报刊阅读课件汇总ppt.Convertor.doc

一Selected Readings in English Print News Media英语报刊选读Why Should the News Language be studied?The course of selected English print news readings intends to improve learners comprehensive English capabilities, among which are intensive and extensive reading, familiarity of journalistic English, news translation and the expanding of the learners cultural knowledge of the English-speaking countries. In various English exams, journalistic English will be greatly highlighted in both reading and listening parts. Thus, a systematical study of English news language becomes increasingly important and necessary for todays college students. News enables people to become well-informed about the important events happening locally and globally. More significantly, news readers and language learners could also be motivated to get to feel a kind of advanced thinking and analytical style by following those wonderful news articles printed in the English language newspapers and magazines. The first newspapers were written by hand and put up on walls in public place. The earliest daily newspaper was started in Rome in 59 BC. In the 700s the worlds first printed newspaper was published. Europe didnt have a regularly published newspaper until 1609, when one was started in Germany.Background knowledgeThe first regularly published newspaper in the English language was printed in Amsterdam in 1620. In 1621, an English newspaper was started in London and was published once a week. The first daily English newspaper was the Daily Courant (每日新闻). It came out in March 1702.In 1690, Benjamin Harris printed the first American newspaper in Boston. But not long after it was first published, the government stopped the paper. In 1704, John Campbell started The Boston Newsletter (波斯顿新闻通讯), the first newspaper published in the American colonies. By 1760, the colonies had more than thirty daily newspapers. There are now about 1,800 daily papers in the United States.Today, as a group, English language newspapers have the largest circulation (发行量) in the world. But the largest circulation for a newspaper is that of the Japanese newspaper Asahi Dhimbun (朝日新闻). It sells more than eleven million copies every day.英国报刊杂志介绍 主要报纸简介 (the influential newspapers)A Brief Introduction to British Newspapers and PeriodicalsThe Financial Times金融时报：1888年于伦敦创刊，是提供商业和金融消息的世界最主要日报之一；也是目前英国唯一一家每天全面报道伦敦股票市场动态的报纸。The Times泰晤士报：1785年在伦敦创刊。该报以遵循严格的报道和写作标准以及追求准确性而著称，长久以来对英国的公众舆论具有深刻的影响。因此被誉为“世界第一大报纸”（the First Newspaper in the World）。The Guardian卫报：原名曼彻斯特卫报(The Manchester Guardian), 1821年创刊于曼彻斯特，后迁伦敦，1855年改称卫报。该报以世界性观点、文艺评论和报道以及国外通讯为特色。The Daily Telegraph每日电讯报：1855年于伦敦创刊，该报以右翼和保守倾向的新闻报道吸引读者，曾对政府和工会进行过调查性报道。主要期刊简介 (the influential periodicals)The New Statesman新政治家：创刊于1934年，主要发表有关政治、社会问题、书刊、电影、戏剧等方面的评论。The Spectator旁观者：创刊于1828年，是英国全国性周刊中历史最久、出版从未间断过的杂志之一。以刊载有关政治、文学和经济的评论性文章而闻名，其政治倾向较为保守。