土建词汇 (英汉).doc

6-53建筑、结构、总交Aa flight of stairs 一段楼梯abaciscus 嵌饰abatis 杩槎abat-vent 固定百叶窗abode 住宅abscissa 横座标absolute construction 独立结构absolute height 绝对高度abut 支柱，柱脚abutting joint 对接接头acceptance 接受，同意，验收acceptance certificate 验收证书acceptance check 验收acceptance of concrete work 混凝土工程的验收acceptance of hidden subsurface work 隐蔽工程的验收acceptance specification 验收规范access 出（入）口，通路access board 便桥access corridor (platform bridge) from power block to office building on the operating floor 运转层上从主厂房到办公楼的交通走廊（天桥）access door 便门，检修门access eye 检查孔access gully 交通沟，窨井，雨水口access hole 检查孔access ramp 入口坡道access road 入口道路accessible duct 通行地沟accessories store 备品库accommodation ladder 舷梯accommodation road 专用道路accompanying diagram 附图accordion door 折叠门accordion partition 折叠式屏风acid brick 耐酸砖acid lining 耐酸衬砌acid resisting alloy 耐酸合金acid resisting cement 耐酸水泥acid resisting concrete 耐酸混凝土acid resisting stoneware 耐酸陶器acid waste 酸性废液acid-proof brick 耐酸砖acid-proof ceramic pipe 耐酸陶瓷管acid-proof mastic 耐酸胶泥acid-proof paint 耐酸油漆acid-proof varnish 耐酸清漆acid-protection coating 耐酸涂层acoustic absorbent 吸音材料acoustic construction 隔声构造acoustic design 声学设计，音质设计acoustic disturbance 声干扰acoustic felt 吸音毡acoustic field 声场acoustic plaster 吸音灰膏acoustic tile 吸音砖acoustic treatment 防声处理acoustic vault 吸声穹窿acoustical board 吸音板acoustical tile ceiling 吸音砖平顶ACP (asbestos cement pipe) 石棉水泥管across bulkhead 横向隔墙across grain 横向木纹acting surface 作用面actinic glass 光化玻璃，闪光玻璃action of gravity 重力作用action of pile group 群桩作用action radius 作用半径activated carbon 活性碳active fault 活动断层active pressure 主动压力active storage 有效容积，有效库容active thrust of earth 主动土压力actual load 实际荷载acute arch 尖拱，锐拱adamant 硬石，金刚石adamic earth 红粘土addendum 附加物，齿顶，附录，补遗addition of clay 掺粘土addition of sand 掺砂additional disturbing force 附加扰力additional load 附加荷载additional pipe 支管，接长管additive alternate 补充比较方案A-derrick 人字起重机，动臂起重机adfreezing force 冻附力adhesion 粘着力，附着力adhesion agent 胶粘剂，粘着剂adhesive 胶合剂，粘合剂adhesive bitumen primer 冷底子沥青adhesive coating 粘附层adhesive film 粘附膜adhesive strength 粘结强度adhesive tape 胶带adhesive water 吸附水，附着水，薄膜水adhesive wax 封蜡，胶粘蜡adit collar 支洞洞口，平洞洞口adit entrance 坑道入口adit opening 坑道入口adjacent accommodation 邻近建筑物，厢房adjacent block （混凝土）相邻浇筑块adjacent country 相邻地区adjacent lifts （混凝土）相邻浇筑层adjacent map 相邻图adjacent plank 踢脚板，门头线，门框边挺adjoining building 邻近房屋adjustable louver 可调百叶窗adjustable prop 可调支柱adjustable shelf 活动架adjustable shore 可调支撑adjustable sieve 可调筛adjustable spanner 可调扳手，活动扳手adjuster for windows 撑窗杆adjusting device 调节装置adjusting key 调整健adjusting link 调节联杆adjusting nut 调整螺母，调节螺母adjusting rod 调整杆，调节杆adjusting screw 调整螺钉，校整螺钉adjusting shuttering 活动模板adjusting