21世纪科技英语.doc

Bill Gates Speech to Tsinghua University(12 December , 1997)1 Its great to be here and have a chance to share some of my excitement with you.2 I got involved with computers at 18, and the computer was a very limited teletype that had to be connected through a phone line up to a mainframe-like computer but my friends and I became fascinated with understanding what the computer can do, what was the future, and how would it be used. When we found out about chip technology, and the miracle of being able to improve the power of the chip exponentially, we realized that computers had a very bright future. We spent a lot of our time writing software because we loved writing software, because we thought that the software being written by a lot of big hardware companies wasnt as good as what we could do.3 I was 19 when I realized that if I wanted to be the first to do a software company for these new cheap computers, I needed to get my friends, together and start right away, so Microsoft became the first company doing software for these new machines. Our vision was a computer on every desk and in every home. In the last 20 years, that vision is certainly becoming a reality. If we had to change it today, we would simply add that now we also want to have a computer in every pocket, every carmany other places that we had not thought about when we first started doing development. I believe software is the key element that really unlocks the power of all this technology, and the idea of making it easy to find information, easy to create information, easy to communicate with other people. Software is at the center of that, and so software will be the fastest growing industry in the world and, one that will create lots and lots of great jobs. Certainly here in China the opportunity for hundreds of thousands of great jobs should be very exciting because there is a global shortage in terms of computer skills.4 The personal computer revolution got started in 1975, thats when I left college and started Microsoft. These last 22 years have really been amazing, every prediction weve made about improvements have all come true. As we look ahead, that pace of innovation is not slowing down, in fact if anything its speeding up. Very high speed processors like 300 MHz Pentiums, or new 64-bit processors that we re already developing Windows NT for; incredible storage capacity, which will let us store, not just data, but also digital video as well; great screen technology to create a tablet-like device that would be good enough for reading and writing; advanced graphics and now the ability to connect computers together at very high speed.5 The Internet is the way that all these machines can be connected together. And those standards and the improvement of those standards, is very very important. Some people like to think about how the computer industry compares to other industries. Ive shown before what the cost of the typical car was in 1980 in US, and that rose up to be about from 8, 000 to 19, 000 today, and likewise cereal has increased in price. How does that compare to PCs? If the same model was followed for PCs, you can buy a car for 27 cents and cereal for less than one cent, so theres no other area of the economy that has this rapid improvement, and people just arent used to it. You almost have to tell people, What would you do if Internet computing power was free, because thats what well be able to deliver with all these improvements.6 Microsofts vision of computing is global computing. We see PCs connected to the Internet making the world a smaller place, and thats positive in so many ways: to build understanding between people, to share research in key science areas, including medicine, to allow world commerce to work very well. And the Internet is driving this already. Microsoft has set up operations around the world, and we are very pleased with the success were having here in China. We are doing significant software development on products here, and that will continue to increase, and key for us is having very very high quality software people, and weve been lucky to hire a great number of people from this university. Really Id say that the core of the teams weve put together have come from here, and Ive listed some of those employees here, and we certainly hope that in the future this list will increase dramatically, and the quality of our work continues to