The Economist经济学家：1843年创刊，该刊物名称虽然仅涉及经济，但它也广泛报道一般新闻，尤其是与世界经济有关的国际政治动态。报道主要侧重世界政治和商业，同时也设有科技、书评和艺术等固定栏目，政治观点上倾向于自由派。美国报刊杂志介绍 A Brief Introduction to American Newspapers and Periodicals主要报纸简介 (the influential newspapers)The Los Angeles Times洛杉矶时报创刊于1881年，上世纪60年代开始从地方日报发展成为世界著名大报。现在该报已经成为中立、公正和全面新闻报导的典范。The Washington Post华盛顿邮报1877年创刊于华盛顿，创刊之初是民主党的机关报，后发展成为在美国国内和国际都声名显赫的大报。该报以其社论的独到以及详尽准确的高质量报道而闻名。 The New York Times纽约时报1851年创刊，长期以来是美国最具影响力的日报，以高水平的社论见长。该报享有可信赖的新闻来源的盛誉，其口号是刊登“所有适合刊印的新闻”。The Wall Street Journal华尔街日报1889年创刊。该报主要报道美国和世界的商业和金融业新闻。该报享有可靠的新闻来源的盛誉，长久以来已刊登前一天金融和股票市场动态的分析表而闻名。The Chicago Tribune芝加哥论坛报创刊于1947年，在芝加哥出版。该报以详尽报道芝加哥和中西部的商业、工业、农业和社会生活以及政府和政治而赢得读者。The Christian Science Monitor基督教科学箴言报1908年创刊，由基督教科学出版社出版。该报不是专门报道宗教新闻的报纸，而是一般性的新闻报，其报道的准确性和客观性受到读者的广泛青睐。USA Today今日美国于1982年创刊，是美国全国性的普通大众报纸。该报打破了传统日报的沉闷风格，使用彩色印刷，刊登大型图表和大幅图片；报道采取简洁的散文式写作。这些为该报赢得了大量读者，因此该报也被称为McPaper.主要期刊简介 (the influential periodicals)U.S. News &World Report美国新闻与世界报道 1948年创刊，其政治倾向比Time和Newsweek要保守一些。以报道国内和国际新闻以及商业和科学消息为主，并以发布年度大学和医院排行而闻名。Newsweek新闻周刊 1933年创刊，基本模仿Time的版式和风格；以准确、活泼和生动的报道以及追求新闻的客观性而闻名，尤其注重报道艺术、科学、商业、宗教和体育等方面。Time时代周刊 1923年创刊，用简明综述的形式报道新闻，同时提供新闻背景，每周用分类的栏目组织新闻；报道涉及的范围包括国内和国际事务、书评、艺术、戏剧、电影、音乐、教育、宗教以学法律科学金融体育及重大事件。新闻英语导读新闻标题的基本特点：(The Basic Features of News Headlines)新闻标题是一门独特的语言，是新闻报道的灵魂。它以独特的行文和高度精炼的文字传递新闻内容。好的新闻标题必须具备简约、醒目、概括、风趣等特点。在我们初次阅读英文报刊时，会发现新闻的标题不能够一看就懂。那么，为什么一开始接触新闻英语就会遇到拦路虎呢？是因为新闻英语的标题有其自身的规律和特点，掌握这些特点和规律对于我们读懂新闻标题甚至是整个一篇新闻报道都是至关重要的。1.省略 (Omission)省略是突出重要内容的语言手段。省略指省去非关键性的词语，从而更加突出关键性的词语。省略是英文报纸新闻标题的主要特点之一。标题原来都是一句完整句子，但为了起到言简意赅，节省版面的效果，常常被删略去某些语法成分或词语（尤其以虚词为主）。只要读者事先知道有关标题“省略”的一些特点，了解标题中被省去的语法成分或词语，就能一望而知其全貌。1) 冠词的省略Jobless Rate at 7%; Total is 7 Million, Largest in 3 Years= The Jobless Rate at 7%; the Total is 7 Million, the Largest in 3 YearsItalian Ex-Mayor Murdered= An Italian Ex-Mayor Was MurderedThree Gorges Flooded by Farewell Tourists = The Three Gorges are Flooded by Farewell Tourists 2) 连词“and”的省略连词“and”被省去后，通常由逗号 “,”代替。Gunman Flees to Ningbo, Walks into Police Web= The Gunman Flees to Ningbo and Walks into the Police WebUS, Vietnam resume talks= US and Vietnam resume talksPoverty, pregnancy linked= Poverty and pregnancy are linked3) 人称关系代词的省略Irish group kills ex-chief= The Irish group kills its ex-chief 4) 语法引导词的省略A hard act to follow?= Is there a hard act to follow?5) 系动词的省略Arms deal close to agreement= Arms deal is close to agreementThree dead after inhaling oven gas = Three are dead after inhaling oven gas Clinton inauguration most expensive ever = Clinton inauguration is most expensive ever Vitality crucial to economic reforms= Vitality remains crucial to economic reforms“a hard act to follow”是指“杰出而令人望尘莫及的人物或者作为”。 6) 助动词的省略在英文报纸新闻标题的撰写过程中，编辑们通常省去助动词“to be”的各种时态形式，以单独一个过去分词或现在分词构成被动语态或进行时态。由于在英语中许多动词的过去时与过去分词形式是完全相同的，这也就给我们在阅读英语新闻标题是造成一定的困难。一般来说，我们可将其视为某一动词的过去分词，以免曲解标题含义。