wedge 调整锲块administration building 行政办公楼administration office 行政办公室admixture 掺合料adobe 灰质粘土，砖坯，风干砖，砖坯房，土墙adobe construction 土坯建筑adobe wall 土坯墙adretto 阳坡adumbral 遮阳的adumbration 轮廓，草图，速描advance angle 前置角adverse wind 逆风adz 刮刀，扁斧，锛子adz plane 刮刨adz-eye hammer 小铁锤AE (air entraining) 加气，掺气AE (architect engineering) 建筑工程（公司）aeolian 风成的，风积的aeolian material 风积物aeolian soil 风积土aerated concrete 加气混凝土aerated concrete block 加气混凝土砌块aerial 架空的，空气的，架空线，天线aerial cable 架空电缆aerial cableway 架空索道aerial conductor 架空电线，明线aerial conveyer 架空输送机aerial ladder 架空消防梯aerial lighthouse 航空灯塔aerial map 航测图aerial perspective 空中透视aerial railway 高架铁道aerial ropeway 架空索道，空中缆道aerial ropeway conveyer 架空索道输送机aerial survey topographical map 航测地形图aerial tramway 架空电车道，高架电车道aerial view 鸟瞰图aerial wire 天线，架空线aeroconcrete 加气混凝土aerocrete 加气混凝土aeroview 鸟瞰图aesthetic standard 审美标准after contraction 残余收缩after flow 残余塑性变形，蠕变after quake 余震after shock 余震after shrinkage 后期收缩after tack 软化，回粘after treatment 二次处理after-working 后效age dating 年代测定，年龄测定age hardening 时效硬化age of concrete 混凝土龄期age of specimen 试件龄期aged cement 老化水泥ageing crack 自然裂纹，时效裂纹ageing resistance 抗老化性，耐久性agglomerate 聚集，结块，团块，烧结块agglomerate-foam concrete 烧结矿渣泡沫混凝土aggradation 淤积，淤高，填积aggradation plain 沉积平原，淤积平原aggraded flood plain 洪积平原aggregate 骨料aggregate bin 骨料仓aggregate chips 石屑aggregate gradation 骨料级配，骨料分级aggregate grading 选配集料，集料级配aggregate reclaiming plant 骨料场，砾石料场aggregate roofing surface 骨料屋面aggregate size 骨料粒径aggregate-cement ratio 骨料水泥比，骨灰比agitating device 搅拌装置agitating lorry 搅拌车agitating truck 搅拌车agitation 搅拌，搅动，拌和agitation dredging 搅动挖泥agitator 搅拌机agraff 搭钩，搭扣A-horizon 表土层，上土层aiguille 钻头，钻孔器aiming light 标灯aiming line 瞄准线aiming post 标杆air brick 空心砖air bubble 气泡，砂眼air casing 气隔层air cavity 气穴，空穴air cement gun 水泥喷枪air channel 通风道，排气道air chimney 通风道，排气道air chute 通风道，排气道air compressor station 空气压缩机房air flue 气道，风道，烟道air hammer 气锤air painter 喷漆设备air passage 通风道，排气道air pick 风镐air pile hammer 气动打桩机air pit 通风井air pocket 气穴，气孔，麻点air rammer 气动夯锤air receiver 储气罐air stopping 挡风（墙）air tamper 气动夯锤air void 气孔，空隙air void ratio （土的）空隙比air well 通风井air-curing 空气养护air-free concrete 密实混凝土air-inflated structure 充气结构air-intake shaft 通风竖井，进气竖井air-placed concrete 气压浇注混凝土air-tight door 密封门airway 通气孔，风道，航空线aisle 通道，过道，走廊aisle gradient 通道坡度aisle wall 过道墙alameda 林荫散步道albanite 地沥清albertite 黑沥清albronze 铝青铜，铜铝合金alclad 镀铝的，包铝的，衬铝alfalfa gate 金属板滑动门，螺旋式闸门alignment 定线，找平，对齐alignment design 定线设计alkali earth 碱（性）土all-brick building 全砖建筑all-concrete 全混凝土的allen screw 六角固定螺钉alley-stone 矾石all-haydite concrete 全陶粒混凝土alligator-hide crack 龟裂alligatoring 龟裂，表面裂痕all-in aggregate 毛骨料allowable amplitude 