rise. 7 Microsoft believes in doing a lot of research because the software of today is not adequate for tomorrow. Its come a long way, such as the graphics interface, the application, and the way we deal with linguistics; its much better than it was a year ago. Building the Internet into the software has come a long way. Some of the more ambitious things, like teaching the computer to speak or listen or see, still require a lot of software work. That s not yet done, and so weve been investing in research, and building the number of research locations which will be increasing in the years ahead. One advance is teaching the computer to pick up sentences and understand them, and not just think of them as a series of characters.8 Here we have an example where the word processor is looking at an English sentence, and suggesting that the grammar is not correct, and showing exactly how the grammar might be fixed. That kind of thing has proven to be extremely popular, and its just a step on the road to getting computers to actually understand whats going on, in the same way that humans do. That pursuit of artificial intelligence is the most exciting thing in computer science. Although the progress in that has been fairly slow, Im confident that that will be accelerating quite a bit.9 Another interesting area that I think people arent expecting is computer vision. The actual digital cameras that allow you to have an image and scan, that image are going down in cost, and software to recognize users, see what theyre looking at, what kind of gestures theyre making; that kind of software is coming along quite well. In fact I brought a short little film of a demonstration that someone from our vision group did, so lets take a quick look at some of the progress thats been made. Demo video10 That just gives you a glimpse of one area that is expected to make the personal computer really disappear into the environment and connect up in a rich way. Tomorrows PC will be quite different from what we have today, tomorrows Internet will be much better than what we have today, but it will all evolve out of this technology that we have right now.11 Its clear that the reason we refer to this as the information age is that the capabilities available in the information age will let people reach out and get what they need, whether its business, learning, or for entertainment. Microsoft feels in a very lucky position to be helping to drive these things, and key for us is working with other software companies so that they can build other applications on top of the system. Every industry needs a lot of software work there, and so I talk about the software industry creating so many great jobs in the years ahead. I think you picked a great field to be in, and we look forward to working with you. Thank you.比尔。盖茨的演讲,清华大学(12月12日,1997)。1很高兴能在这里,让我有机会分享一些我的兴奋与你在一起时的感觉。2我参与了计算机在18、计算机是一个很有限的电传打字,必须通过电话线连接到一个mainframe-like电脑,但我的朋友和我变得着迷于理解什么是电脑能做些什么,是未来,你会被使用。当我们发现了芯片技术,奇迹般的能够提高芯片的功率指数,我们意识到计算机有一个非常美好的未来。我们花了很多时间写的软件,因为我们爱,因为我们想写软件,该软件是由很多伟大的硬件公司,不如我们所能做的一切。3我19岁的时候,我忽然意识到,如果我想要成为第一个做软件公司对这些新廉价的计算机,我要让我的朋友们,一起,马上,所以微软成为第一个软件公司做了这些新机器。我们的愿景是计算机在每一张办公桌和每一个家庭。在过去的20年中,视觉的确是成为现实。如果我们必须改变它的今天,我们只会增加,现在我们还想要一台电脑在每个人的口袋里,每辆车许多其他地方,我们没有想到当我们开始做的发展。我相信软件是关键元素的力量确实解锁所有这些技术和理念,使它容易找到的信息,容易产生的信息,很容易与别人交流。软件是在中心,因此软件将会增长最快的产业之一,在世界上,将创造许多的伟大的工作。当然这里的机会在中国成千上万的工作应该是很令人兴奋,因为那里是一个全球性的计算机技能短缺。 4个人计算机革命开始于1975年,当我离开大学创办微软。这些22年实在是惊人的,每个预测我们已经取得了关于改进都成真。往前看,那个节奏的创新是不会放慢,事实上,如果什么是加快。非常高的速度一样Pentiums 300兆赫兹处理器,或新64位处理器,我们已开发窗口新台币,令人难以置信的存储容量,这将让我们店,不仅仅是数据,而且数字视频、大屏幕技术来创建一个tablet-like装置,将足够好,阅读和写作;先进的图形和现在的能力,将多台计算机连接到在很高的速度。5都是透过网际网路,所有这些机器能被连接在一起。和那些标准,提高这些标准,是非常非常重要的。有些人喜欢思考如何与其他产业相比,计算机行业。我一直在付出任何代价的典型的车是1980年在美国,站起身来,就要从8万至19万的今天,同样的谷物价格增加了。它如何与电脑吗?如果同样的模式是对个人电脑,你可以买一辆车,麦片粥,27美分,比一分,所以没有其他地区的经济快速进步,人们并不使用它。你几乎要告诉人们”,你会怎么做,如果网络计算能力是免费的,因为那是我们能够把所有这些改进。 6微软公司的愿景的计算是全球性的计算。我们看见个人计算机连接到因特网使世界更小的地方,这是积极在如此多的方面:人们之间的理解、共享的研究重点学科,包括药品,让世界贸易工作得很好。与互联网是驾驶这了。微软公司建立了业务遍布世界各地,我们很高兴在这里我们的成功。我们正在做大量的软件开发上的产品在这里,而且将继续增长,关键是对我们有非常高质量软件的人,我们一直幸运雇用大量的人从这所大学。说真的,我想说的是这个核心的队伍,我们将一起来这里,我从这里列出一些雇员,我们当然希望在未来这个列表将会大幅上升,品质工作仍在继续上升。7微软坚信做了大量的研究,因为今天的软件是不足够的明天。它是走了这么远的路,如图形界面、应用、我们的方式处理语言学;它是比是一年前。互联网在建筑物的软件,还有很长的路要走。一些更有雄心的东西,像教计算机说话或听或看,还需要大量的软件的工作。那是尚未完成,所以我们一直在研究和建设投资的研究地点将在年内向前地增加。一是教学的电脑接句子和理解它们,而不只是作为一系列字符。 8在这里我们的字处理器实例正在看一个英文句子,并暗示语法是不正确的,并展示如何可能是固定的语法。这样的事已被证明是非常受欢迎,它只是一踏上了通往获得计算机实际上这究竟是怎么一回事,在同样的方式,人类所做的工作。人工智能的追求,是世界上最令人兴奋的事情在计算机科学。