Financier Killed by Burglars = Financier Is Killed by Burglars Pope to visit Japan in February = Pope is to visit Japan in February India Mending Fences = India Is Mending Fences英文新闻标题中有时也会有冠词、助动词或系动词“to be”或连词“and”。出现这些词之所以没有被省略，主要是为了使某些英语词组或习语保持完整而不得不保留这些虚词。Unemployment rate on the rise again in Germany1. 一般现在时的运用新闻标题几乎都用一般现在时表述新闻，而新闻所报道的绝大多数是过去发生的事件。为了使读者感到是“新闻”而非“旧闻”，时态常用一般现在时。新闻标题的一般现在时可以表达已经发生的和正在发生的事件。例如：Leaders highlight common interests President Hu Jintao and his US counterpart(对应的人(或物) George W. Bush yesterday highlighted common interests and areas for cooperation to keep Sino-US relations on track.WTO welcomes China to ranks DOHA, Qatar-The World Trade Organization formally invited the worlds most populous country, China, to join on Saturday, bringing its 1.2 billion consumers firmly into the global market place.Visit Sparks Asian Anger SEOUL-Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumis visit to the Yasukuni war shrine on Monday sparks anger and outrage throughout Asia. 时态 (Tense)新闻标题的时态通常有四种表达形式：一般现在时、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词。2. 不定式的运用通常，英语新闻标题对计划安排等将要发生的事情不用将来时，而用be to do的形式，其中的be经常被省略。例如：China to face many changes Now that Chinas long quest to join the World Trade Organization (WTO) is all but over, the rest journey is just beginning. As China begins adopting the rules of the world trade body, many changes will take place across the country. In agreement with South Korea, US to move troops from Seoul Washington-The United States and South Korea reached a formal agreement on Friday on a plan to move all American military forcesSatellites to “improve forecasting” The first of four weather satellites to be launched before 2013 could go into orbit next year, a weather official said yesterday.3. 现在分词的使用现在分词在新闻标题中通常被用来表达正在进行的动作或正在发展的事态。现在进行时的助动词be通常被省略。例如：Exploding Tourism Eroding Chinas Riches DUNHUANG, China-For the growing army of middle class Chinese with a little extra money to spend, touring their country has become almost as natural as breathing. Both activities, it turns out, are harming the ancient Buddhist grottoes.Holiday losing importance? The Year of the Horse finds fewer excited Chinese celebrants as traditional trappings of the Spring Festival lose their appeal for people of this fast-developing country.Students spending like crazy Expensive brands of make-up like Shiseido foundation, LOreal lip-stick and Christian Dior perfume are not usually thought of as student necessities. But there they are: right there in Liu Lins cosmetics bag.4. 过去分词的使用在新闻标题中，动词的一般过去时出现地不多，通常见到的是动词的过去分词形式，它是省略助动词be的被动语态。例如：First human embryo cloned Washington-Biotechnology company Advanced Cell Technology Inc (ACT), based in Worchester, Massachusetts, said it hoped the experiment would lead to tailored(经修改的；合适的) treatment for disease ranging from Parkinsons to juvenile diabetes. Individuality stressed in dressing CHEN Dong hasnt bought any ready-made clothes during the past two years. Its not that she doesnt care about fashion. Instead, the 29-year-old Beijinger is believed to be the best-dressed lady in the French company she works for. “I regularly buy fashion magazines to learn about the latest trends. Then I use the information to remake my old clothes.”