容许振幅allowable bearing capacity 容许承载力allowable bearing pressure 容许承载力allowable error 容许误差allowable factor of safety 容许安全系数allowable flexural stress 容许弯曲应力allowable load 容许荷载allowable pile bearing load 单桩容许荷载allowable pressure 容许压力allowable settlement 容许沉降量allowable strength 容许强度allowable stress design (ASD) 许用应力设计allowable value 容许值alloy 合金alpine road 高山道路alpine valley 高山河谷alternate bay 隔仓alternate design 比较设计（方案）alternate joint 错缝，错列接头alternate layout 比较设计（方案），比较布置（方案）alternate load 交变荷载alternate tooth slot 交错齿缝alternating bending 反复弯曲alternating load 交变荷载alternating motion 往复运动alternating stress 交变应力altitude 高程，海拔，高度altitude difference 高度差altitude gage 高度计，测高仪altitude level 测高水准仪alum 明矾，硫酸铝aluminium frame door 铝框门alure 廊道，通道，院廊ambient temperature 环境温度，室温ambulatory 回廊，步道amended plan 修正计划，修正平面图amount of precipitation 降雨量amplitude of vibration 振幅amusement hall 娱乐厅anchor 地锚anchor bar 锚固筋anchor bolt 地脚螺栓anchorage 抛锚，锚固，锚具，锚座anchorage beam 锚梁anchorage bearing 锚座anchorage block 锚墩，锚块anchorage cable 锚索anchorage length 锚固长度anchorage pier 锚墩anchored sheet piling 锚定式板桩ancon 肋托，悬臂托梁angle 角钢angle bar 角铁，角钢angle bead 护角，角条angle bond 角砌合，墙角拉筋，角形弯条angle brace 角撑angle branch 弯管，肋管angle catch 窗插销angle cleat 连接角钢angle fillet 三角焊缝，三角形盖板angle of repose （堆料的）安息角，休止角annex room 前室，辅助小室anodized natural aluminium colour 阳极化处理天然铝色an-seismic 抗震的anta 壁端柱antechamber 前厅，接待室antefix 檐口饰antehall 前厅anteklise 台背斜，陆背斜anteport 外门，外槛anteroom 前厅antesolariun 朝日阳台ante-venna 遮阳板，遮阳棚anti-abrasive 耐磨损的antibreaker 防碎装置anti-checking iron 扒钉，防裂钩anti-corrosion 防腐蚀anticorrosive paint 防腐涂料，防锈油漆anti-dazzle lighting 防眩灯光antidetonation 防爆，抗爆antidetonator 防爆剂，抗爆剂anti-dirt 防尘antidrip 防滴，防漏antifatigue 耐疲劳anti-fluctuator 缓冲器antifrost 防冻的，防霜的antiknock 减振，消振antinoise 防噪声的，抗噪声的anti-overloading 防过载的antioxidant 抗氧化剂，防老化剂antipollution 防污染antiputrefactive 防腐的antiresonance 防共振，防共鸣anti-rolling 防滚动的antirot 防腐的antirust 防锈的antirust coat 防锈涂层antirust composition 防锈混合剂antirust grease 防锈脂antirust oil 防锈油antirust paint 防锈漆，防锈涂料antirust solution 防锈溶液antirust varnish 防锈清漆antiscale 防垢antiseep collar 防渗环antiseepage 防渗漏anti-seismic 防震的，抗震的anti-seismic joint 抗震缝anti-settling agent 抗沉淀剂anti-shrink 抗缩的，耐缩的antiskid 防滑，抗滑anti-slide pile 抗滑桩anti-sludge 抗淤沉，去垢anti-superheating 防止过热（装置）anti-symmetrical load 反对称荷载，不对称荷载antisyphonage pipe 反虹吸管anti-thrust 止推的anti-wind beam 抗风梁anvil 铁砧，砧座，基准面，平台anvil block 砧座apatite 磷灰石aperture 小孔，壁孔，开口，缝隙apex angle 顶角apex of arch 拱顶A-pole A形柱apomecometer 测距仪aposandstone 石英岩appearance of fracture 断口形状，断口外观appentice 厢房，耳房apple coal 沥清煤application of force 施力application of load 施加荷载application program 应用程序applied