虽然进步,已经相当慢,我确信这将加速了不少。9另一个有趣的区域,我认为人们不希望是计算机视觉。实际的数码相机,让你拥有了一个图像扫描、形象正在降低成本,并在软件来识别用户,看他们怎么看,什么样的姿态他们;这类软件进展得相当顺利。事实上我带来短暂的小电影的示威,有人从我们的视野组,让我们来看看一些进步的研究成果进行了综述。演示视频 10那只给你一眼,预计将使个人电脑真的消失在环境和连接起来的丰富。明天的电脑将被完全不同于我们所拥有的今天,明天的互联网将远比我们所拥有的一切,但它将今天的这个技术的发展,我们现在所拥有的。11,很清楚的是,我们把这个作为信息时代是信息时代里,我们可以获取他们所需要的东西,无论是商业、学习、娱乐。微软的感觉很幸运的位置应帮助驾驶这些东西,关键是对我们的工作与其它的软件公司,这样他们可以建立其他应用程序的系统。每个行业都需要大量的软件工作,所以我谈谈软件产业创造很多伟大的工作。我认为一个伟大的领域,我们期待与您合作。谢谢你。Unit31. researchers have made great progress with scientific techniques known as genetic engineering.they already have been able to get laboratory bacteria to grow three important products of living human cells.now the scientists expect to begin human tests of the three medical products within the next seven months.that is years earlier than had been expected.2. In genetic engineering genes are taken from humans or animals and put into the common bacterium, Escherichia coli.this change the bacteriums genes,and the genetically changed bacterium then produce the chemical product of the genes it has received.the three human substances produced so far by this method are the hormone insulin,the virus fighting substance known as interferon and the human growth hormone-somatotropin.3. Insulin is used by the body to change sugar and other sweet or starchy foods into energy.but sometimes a persons body does not produce enough insulin or for some reason,the body cannot use the insulin it produces.either condition is called diabetes.and millions of its victims must use insulin from cows and pigs.4. Scientists said the human insulin produced by the bacterium is better than the animal insulin.they said it also might cost less to buy.the large drug company,Eli Lilly,said it hopes to begin human tests of the bacterially-produced insulin by the end of this year.5. Experts said that human tests of the other two laboratory-produced substance,interferon and the growth hormone,probably will begin a short time later.the growth hormone normally is produced by the pituitary gland.it always has been in short supply for medical treatment because its only source is the pituitary glands of persons who have died.6. Scientists said that large amounts of the bacterially produced growth hormone could be used burns,broken bones and bleeding peptic ulcers.but its most important job would be to help children to grow normally when their bodies do not naturally produce enough of the hormone.7. Interferon also is in very short supply.the present technique is to remove interferon from human white blood cells.each provides only very small amounts of the substance .And it is very slow and costly.Scientist said that large amounts of bacterially-produced interferon would greatly increase research into possible uses for the substance.It is believed that interferon can help cure virus diseases and treat some kinds of cancer.8. Genetic engineering also is being used in agricultural research.American scientist are using the techniques to develop a new and better vaccine against foot and mouth disease.This dangerous disease strikes cattLe, sheep and other farm animals.9. Doctors at ten American medial centers are beginning the first human tests on laboratory-produced human growth hormone.These are among the first human tests of substances produced by the scientific techniques known as gene splicing ,or genetic engineering.Experts say that success in the tests would lead to major improvement in the treatment of burns,broken bones and bleeding peptic ulcers.A laboratory-produced human growth hormone also will be very valuable in helping children to grew normally when their bodies do not naturally produce enough of the substance.10. In genetic engineering,genes are taken from humans or animals and put into the common bacterium-Escherichia coli.This makes the bacterium produce the chemical product of the genes it has received.The growth hormone normally is produced by the pituitary gland.But it always has been in very short supply for medical treatment and it is very costly.This is because its only source is the pituitary glands of persons who have died.11. The first laboratory-produced growth hormone was reported in 1979.Scientists had hoped to start human tests earlier this year.But 12 healthy persons developed harmful side effects after receiving the substance.The problem now appears to be solved.In the new tests,about 20 or 25 children will receive the laboratory-produced growth