古镇旅游 外文及汉文.doc

外文文献原文及译文本科生毕业设计（论文）外文原文及译文所在系 经济系 学生姓名 齐亮 专 业 市场营销 班 级 102班 学号 11020799 指导教师 周琳 2012年6月09Status of US tourism research report Marie Davis Carnegie Mellon University Graduate School of Industrial Administration 2009The United States as the worlds most important countries, but also a tourism big and strong. The United States is extremely rich tourism resources, its vast territory, topography colorful, spectacular, is a national collection of forests, wetlands, lakes, rivers, grasslands, deserts, mountains, volcanoes, valleys, snow, ocean in one of the beautiful scenery, beautiful. America has a modern metropolis, modern science and culture, modern lifestyle, with convenient sea, land and air transport services. Therefore, the US tourism revenue has for many years ranked first in the world in 2005 to reach $ 1.3 trillion, equivalent to produce $ 3.4 billion a day, $ 148 million an hour, $ 2.4 million per minute, per $ 400,000. Where international tourism revenues reached $ 93 billion, international tourist arrivals reached 49.4 million people, and the annual consumption of Americans traveling abroad also have $ 89 billion, a surplus of $ 4 billion tourism, outbound international tourist arrivals reached 27 million people. Annually to federal, state levels of government, the city turned over the tax amounted to 100 billion dollars, without the contribution of tourism to tax each American family $ 924 to more tax burden. Tourism directly employing over 730 million people, accounting for 1/8 of the US non-farm payrolls, the annual salary of employees amounted to $ 163 billion tourism industry. Due to the attack 9/11 terrorist attacks, the US tourism industry was severely affected in previous years, but after the US government and the tourism industry to work together, to 2006 has been fully restored to the highest level in history.The United States from the federal government to state governments as well as the tourist city government attaches great importance to the development of tourism and so on, back in the 70s of last century, the federal government has formulated a series of policies and measures to promote and support the development of tourism. In 1995, also held a special study of the White House conference tourism. Visa policy approved by Congress (VWP), so that 68% of US immigration benefit by tourists, the United States also received 60% of all international tourism receipts from these tourists visa-free body. The countries enjoy preferential government has 27, visitors from these countries to the United States for tourism or business may, within 90 days visa-free.Strong economy, diverse culture and modern lifestyle full integration lays the United States to the international tourist destination and source country image. It will be the following aspects of its rich tourism resources, excellent infrastructure, well-developed market mechanisms and successful management structure elaborated:First, the American tourist resources(A) national parkUS existing national parks 388, covering 84 million acres, a total of 2,8000 staff, 280 million tourists each year. Another 20,000 volunteers each year participate in the national park system of protection and maintenance. Chinese people are more familiar with national parks are: Yellowstone, the Grand Canyon, Niagara Falls.(Ii) National Forest and grasslandThe nations total of 155 national forest parks and 20 national grasslands, is the largest outdoor recreation area. National Forest System land management distributed 44 states and Puerto Rico and more undeveloped land, a total of 19,100 million acres, accounting for 8.5 percent of US land area.(C) MuseumThe United States is the worlds largest museum countries, more than 16,000 relatively large, the museum received more than 900 million each year to tourists (some say the nations various types of public and private museums add up to about 100,000), which received visitors more than the combined total of watching professional baseball, football and basketball games audience. American museums each year to invest more than 50 billion dollars to education projects on display, and other collectibles on core protection and research projects. Such as New Yorks Museum of Natural History 10 hectares, by the large granite buildings consisting of 22 buildings with 39 large exhibition hall, a collection of plants, animals and minerals geological specimens 36 million. It was estimated that over, should all read, 10 hours a day, but also two months. Also the world famous Metropolitan Museum of Art, the exhibition hall for up to 230, exhibition area of 130,000 square meters, collection of more than 30 million pieces of precious relics. There are museums and scholars statistics, the average American life at least 30 times to get into the museum through (only large). Metropolitan Museum of Art will have only ten million people visit each year, most of them tourists, ticket sales more than 150 million US dollars. Chinese people whisper to consider in detail are: Museum of Natural History in Washington, Air and Space Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the New York Museum of Modern Art and the Museum of Natural History.