新编英语教程8 笔记整理.doc

新编英语教程8的部分笔记整理。The new scienceThe great chariot of society, which for so long had run down the gentle slope of tradition, now found itself powered by an internal combustion engine. Transactions and gain provided a new and startling motive force.What forces could have been sufficiently powerful to smash a comfortable and established world and institute in its place this new society. There was no single massive cause . It was not great events, single adventures, individual laws, or charming personalities which brought about the economic revolution. It was a process of internal growth.First, there was the gradual emergence of national political spirit in Europe. Under the blows of peasant wars and kingly conquest, the isolated existence of early feudalism gave way to centralized monarchies. A second great current of change was to be found in the slow decay of the religious spirit under the impact of the skeptical, inquiring, humanist views of the Italian Renaissance. Still another deep current lies in the slow social changes that eventually rendered the market system possible. In the course of this change, power naturally began to gravitate into the hands of those who understood money matters-the merchants-and away from the disdainful nobility,who did not. 在这个变化之中，权利便自然而然地从那些鄙视财迷的高尚者的手中转入那些懂得经营钱财的商人的手中。The American Dilemma翻译About seven years ago, I accepted an invitation to participate in a seminar on the ethical and moral problems of American society that was sponsored by the Aspen Institute in Colorado. Among the other invited guests were business executives, college presidents, judges, government officials, managing editors, professors and theologians.大概七年前，我应邀参加一个由科罗拉多阿斯彭研究所（Aspen Institute）赞助的研讨会，探讨有关美国社会道德伦理问题。出席会议的还有企业家、大学校长、法官、政客、执行编辑、教授和神学家。Although there was no conflict or controversy in the discussions, one of the largest presentations has had a profound, almost obsessive, impact upon my thoughts about the character and quality of American life1虽然本次讨论中无意见冲突和争议，但较为重要的几个发言中有一个让我印象深刻，它甚至强烈地影响了我对美国生活特性和质量的看法。In a rather quiet voice, a recently retired vice-president of one of the largest corporations in America told the group that one of the persistent problems faced by his office was how to keep the accounting records of the corporation in such a way that they would be accurate and would also obscure the fact that regular operating expenses were payoffs to municipal official to expedite the installation of new construction in the large cities throughout the United States. 2 Casually, this participant cited this as another example of a prevailing functional immorality with which big business had to come to terms.一个刚从美国的一个大公司退休的副总经理，平静地告诉了我们一个他们公司正面临着的问题：如何记录公司的运营历程才能保证记录准确并且能够掩盖这样的事实正常的运营耗费其实是市政官员用在美国大城市的构建中的资费。When none of the other participants raised a question about the ethical implication of this practice, I eventually asked why this powerful corporation did not bring this matter to local and Federal law-enforcement officials. My colleagues clearly considered my question nave. They reacted to my persistent questions as if I were an unrealistic child who did not understand the economic and political rules of the great American game.当其他参会者都没有对这个伦理内涵的运用提出质疑时，我最后问了一个问题：为什么这个强大的公司没有将这样的问题上报给当地或者联邦的法律执行官？很显然，同事认为我很天真。我坚持打破砂锅问到底，而他们则好像在看一个对美国游戏在经济社会上的影响毫无知情而充满幻想的孩子。Now I was shocked not only by the disclosure but equally shocked at the fact that my fellow seminar participants were not shocked. They thought themselves realistic in not permitting an academic discussion of ethical and moral values to be confused by “minor” specific examples of generally accepted institutionalized immorality.3让我感到吃惊的不仅是这个问题的暴露，还有各参会者对此不表示惊诧这一事实。他们认为自己是现实的，没有允许这次关于道德伦理价值观的学术论坛被误认为是被公认的不道德风气的一个具体实例。？What is the basic systemic problem-the fundamental problem of perspective, value and character -that seems to be inherent in the chronic crises plaguing American society？Obviously the answer to this question is not to be found in deprivation and poverty of resources.视角、价值观和特性的最为基本的问题出在哪里？这个内在且积累已久的问题困扰着整个美国社会。When dishonesty appears to work, its difficult to argue persuasively for honesty.当“不诚实”出现在工作里的时候，我们就很难去为“诚实”做有力的辩护。Many American under the banner of democratic egalitarianism will argue and insist upon their right to keep less desirable, “less equal,” Americium out of their communities and schools.