态度题设题方式： 考查文章的中心思想 The main idea/key point of this passage is that_ . The passage is mainly about _. From the passage we can learn/conclude that_ . Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? 考查文章的标题 The best title/headline for this passage is_ . Which of the following is the best title? What would be the best title for the text? The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is_. 考查作者的写作态度和意图 What is the authors main purpose in this passage? The writers purpose in writing this story is_. In the passage the author wants to tell_. The writers attitude toward . is_. 干扰项特点：1. 以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。 2. 断章取义。干扰项常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。3. 主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所表述的内容。4. 张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。5. 无中生有或似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。解题指导：1. 分清主次，抓住主干，找出主题句。主题句是归纳表达文章中心思想的句子,它的出现有四种情况: 1）主题句在开头主题句出现在段落或文章的开头部分,起着开宗明义点明主题的作用,它可以使读者一开始就明白文章所讲的内容主旨支撑句则使用一些具体的人、物、数字或具体的步骤来阐述或论证主题，常伴有 for example/ i.e./ that is /first /second / finally/ once /another time/ for one thing 等词。2）主题句在结尾用归纳法写的文章,其结构是表述细节的句子放在前面,概述性的句子放在后面,并以此而结尾,所以结尾的句子起着总结归纳画龙点睛的作用，多伴有so /therefore/thus/in short/ as a result/that is why 等词。3）快速浏览每段首尾两句来确定每段的主题句，从而确定文章的主题句。 4）有些文章和段落无明显的主题句,只是暗示性地体现主题这就要求在阅读过程中,根据文章中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括和总结文章的大意 【考题链接】My few minutes with Mr. Galbreath changed my life. Now I try to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and no matter another human being with kindness and sincerity. （节选自文章最后一段）What is the message mainly expressed in the story?A. We should learn to be generous. B. It is honorable to help those in need. C. People in high positions are not like what we expect. D. We should avoid judging people by their appearances.答案：D解题思路：主旨大意题。根据文章最后一句Now I try to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and no matter another human being with kindness and sincerity. 可知，作者想要表达的是不要以貌取人。由此判断选D项。2. 理清层次关系,，选出最佳标题标题是文章中心思想的精练表达,多为一个名词词组，短小明了,涵盖性强做这类题目时,要在阅读全文的基础上,把握好层次关系。注意选项的归纳范围要恰如其分,干扰项往往是局部信息，是某一小节或文章里的某一句。所以我们在解题时要反复推敲，把概括范围过窄或过宽的选项过滤掉。【考题链接】 When youre lying on the white sands of the Mexican Riviera, the stresses(压力) of the world seem a million miles away. Hey, stop! This is no vacation-you have to finish something!Here lies the problem fat travel writer and food critic (评论家) Edie Jarolim. I always loved traveling and always liked to eat, but it never occurred to me that I could make money doing both of those things.”What would be the best title for the text?A. Adventures in Travel WritingB. Working as a Food CriticC. Travel Guides on the MarketD. Vacationing for a Living答案：D解题思路：答案在文章第一段结尾句 “Hey, stop! This is no vacation-you have to finish something!”和第二段第二句 “but it never occurred to me that I could make money doing both of those things.”说明了没有想到“度假也可以谋生”的欣喜之情。即学即练 Too much TV-watching can harm childrens ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.What would be the best title for this text? A. Computers or Television B. Effects of Television on ChildrenC. Studies on TV and College Education D. Television and Childrens Learning Habits 3. 抓住关键词，判断作者意图 作者在描述事实或传递信息时,不管他的意图是什么,其观点和态度都不可避免地会在文章中反映出来常见的涉及到作者态度的词有褒义类词（approving, positive, optimistic,等），贬义类词(critical, pessimistic, doubtful, questioning等)和中性类词(indifferent, serious, objective, concerned, neutral等)。这就要求考生在阅读时应特别注意文章的措辞,尤其注意那些表达感情色彩的形容词如improving, encouraging, disappointing, fail, ignore等，以及作者对人物语言、行为和思想的描写,从中领悟作者的写作意图和态度 【考题链接】The world of make-believe is not necessarily bad. But when the world of fantasy becomes the only outlet(出路) for our sense of wonder, then we are really missing something. We are missing a connection with the living world. Other wonderful worlds exist all around us. But even more interesting is that if we look closely enough, we can see that these worlds, in a broad sense, are really part of our own. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To show us the hidden beauty in our world. B. To warn us not to get lost in the fantasy world. C. To argue against the misuse of the sense of wonder. D. To discuss the influence of the world of make-believe. 答案：B解题思路：文章最后一段可知，作者写这篇文章的目的就是要告诉我们不要沉迷在幻想之中。由此判断选B项。II. 细节题正确答案的特点：与原文情节表达手法不同，但所表达的意思相同。干扰选项的特点：1. 是原文信息，但与题目要求不符；2. 符合常识，但不符合原文内容；3. 与原文情节极为相似，只是在程度上有些变动；4. 选项中所提供的信息部分正确，部分错误；5. 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。考题链接For Norman Bethune, saving lives was the most important thing in the world. Norman Bethune thought that _. A. he himself was a famous doctor in the worldB. he could only save lives because he was a doctorC. saving lives was more important than any other thing for himD. in the world, he should do nothing but save lives1、直接事实题：先阅读题干，确定阅读材料时需要查找的细节及事实的范围，然后利用略读的选顶的手法找出选项的出处。2、间接事实题：需结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断。3、事实细节题: 主要考查学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力,问题主要包括询问人(who)、物(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(cause)、结果(effect)、文中的数据(data)等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常会考具体细节。常见问题形式有：（1）三正一误(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或三误一正(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)：Which of the following is true/false except? Which of the following is mentioned except（2）定义 （3）年代与数字 （4）比较 （5）原因和结果【考题链接】 The show business thing worked out, of course. In her career, Mary won many awards. Only recently, when she began to write Growing Up Again, did she regret ignoring her mom, I dont know how to use a computer, she admits. Why did Mary feel regretful? A. She didnt achieve her ambition. B. She didnt take care of her mother. C. She didnt complete her high school. D. She didnt follow her mothers advice. 答案：D解题思路：根据第二句“Only recently，when she began to write Growing Up Again，did she regret ignoring her mom，I dont know how to use a computer, she admits. ”可判断选D项。即学即练 1. Unlike her 1995 autobiography, After All, her second book is less about life as an award-winning actress and more about living with diabetes (糖尿病). All the money from the book is intended for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF), an organization she serves as international chairman. I felt there was a need for a book like this, she says. I didnt want to lecture, but I wanted other diabetics to know that things get better when were self-controlled and do our part in managing the disease. Marys second book Growing Up Again is mainly about her .A. living with diabetes B. successful show businessC. service for an organizationD. remembrance of her mother 2. Armantrout, a native Californian, received her bachelors degree at UC Berkeley, where she studied with noted poet Denise Levertov, and her masters in creative writing from San Francisco State University. She is a founding member of Language Poets, a group of American poetry that analyzes the way language is used and raises questions to make the reader think. Which of the following is true of Rae Armantrout?A. She published a poetry textbook. B. She used to teach Denise Levertov. C. She started a poets group with others. D. She taught creative writing at UC Berkeley. III. 猜测词义题 对单词、短语意思的猜测主要依据它所在段落的内容进行。如果该段落比较短，信息量不足，那么与之相邻的上下两个段落的内容就成为猜词义的重要依据。1. 词义猜测题常用的提问方式：1) The word “” refers to / probably means / could best be replaced by _.2) The word “” is most likely to mean _. 3) What do you think the expression “” stands for? 4) The underlined word “” means _2. 猜测词义的方法(1) Definition 定义法： 一般通过定义、定语（从句）或同位语（从句）来确定词义。 It will be very hard but very brittle that is, it will break easily. The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. (2) Contrast 对比法：利用文中的反义词以及表示对比关系的词（短语）猜测词义。 Most of us agreed, however, Bill dissented. She is usually prompt for all her classes, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. (3) Similarity 相似法：利用同义词、近义词或短语猜测词义。Cleaning up waterways is an enormous task .The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted. (4) Cause and effect 因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因。 