hormone three times a day.Their growth will be compared with the growth of similar children who received the usual human growth hormone taken from pituitary glands.12. Scientists say the first results are not expected for at least six months. Human growth hormone is one of three human substances produced by genetic engineering .The others are the hormone,insulin,and the virus fighting substance known as interferon.13. Insulin is needed by the body to change sugar and other sweet or starchy foods into energy.But sometimes a persons body does not produce enough insulin ,or for some reason ,the body cannot use the insulin it produces.Either condition is called diabetes.And million of its victims must use insulin from cows and pigs.14. Scientists say it appears that the human insulin produced by the bacterium is better than animal insulin .15. The third laboratory-produced substance, interferon,is found naturally in human white blood cells.But removing it from white blood cells is a very slow and costly process.Scientists say that producing large amounts of interferon in the laboratory would greatly increase research into possible uses for the substance. Unit4Introduction1. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the UK cellular phones market and to identify the competitive processors which have created a market where,1,200,000 subscribers joined within six years of launch and in which the main operators have achieved consistent profitability.The structure of the paper is as follows:In part 2,after this introduction ,we look at developments in analogue cellular networks across a range of Western European countries to assess relevant differences amongst these markets.This shows,in particular,significant differences in both prices and rates of market penetration.In part 3,we outline the development of cellular phones in the UK and consider how the regulation of cellular networks has contributed to relatively low prices and to high rates of market penetration.Cellular phones in Europe2. The success of cellular phones in the UK is shared by many countries in Europe although not always to the same extent.For example,the introduction of mobile phones in France and Germany took place in 1985,as in the UK,but the number of users on there networks is only a third of that has been achieved in the UK. Clearly,where population sizes differ among countries penetration rates are a better measure of comparison and some basic data are set out .Scandinavian countries,where cellular networks were launched in 1981,have achieved the highest penetration rates of between 40 and 60 subscribers per 1,000 of population.This rate in the UK the 7th country in the European league after the four Scandinavian countries,Iceland and Switzerland.Not surprisingly the relative cost of using cellular phones,after allowing for relative income levels in the countries concerned, correlates well with penetration rates.The findings show wide variation from just over $2,000 in the UK through $3,000 in countries such as Italy,Belglum and Holland rising to $6,000$7,000 in France and Germany.Relative to average incomes the cost of using a cellular phone ranges from less than 10% -in Switzerland and Denmark - to around 30% in France and Germany.3. It is not surprising that this variation is reflected in very different rates of market penetration.In general,the lower cost countries also have the highest penetration rates.However,geography is clearly also important-in the more sparsely populated Scandinavian countries(and Iceland) penetration rates are high whilst the reverse is true for the Benelux countries.The UK has achieved a high rate of penetration-particularly for a relatively densely populated country-in relation to the levels of prices.4. High penetration rates and lower costs in Scandinavian no doubt reflect the early establishment of these services-the networks were set up in 1981,the regulation of product standard and the competitive structure.The four Scandinavian countries from the start applied the same standard to achieve a market,bringing in the benefits of intercountry roaming and achieving economies of scale in the production of equipment.Cellular operators in the UK benefited from installing their networks on the same standard, which was a derivative of the established USA analogue standard; this provided the UK with a choice of handsets supplied by over 10 different manufacture