反意疑问句中的特例及被动语态.doc

反意疑问句中的特例(1.) There be 变成be There： There are 3 dogs ,are there?(2.)I am a worker，arent ant I? (3.)陈述部分是祈使句时，从句应具体情况具体对待。Dont forget it will you? (不用Wont you? ) Come here early please,willwont you?Lets go to the beach, shallshant we?Let us go to the beach, willwont you?（4.）陈述部分谓语是think,suppose,believe,expect等，且主语为第一人称或第二人称时，简略句肯定或否定语气与主句对应，而主语和时态却与从句一致。I dont think you are right,are you?I dont believe he has done it,has he?(5.) 当陈述部分的主语为代词-body,-one构成的不定代词时，简略句的主语多用they; 当陈述部分的主语为-ing构成的不定代词时，简略句的主语多用it.Everyone is here,arent they?Playing football in the street is right, isnt it?(6.)当陈述部分的主语为代词： this,that,nonthing,不定式，动名词或从句时，简略句的主语用it,陈述部分的主语为these,those,nobody,eveybody,somebody等，简略句的主语用they。That is a dog,isnt it?These are apples, arent they?Nothing is right, is it?To see is tobelieve, isnit?Everyone comes here ,dont they? Nobody can help us,can they? Everything is ready,isnt it?(7.)当陈述部分的主语含有no,never,hardly,little,seldom few,等词，这部分按否定处理，为简略句应用肯定式。He can hardly read English,can he？It seldom rains here,does it?He has no classes today,does he?(8.)当陈述部分的主语含有un-,-less,dis-等带有前（后）缀的词，这部分按肯定处理，简略句应用否定式。It is unfair ,isnt it?He dislike it, doesnt he?（9）当陈述部分的情态动词表推测时的特殊情况：当陈述部分的情态动词表推测时简略句应以情态动词后的动词为标准，去作相应的变化。Jack must have arrived here,hasnt he?Li Ping must have finished her work last night,didnt she? 反意疑问句的特殊答语。对于反意疑问句的的回答，不管问题的提法如何，如果事实是肯定的,就用yes，如果事实否定的，就用no 。当陈述部分为否定时要特别注意，这时的英语和汉语的答语是不同的。例如：（1.）当陈述部分为肯定，简略句部分为否定时的答语和一般疑问句相同。He is a student,isnt he?Yes,he is. No, he isnt.是的，他是。不，他不是。 （2.） 当陈述部分为否定，简略句部分为肯定时的答语。当陈述部分为否定，简略句为肯定时的答语，时意义就会和汉语大相径庭：Yes, No和汉语的意义相反。Kate didnt play the piano yesterday, did she? Yes,she did. No, she didnt.不，他 弹了。是的，他没弹。They arent reading the book,are they? Yes,they are. No, he aret.不，他们正在读，是的，他们没读。Lucy didnt ride the bike,did she ？Yes,she did. No, she didnt.不，她骑了。是的，他没骑。大家在平常只要能巧记、多用。特殊情况，特殊对待，在交际中会轻松掌被动语态的使用试卷中三大典型陷阱之反意疑问句1. There is hardly any rain this summer, _?A. isnt it B. is it C. isnt there D. is there【解析】此题陷阱选项为A或B或C。选A或C的考生是由于没有注意到hardly这个词而草率做题造成的；选B的考生注意到了hardly这个半否定词，但却忽视了这是一个there be结构，后面的反意疑问部分的主语仍然用there。当句中有no, nothing, never, hardly, few, little等否定词或半否定词时后面的反意疑问句要用肯定形式。正确答案为D。2. She was unhappy when she heard the news, _?A. was she B. wasnt she C. does she D. didnt she【解析】此题陷阱选项为A。当句中有no, nothing, never, hardly, few, little等否定词或半否定词时后面的反意疑问句要用肯定形式。但是，当句中有由加否定前缀或后缀构成的否定词时，后面的反意疑问句不受其影响，仍用否定形式。正确答案为B。3. She thinks she can get there on time, _she?A. can B. cant C. doesnt D. does【解析】此题陷阱选项为A或B。错误的原因是受了思维定式的影响。因为在平时训练时“I think + that从句 / I dont think + that从句”这样的句子，它们后面的反意疑问句的主语和谓语要根据后面的从句来确定，肯定或否定形式则根据主句来确定。如：I think she will win the game, wont she? I dont think chickens can swim, can they? 但是，当主句中的主语不是I时，其后的反意疑问句的主语和谓语仍然根据主句来确定。因此，正确答案为C。