代词.doc

代词英语中代词的种类多，用法各异。加之中国学生在初学英语时容易犯漏用代词、误用代词的错误，因此代词是历年来高考考查的重点。1991年全国高考题中有四处考查代词的用法。1997年、1998年均有两处考查代词。高考代词类试题中，出现频率最高的是不定代词，随后依次为指示代词、疑问代词和反身代词。一、不定代词的用法不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数与不可数之分，泛指人或事物，或对人、事物作不确定的指代。下面将不定代词列表如下，并对易混的不定代词作分类对比介绍。不可数可 数不可数或复数单数复数muchmoremost(a)littleless(the)leastone eithereach neitherother anotherevery some thingany + bodyno onebothseverala fewmanyallsomeanyenoughnone(一)some, any 的用法高考试题传真-I feel a bit hungry. -Why dont you have_bread?(1986) A.any B.some C.little D.a_but folks will believe what he said.(1992,上海) A.Some B.Nothing C.Anything D.Everything-When shall we meet again? -Make it _ day you like; its all the same to me. (1996) A. one B. any C. another D. someI asked him for some oil, but he hadnt_. (1986) A. any B. some C. oil D. oneId been expecting _ letters the whole morning, but there werent _ for me. ( 1989) A. some; any B. many; a few C. some; one D. a few; noneMr Alcott,headmaster of the school,refused to accepted_of the three suggestions made by the Students Union.(2000,上海春季)A.either B.neither C.any D.noneKeys:B A B A A C1.some的意思是一些，某些，可修饰可数名词或不可数名词，多用于肯定句中，可作主语、定语、宾语等。如:There are some animals on the island.这个岛上有些动物。I think we must buy some meat for supper.我想我们得买点肉做晚饭。Some of my friends drink beer. 我的一些朋友喝啤酒。当说话者盼望得到肯定的答复和表示建议、请求时，some也可用于疑问句中。如:Would you have some tea? 您喝茶吗?Why didnt you buy some bananas?你为什么不买点香蕉呢72.any的意思是 一些，多用于疑问句、否定句或条件从句，可作主语、定语、宾语。如:Are there any people on the island? 这个岛上有人吗?There arent any flowers in front of the house. 房前什么花也没有。If he has any, ask him to give us some. 如果他有，叫他给我们一些。any用于肯定句中，表“任何一个”或“任何种类”的含义。如:Any child can answer that question. 任何一个小孩都能 回答那个问题。(二) it, one与that的区别高考试题传真I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have _. (1995) A. it B. those C. them D. oneMr. Zhang gave the textbooks to all pupils except _ who had already taken them. (1992) A. the ones B. ones C. some D. the others-Why dont we take a little break? -Didnt we just have_?(2000) A.it B.that C.one D.thisMeeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettabale moment, _ I will always treasre. (2002) A.that B.one C.it D.whatToms mother kept telling him that he should work hard,but_didnt help.(1993) A.he B.which C.she D.itKeys:D A C B D1itonethat三者均可用作代词，指代前面提到的名词。一般说来， it指代同名同物；one与that则指代同名异物。I have lost my umbrella；Im looking for it（该句中it就是指前面的my umbrella） I have lost my umbrella；I think I must buy one（one在该句中表泛指，因为my umbrella已经丢了） The umbrella you bought is cheaper than that I bought（替代词that在该句中特指“the umbrella I bought”，以区别“the umbrella you bought”） 2one与that虽可用来指代同名异物，但one为泛指，相当于aan名词；that为特指，相当于the 名词。所以one所指代的名词的修饰语一般为 aan some any；that所指代的名词的修饰语往往是the this that。 A chair made of steel is stronger than one made ofwood（该句中one可以换成a chair） The water in the cup is hotter than that in the pot（该句中that可以换成 the water） 3one只能代替可数名词单数，代替可数名词复数时用ones；that既可以代替不可数名词也可以代替可数名词单数，代替可数名词复数时用 those。 I like this pen more than that one（one代替可数名词单数pen） There were a few young people and some older ones in the house（ones代替可数名词复数people） Marys handwriting is far better than that of Peter（that代替不可数名词 handwriting） These pictures are more beautiful than those（those代替可数名词复数 pictures） 4one既可代替事物，也可代替人，that只能代替事物而不能代替人。