force 外加力applied load 外加荷载applied moment 外施力矩applied thrust 外施推力approach bank 引堤approach bridge 引桥approach channel 引水渠，引航道，进港航道approach cutting 进洞引道挖方，引桥挖方approach embankment 引道路堤approach fill 引道填方，引桥approach ramp 引道斜坡段，引桥坡道approach road 引路，引道approach segment 临近段，临近部分approach sign 引道标志approach span 引桥跨，岸跨approach trench 交通沟，窨井，雨水口approach trestle 引道栈桥approach viaduct 高架引桥apron 散水apron flashing 遮檐板，披水板apron piece 遮檐板，披水板apron space 码头前沿区apron stone 护脚石apron wall 前护墙apse 半圆室apse-buttress 半圆室支墩apsidal 半圆室的apt (apartment) 一套房间，公寓apteral 无侧柱的aqua storage tank 储水池aqueduct bridge 渠桥，渡槽araeosystyle 对柱式的，对柱式建筑物arc melting 电弧溶化arc welding 电弧焊arc welding set 电弧焊机arcade 有拱廊的走道arcaded 有拱廊的，有拱顶的arch 拱arch abutment 拱座，拱坝坝肩arch bar 拱板arch barrel 拱形筒壳arch block 拱块，拱面石arch bond 拱砌合arch brick 拱形砖arch bridge 拱桥arch buttress 拱形支墩arch camber 拱矢，起拱arch cover 拱板，拱形屋盖arch crown 拱冠，拱顶arch falsework 拱形脚手架arch hinged at ends 双铰拱arch in trellis work 格形拱arch limb 拱翼arch-braced roof 拱支屋顶arch-core 拱心arched 起拱的arched dome 圆顶穹窿arched roof 拱形屋顶arch-flat 平拱arching 架拱，形成拱状，起拱作用archit (architecture) 建筑学architect 建筑师architective 建筑的，关于建筑的architectonic 建筑术的，构造的，结构的architectonics 建筑原理，建筑学，建筑设计，结构设计architectural 建筑上的，建筑学的architectural appearance and elevational treatment 建筑外观和立面处理architectural compatibility 建筑调和性，建筑协调性architectural complex 建筑群，建筑综合体architectural composition 建筑构造architectural design 建筑设计architectural ornament 建筑装饰物architectural style 建筑风格，建筑式样architectural treatment 建筑处理architecture 建筑学，建筑艺术architrave 框缘，（柱的）下楣，嵌线archives 档案，档案馆archway 拱廊，拱道archy 拱形的arciform 拱形的，弓形的arcuated 拱式的，弓形的are 公亩（等于100平方米）area drain 露天排水斗，地面排水沟area grating 阴井格盖area load 面荷载area method 面积法area of building 建筑面积area of pile head 桩头面积area of pumping depression 抽水降水区，抽水漏斗区area of reinforcement 钢筋面积area of section 截面积area of steel 钢筋面积area of structure 构筑物面积area of supply 补给区，补给面积area-moment method 力矩面积法，面积法areaway （建筑物之间的）通道，（地下室前的）空地arenaceous 砂质的，多砂的arenaceous limestone 砂质石灰岩arenaceous quartz 石英砂arenaceous rock 砂质岩arenose 粗砂arenyte 粗屑岩，砂粒岩argil 白土，陶土，矾土argilla 陶土，高龄土，铝氧土argillaceous 泥质的，含陶土的，粘土质的argillaceous rock 泥质岩argillaceous sandstone 泥质砂岩arid 干旱的arm 杆，臂，支架，扶手arm crane 悬臂式起重机arm of balance 平衡臂，秤杆arm of couple 力偶臂arm of force 力臂arm of wheel 轮辐armature 电枢，加强料，钢筋，附件arm-brace 撑脚armchair 扶手椅armor coat 护层armor course 道路护面层armor layer 护面层armor-clad 铠装的armored 包铁皮的armored concrete 钢筋混凝土armored door 装甲门，防火门armored glass 钢化玻璃，防弹玻璃armored wood 包铁木材armrest 扶手，靠手arm-tie 横臂拉条，斜撑，拉板arrangement drawing of the power plant area 电厂厂区布置图arrangement of the underground facilities for the power plant area 电厂厂区地下设施布置arrester 