很多美国人打着“民主平均主义”的旗号，坚持将一些较为“无用、低等”的美国人挡在自己的社区和校门外。They also seem to have the courage to risk the repeated expressions of their concern and thereby serve as a gnawing and irritating conscience to those who have attained success. In the final analysis only these individuals provide the hope for that ultimate type of realism that is defined by the capacity of a society to survive rather than to be destroyed eventually on the altar of human barbarity.他们貌似很有勇气去冒险表达自己的忧虑。从而让那些已经获得成功的人受此折磨且良心不安。归根结底，只有这样的人才能为最根本的现实带来希望。这个真正的现实是指社会有能力继续生存，而不会最终被摧毁于人类的野蛮之手。I have here in my hand 翻译There seemed no stopping . He boasted: “McCarthyism is Americanism with its sleeve rolled.” He gloried in being himself: the poor kid from the wrong side of the tracks who had fought his way up,who was going to teach the snobs a thing or two. “McCarthyism, ”wrote critic Peter Viereck, “is the revenge of the noses that for 20 years of fancy parties were pressed against the outside window pane. ” The Wisconsin Senator had tapped into one of the universal recurring themes in American life: the antagonism between the uppity, dudish, big-city smart alecks and the rough and ready independent, true-blue Americans from the backwoods. “its not the less fortunate. who have been selling this nation out,” he cried, “but rather those who have had all the benefitsthe finest homes.the finest college educations, and the finest jobs in government. The bright young men who are born with silver spoons in their mouths are the worst.”麦卡锡似乎已无人能挡。他自夸道：“麦卡锡主义支持并忠孝于美国主义。”他感到十分自豪，因为自己从一个出生卑微的小孩一路奋斗，变成现在要去指点势力小人的自己。批评家皮特菲尔艾克（Peter Viereck）写道：“麦卡锡主义其实是那些被民主政党拒之门外20年的人所采取的报复行为。”这个威斯康星州的议员借用了美国人生活的一个普遍而循环的主题，即自负、纨绔且自作聪明的城市人与简单、敏捷、独立而忠诚的美国乡下人之间的对抗。与出卖国家的人一样侥幸的是那些坐享其成的人，他们享尽最好的住房、高等教育和政府最好职位的利益。出身富贵的年轻人是最可恨的卖国贼。There were not many such cases. But there were enough to lend a semblance of reasonableness to the growing Red Scare.事实上并无这么多案件。但已足够为日益壮大的“红色恐惧”提供一个看似合理的理由。Perhaps we should examine the background of the men who have done the planning, and let the American people decide whetherweve lost because of stumbling ,fumbling idiocy,or because they planned it that way.”或许我们应该查清这些计划者的背景，让美国人民来判断：美国之所以输是因为美国人支支吾吾踌躇不前，且很愚昧，还是美国人故意这么做的。This was McCathyism, the exploitation of a nations fears ,a brutal attack on Americans with divergent views, and it became an overriding fact of American life.这就是麦卡锡主义：利用民族的恐惧，用多样化的观点残忍地冲击美国人的生活。而这也成了美国生活的一个最为重要的事实。McCathys first three years in the Senate marked him as simply another ambitious young legislatorsomewhat prone to use the knee and the elbow ,but always with a smile a wisecrack,the friendly and open look of the American boy playing the get-ahead game, certain everyone understood he meant nothing personal.在参议院的前三年，麦卡锡仅仅是又一个充满抱负的年轻立法者虽然喜欢拳脚相向让他人知难而退，但总是面带微笑，说着俏皮话，看似友好而开明，如同美国男孩打赢了牌一样。当时每个人都认为他不成气候。It was at the moment that Joseph McCathy stepped forward, claiming the had the names of live Reds, busy undermining the government now.= at this mement, JMC stepped forward and said he had the names of people who were involved with RED SCARE and now attacking the government.It kept him busy but it didnt seem to be getting him anywhere.= though he kept busy with the murder investigation, he didnt get any benefit or promotion from it.Then in Wheeling that February evening as the 50s began, Joe finally caught hold of a star and started his meteoric climb.=on the evening in February in 1950s in Wheeling, Joe finally took advantege of the situation to rise rapidly though it last for a short time.As of that moment, the Senator seemed to have the whole country in his pocket.= at that moment, the Senator seemed to have the entire control of the country.Night walker 翻译My first victim was a womanwhite, welldressed, probabaly in her early twenties. I came upon her late one evening on a deserted street in Hyde Park, a relatively affluent neighborhood in an otherwise mean, impoverished section of Chicago.我的第一个受害者是个妇女白种人，穿着华丽，大概20出头。一个深夜，在海德公园的一条荒凉街上，我与她邂逅。这是芝加哥的贫困区，但从某一定角度上看这里相对而言是比较富有的片区了。当我朝着她的那条大道走去时，我们之间其实是有一段？的距离的。不过她不以为然。她不安地回头看了一下。在她看来，背后这个身高六尺，胡子2寸长，头发蓬乱，双手插在肥胖军装的口袋里，充满稚气的黑人就像一个毒瘤近在咫尺。回头粗略看了几次后，她加快了速度，急切地跑了起来，几分钟后消失在十字路口了。这是十几年前的事情了。当时我22岁，是个刚到芝加哥大学报到的新生。那妇女受到惊吓后的脚步声不断在我耳边回响，让我第一次意识到自己继承了一个难以改变的遗传因子我富有将公共空间扭曲的能力。Its clear that she thought herself the quarry of a mugger, a rapist, or worse.显然，她以为自己成了抢劫者、强奸犯甚至更可恶的人的追逐目标。失眠了一段日子，我？