有时可以用the one或the ones代替that或those。 The one That on the table is mine（该句中The one代替事物，并且也可以用That） He is the teacher，the one who is loved by the students（该句中the one代替人，不能用that） He advised the farmers to choose the best seed-heads，the ones those that had the best color（该句中the ones代替事物，并且也可以用those） 5one一般有前置修饰语，有时也可有后置修饰语或不用修饰语。而 that不能有前置修饰语，但可有后置修饰语。 Cook was a strict but good captain， one who took good care of his sailors The water in the well is cleaner than that in the river 6it可以替代句中的不定式或从句等，充当形式主语或形式宾语。 one与that均无此用法。 It is known to everybody that the moon travels around the earth once every month I found it hard to get on with her 7it与that均可以替代上文全句的内容或部分内容，而one ones则不可以。 He has saved my life；Ill never forget it（it代替第一分句） Tom is painting his houseIam told he does it every four years（it代替前面分句的部分内容painting his house） Lets say we meet here at three oclockThat ought to give you time to buy everything（That代替前面表述的内容）(三) another,other和others 的用法高考试题传真Tom is going camping with_boys.(1993) A.little two other B.two little other C.two other little D.little other twoSarah has read lots of stories by American writers. Now she would like to read _ stories by writers from _ countries. (1997) A. some; any B. other; some C. some; other D. other; otherIf you want to change for a double room youll have to pay_$15. (2000) A.another B.other C.more D.eachOne of the sides of the board should be painted yellow,and_.(2000春季) A.the other is white B.another whiteC.the other white D.another is white-Have you finished your report yet? -No, Ill finish in_ten minutes. (1991,上海) A. another B. other C. more D. less-What do you think of the cake? -Its nice. Id like to have_. (1991 ,上海) A. some other B. another C. others D. otherYoung people may grow quickly in some ways and more slowly in_. (1993, 上海) A. the other B. some other C. others D. these othersKeys:C C A A A B C another和other既可以作代词，也可以作形容词，在表示“另一个”或“另一些”时，它们的用法和含义都有差别。 1、作代词 another泛指不定数中（三者或三者以上）的另一个，因其由an other构成，只能表示单数。如： This glass is brokenGet me another这只杯子破了，给我另拿一只。（杯子的总数不确定） I have given you one example；now Ill give you another我已经给你们举了一个例子，现在再举另一个。（说明例子最少有三个或三个以上） other作代词时，其前要加定冠词the，特指两个中的另一个，即the other。如： He has a book in one hand，and a pen in the other他一只手拿着本书，另一只手拿着只钢笔。 I have two brothersOne is Jack，the other is Peter我有两个兄弟，一个是杰克，一个是彼得。 注意：在表示“一个，另一个”时，如果所讲的事物只有两个，用“onetheother”；如果有三个，使用“oneanother（或a second）the third”；如果有四个，则用“oneanothera thirdthe fourth”。如： I have two booksOne is in English，the other is in Chinese我有两本书，一本是用英文写的，另一本是用中文写的。 The old man has three sonsOne is a worker，another is a farmer and the third is a soldier这老人有三个儿子，一个是工人，一个是农民，还有一个是战士。 another本身没有复数形式，要表示复数用others，这也是other的复数形式。others是代词other的复数形式，泛指“另外或其他的人或物”，但不指其余全部的人或物，常与some连用。如： We must think more of others我们要多想别人。 Some are carrying water；others are watering the trees有些人在挑水，有些人在给树浇水。 如果指一定范围内除去一个或一部分后“其余全部的人或物”，则用the others。如： Eight of the students in our class are from the south and the others are from the north我们班有八位同学是南方人，其余的都是北方人。 We five did cleaning yesterdayChen and I cleaned the windows and the others mopped the floor我们五个人昨天搞了大扫除。我和陈擦窗子，其他的人拖地板。 2、作形容词 another只能修饰三个或三个以上同类事物中的另一个，即只能修饰单数名词。