避雷器arris 棱（角），尖脊arris gutter V形檐槽arris of joint 接缝圆角arris of slab 板棱，板肋arris rail 三角轨arris-wise 成对角方向（砌砖）arroyo 干河道，旱谷，小河ARS (asbestos roof shingle) 石棉屋顶瓦art glass 彩色艺术玻璃arterial canal 干渠，总渠arterial drain 排水干沟arterial highway 干线公路arterial railway 干线铁路arterial road 干线道路arterial street 干线街道，主要街道artery 干线，大道，大路，动脉artesian (flowing) well 自流井artesian fountain 自喷喷泉artesian ground water 自流地下水articulated 铰接的articulated construction 装配式结构，活节式结构articulated dumper 铰接式翻斗车articulation 铰，关节，接合（方式）artificial 人工的，人造的artificial ground 人工地基artisan 技工，工匠artistry 艺术形，艺术手法，效果as per . 按照.asb (asbestos) 石棉asbestic tile 石棉瓦asbeston 防火布asbestonite 石棉绝热材料asbestophalt 石棉沥青as-built drawing 竣工图ascent 爬高，上升，坡度，斜坡，（一段）阶梯as-dug gravel 原状砾石aseismic design 抗震设计aseismic region 无地震区aseismic structure 抗震结构aseptic 无菌的，防腐的，防腐剂ash 灰，粉尘，火山灰，煤渣，槐木ash bed 火山灰层ash bin 出灰桶，垃圾桶ash can 垃圾桶ash cellar 灰坑ash dump 灰堆ash hole 出灰口ash sluicing pump house 冲灰泵房ash water pump house 灰水泵房ashl (ashlar) 琢石，方石，条石，（装饰墙面的）石板ashlar facing 琢石镶面ashlaring 砌方石墙面，贴方石墙面ASL (above sea level) 海拔高度aspect 方向，方位，状况，形状，外观aspect of slope 坡向aspect ratio 长宽比，长径比，形态比asphalite 沥青矿，沥青岩asphalt base oil 沥青冷底子油asphalt board strip 沥青填缝条asphalt built-up roofing 沥青组合屋面asphalt felt 油毛毡asphalt jute cloth 沥青黄麻布assembling jig 装配机架，装配夹具assembling joint 装配接头assembly drawing 装配图，组装图assembly shop 装配车间assessable land 可征土地asymmetric configuration 不对称结构at one pouring 一次浇灌at ones own cost (expense) 由某人自己出钱at ones own risk 承担风险，（损失）自己负责ATC (acoustical tile ceiling) 吸声砖吊顶ATF (asphalt tile floor) 沥青砖地面atomizing spraying 雾化喷涂atrium 天井，前厅，门廊attached building 附联建筑物，配套建筑物attached pier 扶垛，支墩attachment link 连接杆attachment screw 连接螺钉，止动螺钉attic 顶楼，阁楼，屋顶室attic story 阁楼，屋顶层attle 废矿渣audience chamber 接见室，会见室audience room 接见室，会见室auditorium 大会堂，音乐厅auger 螺旋钻，麻花钻auger bit 螺旋钻头auger hole 钻孔auger stem 螺旋钻杆auget 雷管austral window 南窗，滑动窗，推拉窗autobahn 高速公路，快车道autocrane 汽车式起重机automatic door 自动门auxiliary stair 便梯auxiliary station 副厂房auxiliary structure 辅助建筑avalanche 崩落，崩塌，雪崩avalanche baffle 塌方防御设施avalanche control works 防崩工程avalanche defence 防塌，崩塌防护avalanche prevention works 防坍工程avenue 林荫道，道路，（南北向）街道average annual precipitation 平均年降水量average annual rainfall 平均年降雨量average annual runoff 平均年泾流量average grading 平均级配average grain diameter 平均粒径avoid any glare on the panels 避免盘上有任何眩光award of contract 签订合同awn (awning) 遮篷，凉篷，雨篷awning type window 篷式窗axed arch 斧斩拱面axial compression 轴向压缩，轴向受压axial elongation 轴向伸长axial force 轴向力axial load 轴向荷载axial strain 轴向应变axial stress 轴向应力axial symmetry 轴对称axial tension 轴向拉伸，轴向受拉axial torque 轴向转矩，轴向扭矩axial translation 轴向位移axis 轴，轴线axisymmetric 轴对称的axonometric projection 