在标题中动词的过去分词形式，根据逻辑既可以表示过去时的被动语态，也可以表示现在时的被动语态，具体情况由所述的新闻内容确定。1) 简短动词的运用英文报刊新闻标题的制作强调语言结构简短易读，力求在有限的标题词数内提示、浓缩较多的新闻内容。为此，新闻报刊在用词上狠下功夫，使措辞简短明了。Istanbul has earthquakeEarthquake rocks Istanbul用词特色 (wording)英文报刊新闻标题经常使用字母较少、简短达意的动词，一方面节省了一定的标题词数，另一方面能使标题大为增色。标题中使用简短动词的另一优点是便于读者阅读。由于标题中的动词较为简短，一条标题只要稍稍一瞥就能抓住其大意了。为此，英文报刊往往使用那些既简短又能够表达同一意义的动词，避免使用较为冗长的动词。House and Senate Clash on Curbing WeaponsClash=DisagreeCivil rights hit by appeal judgmenthit=struck hardProfiteering, deception have marred trade fairsmarred=damagedMPs told not to toe party linetoe=followQuake death toll may top 2,000top=exceed, surpassTwo held as train death toll risesheld=detained; rises=increasesBoth sides claim victory in Mexican state votingclaim=announce, assertSenate Backs Envoy to Pretoriaback=supporttoe the line: “听从命令、服从纪律、按惯例行事” 二Selected Readings in English Print News Media英语报刊选读常见的新闻体裁及其结构Common Styles and Structures of Journalistic Writing阅读英文报纸，仅注意版面上的新闻标题远远不够，读者往往要在标题这个向导的引导下仔细阅读由标题所提示的各种新闻内容，即各篇文章，这才是真正的目的，也是获得信息，提高阅读能力的最有效途径。新闻的种类很多，按分类标准的不同，有各种不同的分类方法。如按照事件的性质分类，新闻可分为“硬新闻”(hardnews)和“软新闻”(softnews)两大类，硬新闻即“纯新闻消息报道”，指题材严肃、具有一定时效性的客观事实报道；软新闻是情感味浓、写作方法诙谐、轻松幽默的社会新闻，不注重时效性。新闻英语中常见的体裁主要有三大类：消息(news)、特写(features)和新闻评论(commentariesandcolumns)。 消息报道的基本结构Basic Structures of News消息，通常被人们称为新闻(news)或纯新闻(hard news)，是各种新闻体裁中应用最广、最灵活方便的一种。它具有强烈的时间性(timeliness)与新闻价值(news value)，它具备构成新闻的要素。消息的种类很多，按其性质主要有政治新闻、经济新闻、科技新闻、军事新闻、体育新闻、社会新闻、文化新闻等等。不论是哪一种性质的报道，在写作形式上与结构上大都采用两种常见的方法：即“倒金字塔法”(the inverted pyramid form)和“时间顺序法”(the chronological style)。(1) “倒金字塔法”(The Inverted Pyramid Form)长期以来，英文报纸广泛使用这一“虎头蛇尾”式的写作形式，其独特之处在于同时满足了编辑、记者和读者这三方面的不同需要。首先，记者为了赶时效，必须尽快先把最重要的内容写出来。待编辑催稿时，随时可以交稿，而不至于遗漏关键事实。其次，导语部分囊括了最重要的内容，极易抓住读者的注意力，引起他们的兴趣，而愿意继续读下去。如果读者对消息本身兴趣不大，或者没时间仔细读报，读了导语之后不再继续读下去的话，这时也已经掌握了某条新闻的最基本的事实。再次，因版面篇幅等原因，编辑若要删节，可以从末尾删起，这样不管砍掉多少段落，主要内容的精华部分仍可保留下来。为了说明“倒金字塔结构”的新闻文体特点，现举中国日报2005年12月1日的一篇报道为例： Lee Young-ae wins best actressIn addition to winning the coveted best actress award, the hit movie she starred in received the top picture prize. (进一步增补) Directed by Park Chan-wook, the 112-minute thriller depicts a young womans drive to revenge herself after serving 13 years in prison on false charges of kidnapping and infanticide. (背景内容介绍) South Korean film star Lee Young-ae on Tuesday won the best actress award at the 26th Blue Dragon Film Awards for her leading role in Sympathy for Lady Vengeance. (引出主题并解释) Lee, who is one of a handful of South Korean stars that are leading the so-called Korean Wave throughout Asia, is also recognized for her role in the historic TV series