4. They havent paid for their tickets, have they?_. They didnt pay any money.A. Yes, they have B. No, they havent C. Yes, they havent D. No, they have.【解析】此题陷阱选项为A或C。选A的同学是由于忽略语境造成的，如果不看They didnt pay any money. 这句话，那么A项确实是正确答案。选C的同学是由于受了汉语思维的定式引起的，因为这个答案译成汉语正好是“是的，他们没有付钱”。大家应注意否定疑问句的回答方式与肯定的疑问句的回答方式是一样，只不过这时yes要译为“不”，而no要译为“是的”。正确答案为B。被动语态用得不如主动语态多，但在某些情况下须要用或宜用被动语态。1.不知道或不必指明动作的发出者时用被动语态。He was born in 1971.他出生于1971年。The origin of the universe will probably never be explained.宇宙的起源大概永远不会有答案。 2.要强调或突出动作的承受者时用被动语态。The plan has already been canceled.这个计划已经取消。Dick was dismissed.迪克被开除了。3.为了使语气委婉，有意不说出动作的发出者时用被动语态。Suggestions will be heartily appreciated.诚恳欢迎提出建议。4.为了修辞的需要,避免变换主语或过长的主语时用被动语态。The king loved his people and was loved by them.国王爱人民,也为人民所爱。The picture was painted by a good friend of mine who came from Australia.这幅画是我的一位来自澳洲的好友画的。5.BE+过去分词并不一定都是被动语态句，也可能是联系动词+主语补语结构。区别在于被动语态句表示的是一个动作，而联系动词+主语补语结构表示主语的特徵或状态。The picture was drawn by my cousin.这幅画是我表哥画的。是被动语态句。The picture is well drawn.这幅画画得很好。是联系动词+主语补语。 握。相信：以不变去应万变，因为“万变不离其宗。”议被动语态的时态被动语态的动词由“be动词接过去分词（be+p.p.）”构成，如下所示。过去分词之前的be动词的时态，即表示出被动语态动词的时态。(1)现在式：主语+am(is,are)+过去分词+by+宾语。House painting is always done by me at home. 在家的时候房子总是我来刷。 (2)过去式：主语+was(were)+过去分词+by+宾语。 I wasnt invited, but I ?ve come anyway.我没有被邀请，可是不管怎么样我还是来了。(3)未来式：主语+SHALL(WILL)+be+过去分词+by+宾语。 A few old friends will be invited by me.我将邀请几个老朋友。(4)现在进行式：主语+am(is,are)+being+过去分词+by+宾语。Excuse the messthe house is being painted.对不起这里很脏乱，房子正在油漆。(5)过去进行式：主语+was(were)+being+过去分词+by+宾语。 (6)现在完成式： 主语+have(has)+been+过去分词+by+宾语。 (7)过去完成式：主语+had+been+过去分词+by+宾语。 The house had been built by my grandfather by 1960.1960年我的祖父就已经建成房子了。(8)未来完成式：主语+SHALL(WILL)+have+been+过去分+by+宾语。 Everything will have been done by the end of the week.最迟到本周底，一切都会完成了。被动语态的形式除了BE+过去分词外，还有其他的形式。1.主语+get+过去分词在多数情况下不接by+宾语。All three criminals got shot in the crossfire.在交火时三名罪犯全部被击中。Three cops got shot in the crossfire with the criminals. 在与罪犯交火时三名警察被击中。2.have无被动语态，但可用于主语+have(or get)+宾语+过去分词的结构，表示宾语被.，多用于叫人或雇人作某事，有时表示遭遇不幸的事。A man has his hair cut every other year.一个男人每两年理一次头发。I have my hair cut every other week.我每两周理一次头发。表示叫人或雇人作某事。I had my only property burnt last year.我唯一的财产于去年被火烧掉了。表示遭遇不幸的事，宾语的被动行为并非出自主语的本意。3.带有不定词的被动结构。Your vice will have to be paid for.你们的行为是要付出代价的。Your behavior will have to be paid for.你的行为是要付出代价的。4.动词+介系词或动词+副词用于被动结构时，动词之后的介系词或副词不可拆开或丢掉。This has never been heard of before.以前从未听说过这种事。He was brought up by his grandma.他是由他奶奶带大的。5.有些联系动词如fell, prove, smell, sound, taste等，主语指事物时,可以主动的形式表达被动的意义。My coffee smells great.我的咖啡味道好极了。6.有些及物动词也可作不及物动词使用如burn, clean, cook, read, saw, sell, wash, write等,和badly, easily, quickly, smoothly, well等副词连用，并且主语是指事物时，可以主动的形式表达被动的意义。This book sells very well.这本书很畅销。This computer brand sells badly.这种电脑品牌的销路很差。7