如： Ones fault is another mans lesson一个人的错误是另一个人的教训（前车可鉴）。 Well see the exhibition another day我们另找时间去看展览。 other既可修饰单数名词，也可修饰复数名词。the other修饰单数名词时，表示特指的两个中的另一个；the other修饰复数名词时，表示除去一个或一部分后余下的全部。other修饰复数名词时，泛指已提到的之外的另一些。如： The post office is on the other side of the street邮局在这条街的那一边。 Some day，coal will not only be burnt as fuel，it will also be used in other ways总有一天，煤不仅仅只是用来当燃料燃烧，还将会有其它的用途。 Oh，you are playing basketball！Where are the other classmates？噢，你们在打篮球呀！其他的同学呢？ 注意：other作定语时只能修饰名词，如果修饰不定代词或疑问代词，则要用else。如： Do you have anything else（any other thing）to say？Nothing else“你还有别的事情要说吗？”“没别的事了。” What else did you do yesterday？昨天你还做了什么吗？ My book is on the deskIt is somebody elses我的书在桌子上，这是别的什么人的。 another和other都可以用来修饰数词，表示“另外的；附加的”。another的位置是 another 数词复数名词，other则是数词 other 复数名词，相当于m ore的用法。如： I have another two letters to write this afternoonI have two other letters to write this afternoonI have two more letters two letters more to write this afternoon我今天下午还有两封信要写。 我们可以说many（a few ，several，a lot，some，any，no）other more 复数名词， another few 复数名词，但不可以说another many（a few，several，a lot，some，any，no）复数名词。如： Many other more students want to take part in the game（不能说Another many）还有许多学生想参加这场比赛。 A few other A few more Another few trees have been planted in our garden我们的园子里又栽了一些树。 There are some other more things to do还有别的事情要做。注意any other的用法同一单位或团体中的某人、某物与他人、他物作比较时，要用any other，表示 任何其他的。如:The Yangtze is longer than any other river in China.在中国，长江比其他任何河都长。 教你巧学巧记：图解other系列不定代词英语中不定代词onethe other,oneanother,onethe others,someothers,somethe others和one after another，在用法上有如下特点：表示两件东西或两个人中“一个另一个”这一意思时，用onethe other。如图所示： nonethe otherThere are two books on the desk.One is Lilys,the other is Lucys.课桌上有两本书，一本是莉莉的，另一本是露茜的。表示不定数目中的“一个”与“另一个”，用“oneanother”。如图所示： noneanotherI dont like this one,show me another,please. 我不要这个，请拿另一个给我看。强调确定数目中的“一个”与“其余的”，用onethe others。如图所示： nnnnnonethe othersOf the six students,one is going home,the others are going to the cinema. 六个学生中，一个将要回家，其余(五个人)要去看电影。表示许多人或物中的“一部分”和“另一部分(并非全部)”，用someothers。如图所示： nnnnnsomeothersThere are lots of people in the park on Sunday.Some are walking and others are climbing the hills. 星期日公园里有许多人，有的在散步，有的在爬山。表示许多人或物中的“一部分”“其余的全部分”，用somethe others。如图所示： nnnnnsomethe othersThe students of Class Two are working on the hill.Some are carrying water,some are digging,the others are planting trees.二班的学生正在山上劳动，一些人在提水，一些人在挖坑，其余的在植树。表示“一个接一个地”，用one after another。如图所示： nnnnn例如：The students came one after another.同学们一个接一个地来了。(四)few，a few; little，a little的用法高考试题传真-Are the new rules working? -Yes._books are stolen. (1999) A. Few B. More C. Some D. NoneWe have planted a lot of apple trees, but because there has been no rain, _ have borne fruit. (1985) A. some B. few C. a few D. the few -Would you like some wine? -Yes, just _. (1993) A. little B. very little C. a little D. little bit As it was a stormy night, _ people went to see the film. (1988)A. a few B. few C. several D. many It is impossible for so_workers to do so_work in a single day.(MET1998)A.few;much B.few;many C.little;much D.little manyIf we had followed his plan,we could have have done the job better with_money and _people.(1990) A.less;less B.fewer;fewer C.less;fewer D.fewer;lessIm afraid he did not do very well in the dictation.There were_spelling mistakes in it.