Jewel in the Palace. (细节材料增补)导语简述Snow Traps Tourists on Tibet Road Lhasa (Xinhua)-More than 100 motor vehicles and 300 passengers including some foreign tourists were trapped when highways in southwest Tibet became flooded following three days of snowfall. Four people were reported to have frozen to death and two suffered from frostbite in Tingri County on the Zhan-Xigaze highway. No foreigners were listed among casualties. The highway, one of the busiest in the region, was expected to be re-opened to traffic on Tuesday evening. Stranded passengers were rescued by local people and troops who cleared the highway and repaired breaks. The snow-fall between October 19 and 21 was unusually early, the regional weather office said.A weather station at Tingri County recorded 115 millimeters of rainfall in 24 hours while 40 centimeters of snow fell between Tingri County and Nyalam County.这是中国日报上一篇报道众多车辆和游客由于暴风雪被困西藏西南部的高速公路的消息中的导语。这条导语只用了一个句子就交待了一系列新闻要素：WHO-more than 1oo vehicles and 300 passengers WHAT-(cars and people) were trapped by snow WHEN- following three days of snowfall WHERE- highways in southwest Tibet HOW-trapped by snowWHY- (highways) became floodedReims, France, May 7-Germany surrendered unconditionally to the western allies and the Soviet Union at 2: 41 A.M. French time today. 这是纽约时报上一篇报道德国无条件投降的消息中的导语。WHO-GermanyWHAT-surrendered to the western allies and the Soviet UnionWHEN- at 2: 41 A.M. French time today (May 7)WHERE- Reims, FranceWHY/HOW- unconditionally在消息写作中，这种回答了新闻六要素(who, what, when, where, why, how)的导语通常被称为综合式导语(Summary Lead)。这种导语的特点在于它能把新闻内容的精髓概括出来。但是，读者在阅读报纸的时候会发现，并不是所有的消息都以综合式导语开头。有的导语只回答了新闻六要素中最重要、读者最关心的一、两项，这样的导语称为部分综合式导语(Partial Summary Lead)，它避免了综合式导语的不足之处，既无需为了包罗五个 “W”和一个“H”而使句子变得冗长不堪，使读者望而生畏，失去继续阅读的兴趣。这是新华社发表的一篇报道胡锦涛主席会见海峡共同市场基金会主席萧万长的消息中的导语。WHO- Hu Jintao, Vincent C. SiewWHAT- meetsWHEN- April 12, 2008WHERE- in Boao, south Chinas Hainan Province 这是新华社发表的一篇报道北京奥运会圣火到达巴基斯坦首都伊斯兰堡的的消息中的导语。WHO- The Beijing Olympic flame WHAT- arrived in Pakistani capital WHEN- at 12:25 a.m.local time WHERE- Pakistani capital Islamabad WHY/HOW- for the 10th leg of its global tourBeijing Olympic flame arrives in Pakistani capital ISLAMABAD, April 16 (Xinhua) - The Beijing Olympic flame arrived in Pakistani capital Islamabad at 12:25 a.m.local time (1925GMT) for the 10th leg of its global tour. Hu Jintao, Vincent Siews latest meeting significant BOAO, Hainan, April 12 (Xinhua) - Hu Jintao, general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee,meets with Vincent Siew, chairman of the Taiwan-based Cross-Straits Common Market Foundation, in Boao, south Chinas Hainan Province, April 12, 2008. 除了综合式导语外，消息报道往往还经常酌情采用其它形式的导语。英文报纸种类繁多，消息所报道的内容包罗万象，导语也形式多样，不能一概而论。但一般来说，最常见的导语有以下几种：1. 对比式导语 (Contrast Lead)这种导语通常通过同时列举两项新闻事实进行对比，以突出和强调本文最重要的内容及其意义。这种导语能使新闻事实中所蕴涵的新闻价值充分地显露出来，并给受众留下较为深刻的印象。注意：相互对比的事实之间，反差要强烈。反差越大，效果就越好。