It also made it clear that I was indistinguishable from the muggers who occasionally seeped into the area from the surrounding ghetto.显然，我和那些偶然从贫民窟涌入城市的抢劫者没什么区别。It is, after all, only manly to embrace the power to frighten and intimidate.毕竟，有能力恐吓和威胁他人的人才称得上是男人。As a boy, I saw countless tough guys locked away, I have since buried several ,too.小时候我看到数不清的暴徒遭到逮捕，自那后，我就收敛了。I had no way of proving who I was, I could noly move briskly toward the company of someone who knew me.我无法证明我的身份。能做的只有快速找到一个有认识我的人在的公司。Violence as an American tradition 翻译Self knowledge is the indispensable prelude to self-control;and self-knowledge ,for a nation as well as for an individual, begins with history. We like to think of ourselves as a peaceful tolerant, benign people who have always lived under a government of laws and not of men.自我认识是自律必不可少的前提；一个国家或者一个人的自我认识都源自历史。我们倾向于把自己视为长期生活在法治国家而非人治国家，和平、宽容而仁慈的人。When we refuse to acknowledge the existence of this other strain, we refuse to see our nation as it is.当我们拒绝承认（暴力）这个隐患的存在时，我们也就拒绝了认清我们国家的真面目。However much we pretended that Indians and Negroes were subhuman, we really knew that they were Gods children,too.不论我们多么想将印度人和黑人视为低于人类的动物，我们其实知道他们也是上帝的孩子。The evidence that such repression took place in the writing of American history is abundantly provided by American literature.美国文学中有大量证据证明这样的镇压在美国历史上时有发生。What white America declined to confront in its explicit portrayal of the past, it could not escape in the dreams and fantasies that underlie artistic creation.美国白种人拒绝正视的是？Happiness 翻译No other country in the world has worked the notion of happiness into its Constitution the every source of its national authority, the way the founding fathers of the United States of America chose to do when they linked the pursuit of happiness with life and with liberty as a trio of utterly inalienable rights.世界上没有其他国家像美国这样将幸福的概念编入国家立法之本的宪法中。美国这些起草宪法的祖先们赋予了公民不可剥夺的生命、自由和幸福三权。Without question there were different interpretations of what prompts happiness, and what constitutes it. for many devoutly religious people (to this day), a stroke of business success, a marriage that works, the emergence over time of strong, intelligent, well-behaved children who seem able and content with their lot in life are all signs of sorts, evidence of gods favor.毫无疑问，人们对于什么产生幸福和什么是幸福持着不同的解释。对于那些迄今仍旧虔诚的教徒而言，一桩成功的生意， 一段美满的婚姻，一群坚强、聪明能干、品行端正且满足于现状的孩子们，都是幸福的迹象，上帝眷顾的迹象。Happiness in Shakespeares time, and later as well, referred to good fortune, good luck, to favorable circumstances visited, somehow, on a particular person who registered such a state of affairs subjectively with a condition of good cheer, pleasurable feeling.莎士比亚期间以及之后，幸福指的是一个人不知什么原因被财运、好运和有利环境眷顾时，流露出的振奋和喜悦之情。One was satisfied with ones situation, glad to be in ones given place and time by virtue of how ones life has gone. The emphasis is, put differently, upon fate - an almost external force.人容易满足于自己的现状，为自己所过的生活以及即将面对的特定处境感到高兴。要强调的不同是，他将一个外在力量加在命运上。？To be sure, individuals craved pleasure, money, power, territory, a certain woman, a certain man - but happiness was not in itself sought.可以确定的是，人们渴望快乐，金钱，权力，地盘，特定女人和特定男人，但是却不会去追寻“幸福”本身。Rather, a persons personal and workday success was noted by that person, and thankfully acknowledged - his or hers by virtue of divine grace, or the stars and their mysterious doings, or, quite simply, a series of fortuitous events.更确切地说，一个人总是感激地记录并肯定自己的个人成就和成功事业。认为自己是被神眷顾，是被星星神秘地帮忙，或者简单地说，是一系列的偶然事故降临。For those who dont know what to believe (about this life, and our place or purpose on earth), happiness seems something accidental, contingent, or at best, a feeling for which one has worked hard indeed. but now we are a bit ahead of ourselves, historically: four hundred years ago, there was a sense of awe about happiness - as if it were visited upon some in accordance with the unfathomable workings of an inscrutable universe.对于那些没有信仰、不知道为谁生存为何奋斗的人，幸福是偶然的，或充其量只是一种非常努力工作的感觉。 但是现在的我们比过去的我们进步：四百年前，我们敬畏幸福，以为是神秘的宇宙发生了深不可测的运转后降临在某人身上的一样，让人敬畏。it was only in more recent time, as men and woman became more the center of this world (in their own minds, more the makers, the doers, the ones who wield and see the consequences), that happiness became, with everything else, a goal, a purpose, or, as those hard working, ambitious rationalists who framed our constitution put it, something for which a pursuit is waged. No longer does happiness happen; happiness is obtained.