三向投影，不等角投影axonometry 轴测法，三向正投法azimuth 方位角，地平经度azimuth mark 方位标azimuth-elevation 方位-高程azimuth-range 方位-距离azure spar 天兰石azure stone 天兰石，青金石BB&S (beam and stringers) 横梁与纵梁back arch 拱背，墙内暗拱back bead 封低焊道，填角焊缝back brace 后部斜撑back coat 底层涂料back cutting 回挖，必要的超挖部分back drain 墙背排水管back elevation 后视图back filling 回填土back flap 里扉，里垂帘back guy 拉揽，牵索back heading 通风巷道back house 后屋back joint 待填槽back leg 背面支柱back lining 背衬，背衬料back nail 平钉back nut 防松螺帽，反向螺帽back of arch 拱背back of levee 堤背back shop 修理厂，修理车间back shore 背撑，顶撑back shutter 里百叶窗back stair 后楼梯back view 后视图，背视图back wall 后墙，胸墙backboard 底板，后板，背靠，背后挡板backbone 骨干，骨架，构架，主干backbone road 干道backer 支持物，衬垫物backer brick 墙心砖，背衬梁backfill 回填土back-filled 回填backfilling tamper 回填夯back-flap hinge 明铰链backform 后模，顶模backhaul cable 后拖缆绳backing 反向，后退，支架，靠背，背衬，里壁backing brick 墙心砖，背衬砖backing of veneer 饰面板里层backing of wall 墙托backing of window 窗托backing plank 衬板backing sand 填充砂backing strip 垫板back-land 腹地，后方backplan 底视图backsetting （砌墙）收进backstay 拉索backstay anchor 拉索锚定backstay cable 拉索backstop 托架，止回器，后障back-to-back angles T形组合角钢，背靠背组合角钢back-up brick 墙心砖，衬里砖back-up plate 垫片backyard 后院，后天井badigeon 油灰badland 荒原，瘠地，崎岖地badly graded sand 级配不良砂baffle board 挡板，折流板，隔音板baffle mixing chamber 隔板式混合池baffle pier 消力墩，分水墩baffle plate 挡板，隔板，遮护板，折流板，门槛baffle reaction chamber 隔板式反应池baffle sill 消力槛，门槛baffle structure 消力设施，消力建筑物baffle wall 消力墙，分水墙baffler 挡板，隔墙，消声器，导流板，消力器baffle-type 挡板式的，百叶窗式的bag dam 土袋埝坝bagged cement 袋装水泥baghouse 集尘室，沉渣室bagwork 砂包，袋装干拌混凝土bail 戽斗，桶，横木，吊环，钩，卡钉bailer 水斗，泥浆泵，抽泥桶bailey bridge 活动便桥bailey span 贝利式（桁架）桥跨bailey truss 贝利式桁架bakelite 酚醛塑料，胶木，电木baking finish 烤漆，烘漆balance cuts and fills 均衡挖填，挖填土方平衡balance of arch 拱脚balanced earthwork 平衡土方工程balanced sash 平衡式窗框，平衡式窗扇balanced step 均衡踏步，平衡阶梯balconied 有阳台的balcony 阳台baling 脚手杆balk 大梁，枕木balk board 隔板，障碍板，防护板balk roofing 重屋面ball bonding 球焊，球形接头，铰节ball flower 圆球饰ball joint 球节，球窝接头ballast 压舱物，压块，道渣，碎石，石渣ballast bed 石渣路基ballast chamber 压块室，平衡重室ballast concrete 石渣混凝土ballast road 石渣路ballasted 铺道渣的ballasted deck 铺道渣（铁路）桥面ballasted floor 铺渣桥面balling-up of cement 水泥（受潮）起球balloon construction 轻型构造，轻型结构balloon frame 轻型骨架balsa wood 轻木，软木Baltimore truss 平行弦再分式桁架baluster 栏杆小柱baluster column 栏杆柱baluster railing 立柱栏杆balustrade 栏杆，扶手bamboo 竹材bamboo concrete 竹筋混凝土bamboo fence 竹篱笆bamboo scaffolding 竹材脚手架band and gudgeon 长铰，大门门铰band iron 扁铁条，（窄）带钢band molding 带状线脚band rope 扁钢丝绳band tape 卷尺bandage 绷带，防潮带，铁箍，纽绳banded architrave 带饰门头线banded column 带饰柱，箍柱banded penstock 加箍压力钢管banded steel pipe 加箍钢管bandlet 细带banister 栏杆小柱banister brush 软毛刷banjo fixing 对接接头bank caving 淘岸，塌岸bank cutting 河岸侵蚀bank erosion 堤岸冲刷bank grading 河岸修坡bank