(Iv) National Trail SystemThe so-called trail system refers to a building can be dedicated, can also be people coming out, for at least one or more persons (including, but not limited to hiking, biking, skating, skiing, wheelchairs, including Off-road recreation traffic work as motorcycles, snowmobiles,You can travel on all-terrain vehicles and other off-road four-wheel drive) trail route through. The trail system is based on the American National Trails System Act and set up, there are three types:National Scenic Trail. Refers to the 100 miles or longer, the famous trail is mainly used for continuous non-motorized vehicles, such systems require congressional legislation to determine the trail. Such as the USs longest trail: Appalachian National Scenic Trail, established in 1968, a total length of 3453 km, from north to south six states, managed by the National Park Service.Trail National Historic Site. It refers to the history or prehistory of the line. These lines of great historical significance for the United States, determined by congressional legislation. Such as Lewis and Clark Trail National Historic Site, it is to commemorate the Lewis and Clark expedition led by the United States in response to the call of Jefferson the third president in December 11, 1803 off to find a waterway to the Pacific across the continent and to the west traveled road. In fact, this is the territory of the United States to expand the route to the west.National Recreation Trail. Under the authority of the National Trails System Act by the United States Department of Agriculture or the Minister of the Interior issued currently existing regional and local trails. The existing 23 national scenic trails and national historic sites and 800 respectively National Recreation Trail by the US Department of the Interior, National Park Service and Bureau of Land Management and the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service to manage.(E) Theme parksAmericas theme parks is the originator of the worlds major parks, which stimulated the pursuit of most Americans, adventurous, willing to participate in nature-related. After 1955, the first one opened in Los Angeles, Disney, the theme park has become the American public, especially the young peoples favorite entertainment destination. In addition to the Disney theme park now also has a cinema, television, real estate and other diversified industries, while theme parks and resorts share the companys economic share is not high, but its image, brand value is great, we are generally called Disney It refers to its theme parks and resorts. 2005, Disney in four countries (USA, France, Japan and China), five local (Orlando and Los Angeles, the United States has two), 11 theme parks. Wherein the October 1, 1971 start of the opening of the Walt Disney theme park project contains six, covers an area of 17 hectares, is one of Disneys biggest project. Now the local government each receive $ 3 visitors stay local tourism infrastructure as special funds every day. Disney in the United States employs a staff of 175,000, the annual economic benefits amounted to $ 9,000,000,000. Disney also one of the worlds top luxury cruise line, there are 35 resort hotels (32,000 hotel rooms). 7 Vacation Club has a membership of 90,000 people.In fact, the United States in addition to the Disney worlds most famous theme park, as well as a regional theme park Six Flags (SIX FALGS) is also a very influential theme parks, it is also the worlds largest regional theme park company. Its first theme park in 1961 in the United States, Texas, opened the years ticket is $ 2.95, and is the worlds first to achieve a vote through the theme park, pass a vote concept was later widely tourism industry Applications. Now the company has 30 theme parks, in addition to Canada and Mexico have a outside, the other 28 are located in the United States, known as the nation 95 percent of the population distribution in the 8-hour drive range of the companys theme parks. In the United States which has 30,000 employees, 34 million visitors in the companys theme park and enjoy the 250 million hours last year, an average of seven hours in the park to be there 25 minutes, annual economic benefits generated over $ 1.1 billion. The most prominent feature of the theme park is the roller coaster, a total of 160 projects in 30 roller coaster theme park, a total of about 4,000,000 km, the equivalent of 100 weeks around the equator or towards the Earth from the moon, than all the rest of the world roller coaster theme park together even more.1(B) Hotel and related servicesOriginated in the European hotel industry, 50 years of the twentieth century, with the rise of American Airlines in the United States has been large-scale, standardization and group development, ranking in 1998 by the Hotels magazine lists the top 25 chains Hotels Group, 17 based in the US. Europe currently accounts for 44.7% of global availability, while the US accounted for 27%.US hotel industry reflects the more prominent trends of the times: on the one hand, the ownership of the hotel industry is undergoing tremendous change, the rapid expansion of the wave of mergers and acquisitions, and the trend has spread to the entire tourism industry. The hotel industry from operating independently moving chain, franchising, management contracts the way of development, the full realization of economies of scale and the natural expansion of the scale of potential. For example, as in 2005, the international hotel industry, Shangri-La, Hyatt, Marriott, Starwood 47 brand house, Intercontinental, represented by 31 international hotel management companies through their own investment, entrusted management, franchising and other means to enter China. The worlds top ten hotel groups have all entered China hotel market. On the other hand, the hotel more detailed market segmentation, diversified products more personalized. From full-service hotels to limited-service hotel, budget hotel in the form of a richer product from B & B accommodation to timeshare and then, the idea originated in the hotel industry in Europe to further expand and enrich.(1) 01-05 annual supply of hotel industry gradually decreased, indicating that the new reduction in the number of hotels in recent years;(2) due to the 9/11 the impact of 2001 and 2002 have different degrees of decline in demand, occupancy rates, average room rates, single-estate values, etc., until it stabilized in 2003, and nearly two years there more substantial recovery.