直到近年来，当男人和女人成为世界的中心（在他们自己的心目中，他们更像是制造者，执行者，支配和预见结果）的时候，幸福才和其他的事物一样，成了人类追求的目标，生存的目的。又或者，像那些勤奋、有抱负的理论主义宪法制定者所说的一样，幸福成了一切“追求”的起源。幸福再也不会偶然降临，幸福只有靠人去争取。Paraphrases:第一单元1. But, from the historical perspective, we are now a little more mature,realistic:four hundred years ago, people regarded happiness with wonderment, thinking that it befell someone as a result of an inexplicable arrangement made by the mysterious universe.2. Happiness in shakespeares time, and even afterwards, was associated with wealth, success and position, which in some way, came upon a certain person, who would express such an occasion in the form of great joy or excitement.3. Happiness is no longer accidental,indeed, it becomes an objective to achieve.4. People definitely varied in their opinions as to what has given rise to happiness and what happiness actually means.第二单元1. They were amazed at my being so stubbornly inquisitive over that issue, unable to figure out how i could be so ignorant of what was going on about so commonplace a practice in the american economic and political life.2. When immorality prevails, its practically no use talking convincingly about conscience.3. Many americans are always preaching about human equality, but will take a firm stand against the issue of equal rights in their communities and schools.4. It seems that they are also brave enough to take the risk in reiterating their worry, which ,consequently, makes them such unforgivable bores to those successful social climbers.5. Ultimately, only these people may hopefully help to create a society that is characterized by its moral strength that leads to its continuous existence instead of its moral degradation that ends in tis destruction. 第三单元1. We tend to believe that we are a harmonious impartial and benevolent people, living under approved laws but not by the will of any individual in the government.2. If we ignore this other aspect of the fact, we shall fail to look at our nation from an unbiased perspective.3. No mater how hard we persuaded ourselves to believe that indians and negroes were inferior to us, we ,in actual fact, were quite clear that they ,just like us, were Gods children.4. The evidence regarding such suppression as recorded in american history is amply supplied in american literary works.5. What the whites refused to encounter in their description of the past was actually recounted in the dreams and fantasies in artistic forms.第四单元1. From the footsteps of that frightened woman, i, for the first time ,realized that my being born a black has unfortunately enabled people, at the sight of me, to adjust their distance from me in a most unfriendly manner.2. I was also well aware that i looked exactly like a bad boy who would intrude, from time to time, into the neighborhood from a slum nearby.3. To be a man, you must acquire the power to scare and subdue people.4. When i was a boy, i saw many juvenile delinquents taken away by the cops.i have since attended several funerals,too.5. I was not in a position to prove my identity. What i could think of was that i walk quickly to join someone who could verify who i was.第五单元 1. But such case were sufficient in number to make it seem as if there were justification for the increasing fear of communists.2. Joseph mccarthy thought it was high time that he should come upon the stage, declaring that the held a list of names of active communists who were striving to ruin the government now.3. He was kept fully occupied, but he didnt seem to be successful.4. Then in wheeling that february evening at the beginning of the 50s, joe, at last, was fortunate enough to have seized a wonderful chance and ,like a meteor, started to climb up the political ladder.5. From that moment, it seemed that the senator had placed the entire country under his control.第六单元1,what the book tries to tell is that the iks have become an unalterably repulsive people, self-centered, irrational ,inconsiderate and unfeeling, as a result of the disintegration of their traditional culture.2,it should be agreed first of all that human beings are an evil breed. Living in this world all for nothing but their own interests,and they may show some love and sympathy, simply because they were taught to develop such as their habits.3,they never talk except when they make rude demands and impolite refusals.4,they will laugh to see ill luck befall other people.5,the lonely ik, banished