One who is destitute has a great need for food and clothing. That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day. (5) Example 例举法：利用文中的举例猜测词义。常见的举例的提示词有for instance, for example, such as等。 Today young couples often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions. (6)Word Formation 构词法：中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：super- mini- micro- re- mis- im- un- in-non- -able -less -wards Can you guess the right meanings?microwave nonnatural mispronounce homeless nonsmoker rebuild eastwards(7) Context联系上下文法：利用语境及前后文的提示来猜测词义。 He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understand anything. Even then all I could make out was that someone called Miley had had a very bad accident.A. see clearly B. understand C. expectTom saw an owl in a tree last night but it flew away when he got nearA. a bird B. an animal C. a starThe children are looking at a large, hairy ape at the zoo A. a kind of monkey B. a kind of tree C. a kind of bird8) Common Sense 常识法：在阅读的过程中，如遇到生词，有时可以根据自己直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识将其推测出来。比如了解一些英美国家的天文地理、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、政治结构、社会制度等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，在遇到生词时，猜测词义的能力自然就会增强。根据语境猜测划线单词在句中的意思When a doctor performs an operation on a patient，he usually gives an anesthetic to make him unconscious，because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him.即学即练 Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mention recycling. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place.What does the underlined phrase “over-consumption” refer to? A. Using too much packaging. B. Recycling too many wastes. C. Making more products than necessary. D. Having more material than is needed. IV. 推理判断题推理判断的题目中常含有infer、imply词等。干扰项的特点:1. 将文章中的已知信息作为干扰项；2. 将不符合事实、逻辑的判断、推理结果作为干扰项。解题方法：1. 判断推理要以文中事实为依据;2. 不能将文中已经阐明的事实作为自己的推断;3. 杜绝仅凭个人的看法，主观臆断。解题技巧：找出作者所陈述的细节、事实以及能够表达作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语，依此进行符合逻辑的推理。 题干形式：1) It can be inferred from the text that _. 2) From the text we know that _. 3) The story implies that _. 4) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _. 5) The writers attitude towardis _.【考题链接】This storywhich happened before I was bornreminds me how extraordinary my mother was, and is also a gifted mathematician. I feel embarrassed that I complain about not having enough child-free time to work. Later, when my mother is in the bathroom, I go into her kitchen and turn over the breadboards. Sure enough, on the back of the smallest one, are some penciled marks I recognize as mathematics. Those symbols have traveled unaffected through fifty years, rooted in the soil of a cheap wooden breadboard, invisible（看不到的）exhibits at every meal. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A . The mother is successful in her career. B. The family members like traveling. C. The author had little time to play when young. D. The marks on the breadboard have disappeared. 答案：A解题思路：推理判断题。根据第一句 “This storywhich happened before I was bornreminds me how extraordinary my mother was, and is also a gifted mathematician.”推断选A项。即学即练 1. I grew up in a house where the TV was seldom turned on and with one wall in my bedroom entirely lined with bookshelves, most of my childhood was spent on books I could get hold of. In fact, I grew up thinking of reading as natural as breathing and books unbelievably powerful in shaping perspectives (观点) by creating worlds we could step into, take part in and live in. What can be inferred about the author as a child? A. He never watched TV. B. He read what he had to. C. He found reading unbelievable. D. He considered reading part of his life. 2. Duret, an engineer on vacation ,was walking with his girlfriend along the pier(码头)when he saw something falling into the water. He thought it was a doll, but realized it was a child when he approached the river. In an instant , he took off his coat and jumped into the river Why was Duret in New York? A. To meet his girlfriend. B. To work as an engineer.C.