(1985,上海) Afew B.a few of C.fewer D.quite a fewKeys:A B C B A C D1. a few和few与复数可数名词搭配。few的意思是否定的，表示很少 或几乎没有; a few的意思是肯定的，表示一些，有一点。如:Tom has a few friends, but his sister has few friends.汤姆有几个朋友，但他妹妹几乎没有朋友。A few of the students passed the examination.有一些学生通过了考试。2. a little和little只可与不可数名词搭配。a little的意思是肯定的，表示有一些;a little的意思是否定的，表示很少。如:I know a little about him.我了解一点他的情况。Please give me a little water.请给我一点儿水。I have little money left. 我不剩几个钱了。(五)none, no one和nobody的用法高考试题传真We couldnt eat in a restaurant because _ of us had _ money onus. (1991) A. all; no B. any; no C. none; any D. no one; anyAs we were asleep, _ of us heard the sound. (1987) A. both B. none C. either D. anyThey were all very tired, but _ of them would stop to have a rest. (1995) A. any B. some C. none D. neither_ of them knew about the plan because it was kept in a secret. (1990)A. Each B. Any C. No one D. NoneKeys:C B C Dl.none的意思是都没有，用于指三个或三个以上的人或事物，它能起名词的作用，在句中用作主语、宾语和表语。none作主语时，动词可以用复数(强调所有)或单数(强调每个)。它既可指人，也可指物，还可指不可数的事物。使用时有一定的范围，故可与of构成的介词短语连用。如:None have/has arrived yet. 还没有人来。None of you watched carefully enough. 你们谁都观察得不够仔细。2.no one是表泛指的代词，不强调具体范围，仅限于指人，相当于nobody，语气比none强，多用于口语中，不能与of构成的介词短语连用。no one作主语时，动词用单数。如:No one wants to go.没有一个人想去。No one likes to make friends with her.没有人喜欢和她交朋友。3.nobody指人，常用于口语中。在一般情况下的简略答语中，nobody和none回答who开头的问句；none回答how many或how much开头的问句。如：-Who is the library?谁在图书馆里？-Nobody(No one). 没有人。-How many students are there in the classroom?教室里有多少学生？-None.没有人。(六)both，neither，neither的用法高考试题传真-Can you come on Monday or Tuesday? -Im afraid_day is possible. (1998) A. either B. neither C. some D. any-Are the two answers correct? -No, _correct. (1987) A. no one is B. both are not C. neither is D. either is not-Have you seen Tom and Mary? -I havent seen _ of them. (1988) A. neither B. any C. either D. all-Which of these two ties will you take? -Ill take _, to give me a change sometimes. (1987)A. either B. neither C. alt D. bothI invited Tom and Ann to dinner,but_of them came.(1991) A.neither B.both C.either D.none-Do you want tea or coffee? -_,I really dont mind. (2000春季) A.Both B.None C.Either D.NeitherBoth teams were in hard training,_was willing to lose the game. (2001,上海)A.either B.neither C.another D.the otherKeys:B C C D A A Bl.both表示两个都，只能用于两个人或两个事物，可以起名词和形容词的作用。它在句中可以做主语、宾语、定语、同位语等。如:Both of them want to go.他们两个人都想去。I like both. 两个我都喜欢。Both cups are broken.两个杯子都坏了。They both want to come. 他们两人都想来。2.either表示两者中任何一个，它起名词和形容词的作用，在句中用作主语、宾语和定语。它作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。如:Either of the answers is correct. 两种答案都是对的。Either book will do.两本书中哪一本都可以。Here are two pens; you may use either (of them).这儿有两支钢笔，你用哪支都行。3.neither是either的否定形式，意为两者都不，用法同ether。如:Neither of the stories was true.两个故事都不真实。Neither sentence is correct. 两个句子都不对。We both fell off, but fortunately neither of us was hurt.我们两人都摔倒了，但幸好都没有摔伤。教你巧学巧记:all，both，each的位置巧安排不定代词all,both,each在句中作同位语时，其位置是有规律的，但许多同学却常常用错。现在教给大家一个灵便的方法：“两前三后”。一、“两前”即：1.行为动词前。1)They all attended the meeting.2)We each have a copy of the Chinese-English dictionary.2.半系动词（即行为动词兼作的连系动词）前，如become, get, grow, turn, feel, look, seem, keep等。