如： NBS: China reports 8.3% rise in CPI in March BEIJING, April 16 (Xinhua)-Chinas consumer price index (CPI), a key measure of inflation, was up 8.3 percent in March, following an 8.7 percent rise recorded for the previous month. 2. 提问式导语 (Question Lead)一般来说，记者在消息报道的导语里总是力争为五个 “W”和一个 “H”所提出的问题提供答案，而很少提问。但是，当消息所报道的内容涉及到一个公众共同关心的问题或易于引起读者议论的事件时，记者有时采用疑问式导语，在导语中进行提问，引起读者的思考，从而达到吸引读者的目的。如：Is truancy becoming a national epidemic in Britain? Certainly there are clear signs that the number of pupils who simply do not turn up at school or who “clock in” and then disappear during the school day, is increasing to a worrying level. -The Sunday Express3. 引语式导语 (Quotation Lead)为了突出报道的客观性，记者有时还引用消息中主要人物的尖锐而有新意的语言，放在消息报道的开头部分作为导语，这样往往易于给读者留下强烈的印象。这种导语通常分为完全引语式导语(Full Quotation Lead)和部分引语式导语(Partial Quotation Lead)。如：“The government will continue to upgrade its capabilities to cope with natural disasters as climate change leads to more extreme weather conditions,” a senior official said last week.-China Daily 三Selected Readings in English Print News Media英语报刊选读常见的新闻体裁及其结构Common Styles and Structures of Journalistic Writing消息报道的基本结构Basic Structures of News消息，通常被人们称为新闻(news)或纯新闻(hard news)，是各种新闻体裁中应用最广、最灵活方便的一种。不论是哪一种性质的报道，在写作形式上与结构上大都采用两种常见的方法：即“倒金字塔法”(the inverted pyramid form)和“时间顺序法”(the chronological style)。(2) “时间顺序法”(The Chronological Style)除了“倒金字塔法”是消息报道最常用的体裁外，还有按新闻事实发生的时间的先后顺序来报道的，称为“时间顺序法”，它也属于一种常见的形式，多用于报道一系列较为复杂的新闻事实或内容，如文艺演出或体育比赛、灾难或交通事故以及犯罪案件等等。按时间顺序法结构写出的消息一般由开头(Beginning,即导语) 、按时间顺序叙述的一系列新闻事实(Events in Sequence)和结尾(Ending)几个部分组成。虽然它有时也也采用综合式导语或部分综合式导语作为全文的开头，但消息的正文(body)一般还是严格按时间顺序叙述的。因此，读者如果想要知道新闻事实的发展结果，往往要一口气念到全文的结尾才能知道。时间顺序法不同于倒金字塔法那种开门见山、直截了当地把最基本的新闻事实公诸于众的报道手法，而是按照事实的发展顺序来报道，增加了读者阅读时的悬念感，读来使人觉得更为系统、自然、顺理成章。常见的新闻体裁及其结构Murderers Caught-Thanks to a Monkey A monkey is being credited with a key role in the capture of three murderers in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province. On a June day, a PLA political instructor, identified as Zhang, and a soldier, identified as Liu, were driving through the mountains in Xishuangbanna when a monkey jumped on to the highway in front of their jeep and began to point to the south, all the while tugging at their arms. The two men got out of the jeep and followed the monkey to a pit, where it started to dig at the earth so hard that its paws began to bleed. Zhang and Liu were confused and took the monkey to the local Public Security Bureau. Two bodies were dug out of the pit after policemen were led to it by the monkey. The monkey pointed to a nearby village when the policemen “asked” it who the murderers were. That evening, an assembly was called in the village. The moment the monkey was brought in, it threw itself on a young man, who tried to run away, as did two others, but they were caught. The three men later confessed to murdering the monkeys owners-two traveling show people from inland. They ha