(3) in 04 and 05 years, RevPar growth rates in excess of ADR growth, reflecting the overall efficiency of hotel operations improved significantly, each room has been great revenue potential of mining.(C) Travel agents and distribution organizations (travel agency)The development of tourism-dependent sound development of distribution channels and organization. US travel agency industry mature sound. Has the worlds largest association of travel and tourism professional team of the organization American Association of Travel Agents (ASTA), it has 26,500 members, distributed in 135 countries. According to Travel Weekly reported in 1998, while the US travel market has stabilized, and travel agency business in the past 30 years, continued to show significant growth potential. Travel agent is the extensive use of automation technology, according to the US at Merrill Lynch survey, 2005 National online travel agency market grew 19 percent to $ 27.7 billion. Provide direct travel suppliers online services revenue grew 27% to $ 32.5 billion. Online travel sales accounted for 30% of all tourism market revenue in 2005, while in 2004 this ratio was 25%, in 2003 it is 21%. They predict that by 2007, 39% of tourism activities will be conducted online booking.Future travel agent has strong vitality, it can adapt to the changing market, provide high quality services, the development of travel industry is inseparable from the travel agent, they will continue to provide customers save time and money in the future. Another factor that supports travel agents is that it is one of the few American use of computer systems for many years and known to its value in the industry.To December 2005, the United States has a travel agency ticket agency a total of 19,871, according to US Department of Labor statistics, in 2004, the United States has all kinds of travel agencies 103 000 (including the right to ticket agents and numerous free ticket agency rights home-based travel agency). According to the US Travel Weekly reported that the annual contribution of tourism travel agencies have $ 120 billion, now the travel agency business (including online reservation system) include: 87% of cruise reservation, 81% of package tours, 51% air travel, 47% of hotel reservation, 45% of the rental business. Cause more accidents is that in 2005 the United States has 32 percent of business travelers who make reservations through travel agents, but a year ago the ratio was only 25%, so that in the new situation in the travel agency business travel business, not only did not shrink, and greater development. Travel sales need to use technology, but do not completely rely on technology, travel is a complex service industries, consumer demand in this industry is the value, the value of their needs far better than the technology.Based on the above analysis, I feel deeply for tourism development in the United States are the following:1, a large amount of travel, good benefits, good tourism destination image, making the international inbound than outbound scale, showing the tourism trade surplus, and the rapid development of US domestic travel and maintain growth momentum for many years, for many years ranked first in the world The tourism revenue for the US economy has played an important role as after automotive, food sales of the third largest industry in the United States there are 32 states, tourism has become the first, second or third largest employer, that many elected officials are increasingly concerned about the role of tourism in the national economy. Admittedly tourism in the United States has become the most important economic power, they played the roles and responsibilities assumed will cause profound thinking of the whole society2, efficient management system, mainly in the following aspects, first of all, tourism is highly associated with the sex industry, essential coordination at all levels of government, from the federal to the state and then to the corresponding parts of the city are the establishment of government agencies responsible for tourism The development, at the same time, non-governmental organizations at all levels play an active role, from industry consulting, promotional marketing, human resources training, industry research, standards development and so on for government decision-making has played an important reference. The United States has a number of international authoritative industry associations such as the American Travel Association (TIA), the International amusement parks and tourist attractions Association (IAAPA), the American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA), United States Hotels & Accommodation Association (AH & MA) and other, their research Achievements have absolute authority and science internationally. This also support tourism enterprises and non-governmental organizations are inseparable; secondly, to establish the interests of all parties (Stakeholders) coordination mechanisms, such as tourism Council decisions. In the travel decisions, especially when the destination tourism development, there must represent the interests of all parties, such as the involvement of local communities and tourism enterprises, natural resource management and other sectors; and finally, to promote tourism sustainable development of tourism in one of the full power there depth, travel and tourism management at all levels of their various associations have a special hot and difficult basic conditions and within the context of both continuous and meticulous research study part.美国旅游业现状的调研报告 玛丽戴维斯 卡内基梅隆大学 工业管理研究所美国经济评论2009 美国作为世界上最重要的发达国家，同时也是一个旅游大国、强国。美国旅游资源极其丰富，其幅员辽阔，地貌多彩多姿，气象万千，是集森林、湿地、湖泊、河流、草原、沙漠、高山、火山、峡谷、冰雪、海洋于一体的国家，风光旖旎，美不胜收。美国还有现代化的大都会，现代的科学和文化，现代的生活方式，加上快捷方便的海、陆、空交通服务。因此，美国的旅游收入已多年稳居世界第一，2005年达到13000亿美元，相当于每天产生34亿美元、每小时1.48亿美元、每分钟240万美元，每秒钟40万