1)We both agreed to go.2)The children each had a piece of bread.3)We both became college students.4)My classmates all look fine.二、“三后”即：1.连系动词be之后。1)They are both doctors.2)We are all good friends.2.情态动词can,may,must等之后。1)We can both answer the question.2)The books must all be handed in.3.助动词be,do,have,will等之后。1)The students have both made great progress.2)The men will each get a gun.3)They dont all attend the meeting.注意：当all,both和each在what和how引导的感叹句中作主语的同位语时，他们的位置应紧跟在主语之后。如：正How friendly they all are!误How friendly they are all!另外，“两前三后”也适用于修饰动词作状语的大多数副词的常用位置。当然，副词的位置比较灵活。如：1)She sometimes comes to school late.2)She is always late for class.3)Did you often read the magazine?4)He has already completed his article.(七)合成不定代词的用法高考试题传真 I agree with most of what you said, but I dont agree with _. (1997) A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing-Is _ here? -No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave. (1993)A. anybody B. somebody C. everybody D. nobodyKeys:A C由some，any，no，every加上-body，-one，-thing构成的不定代词，叫做合成不定代词。合成不定代词相当于名词，在句中作主语、宾语或表语，而不能作定语。合成不定代词都作单数看待。它们被定语修饰时，定语需后置。和some，any一样，somebody等词一般用于肯定句;anybody等词一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句;somebody等词也可以用于疑问句，表示请求、建议或反问等。如:Does anybody live on this island? 有人住在这个岛上吗?Lets give her something different to eat. 我们给她吃点儿别的东西。Everybody obeys the rules; anybody who breaks the rules is punished.每个人都要遵守规则，谁要是违犯了这些规则就要受到处罚。Havent you forgotten something?您没忘记了什么?Why dont you ask somebody to help you?你干吗不找人帮帮你的忙?教你巧学巧记:(1)复合代词分合口诀分合皆能单独用，后加of合不成。说明：复合代词指的是some,any,no,every和one,boy,thing的合成词。构成这类合成词的两个成份可分也可合:一般说来，单独使用时，既可分开，又可合并；若后面加了表示部分意义的of短语，则必须分为两个词。但有三点例外：(l)no和one的合成词none，不可分开。(2)含body的合成词一般不能分开。(3)含one的合成词常指人，而绝少指物。例句:l.Anyone is liable to fall ill.2.Any one of us is liable to fall ill.3.Everyone admired the mathematician.(2)巧学不定代词something,anything,nothing1.修饰成份后置。如:something important一些重要的东西(事情)、nothing else别的东西(事情)、something to eat吃的东西。2.不定代词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。如:Something is wrong with your bike.你的自行车出毛病了。下面一首打油诗，把不定代词的两大特点介绍得清清楚楚。不定代词美名扬，修饰成份后边藏;单数动词作谓语，何时何地都一样。(八)all，every，each的用法高考试题传真All but one_here just now.(1987) A.is B.was C.has been D.were_of the boys has got a pencil and some paper.(1990,上海)A.All B.Every C.Everyone D.EachKeys:D Dl.all用来指全体，可用于复数可数名词，也可用于不可数名词，可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语等。如:All of us are busy.我们大家都很忙。She knows all. 她知道全部情况。All the students have passed the examination.全部学生都考试及格了。My classmates all went to Peoples Park.我的同学都到人民公园去了。2.every指三个或三个以上的人或事物，主要用于个体之间共有的情况，把分散的个体当作一个整体来看待，它只能作定语。如:Every child had a chair. (=All the children had a chair.)每个孩子都有一把椅子。Every minute is important to us. 每一分钟对我们都是重要的。3.each指两个或两个以上，指把整体分开来进行个别考虑，强调个体。它可作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。如:Each of us had his strong points.我们每人都有自己的长处。He fills each of the stockings with Christmas presents.他给每一只长统袜装上圣诞礼物。(八)many，much的用法l.many用来代替或修饰复数可数名词。如:Many had to leave Ireland.很多人不得不离开爱尔兰岛。Do you have many friends?你有许多朋友吗?Many of the students work hard at their lessons.许多学生学习很用功。2.much用来代替或修饰不可数名词。如:Much of the history over hundreds of years is completely unknown.好几百年的历史是完全不为人们所知的。There isnt much milk left. 牛奶剩下不多了。She doesnt eat muc