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An Environmental Guide for Marriott International Operations Manual July 2003 For additional information contact: Lodging Engineering Department at Tel: 301-380-5114, Fax: 301-380-6635 ECHO An Environmental Guide for Marriott International TABLE OF CONTENTS ECHO.1 Marriott International Environmental Policy Page 2 ECHO.2 Background Page 4 ECHO.3 Environmental Requirements and Alternatives Page 5 ECHO.4 Marriott Environmental Awards Page 46 ECHO.5 Public Relations Opportunities Page 49 ECHO.6 Materials and Resources Page 51 ECHO.7 Glossary Page 68 ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 1 ECH .1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY STATEMENT As a worldwide leader in the hospitality industry, Marriott International is committed to the responsibility of protecting the environment for our associates, our guests and our communities. By implementing a wide range of environmental solutions across Marriotts hospitality portfolio, we intend to increase our efforts every year to conserve and protect global natural resources. In every community, we will continually expand awareness and action among our associates and will respond to the environmental interests of our guests. William J. Shaw President and Chief Operating Officer Marriott International July, 2003 ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 2 What Each Property Should Do Investigate, identify and comply with all environmental regulations in your jurisdiction - local, state or provincial, and national! Determine and prioritize your environmental opportunities, including consideration of the views of your guests, your community, and your associates. Increase environmental awareness particularly in response to your top priorities. Use section 3 of this Manual for suggestions. Tell your guests that your property proudly supports environmentally friendly policies. Section 6 of this Manual includes a sample piece for your propertys marketing brochure or in-room guest services directory and also references an available marketing brochure. Celebrate your progress on property and through the various company awards programs available for environmental action success. Let the Corporate Communications and Public Relations Department assist you where they can. See sections 4 and 5 of this Manual. Check the Engineering Internet Website regularly for updates. Access via Marrweb, Departments, Engineering or /myweb/Lodging+Engineering/default.htm How do you start? One way, if you choose, is to designate a property-wide environmental manager and establish an environmental committee to research, recommend and monitor environmental activities. The manager should be any associate who is interested is investing some thought in the program. The committee could range from one associate to the entire Executive Committee, depending on the nature of the program and associate participation desired. Remember that the program will evolve and change. As environmental challenges change and/or new technologies become available, you should revise your program accordingly. ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 3 ECH .2 Background As environmental concerns increase throughout the world, Marriott International would like to put a framework around the various environmental actions that our properties and our brands have long since been taking, and to encourage additional property actions. This framework, ECHO, Environmentally Sensitive Hospitality Operations, is intended to provide a continued focus for associates inside Marriott and in franchise management companies operating Marriott International branded properties, through this manual, An Environmental Guide for Marriott International, and provide a clear message to guests, shareholders, owners, franchisees, and other stakeholders outside the company, assisted by the ECHO marketing brochure. See Promotional Materials and Resources, section 6 of this manual, for ordering instructions. This Operations Reference Manual, An Environmental Guide for Marriott International, states Marriott Internationals Environmental Policy, (section ECHO.1) suggests environmental actions that may be appropriate for your property, (section ECHO.3) and outlines ways to celebrate your progress. (section ECHO.4) While most of the non-regulatory actions in this manual are optional and participation is to be determined by each individual property, you may be receiving additional instructions for required elements from your region, your brand, or your management company. Be on the lookout for that information. There are environmental laws in virtually every country, state or province, and in many cities, around the world. Note! You should not discontinue any procedures required in your location on the basis of the optional language in this manual! For questions, please first contact your Marriott International Regional Engineering staff. The MI headquarters Lodging Engineering Department is also available. See section 6 of this Manual. ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 4 ECH .3 Environmental Requirements and Alternatives Reduce Reuse - Recycle A. Waste Management Page 6 B. Energy Conservation Page 15 C. Water Conservation Page 16 D. Underground Storage Tanks Page 20 E. Refrigerants Page 22 F. Asbestos Page 26 G. PCBs Page 29 H. Other Hazardous Material Page 31 I. Indoor Air Quality Page 34 J. Alternatives Checklist Page 38 Check our website regularly for updates. It can be accessed via Marrweb, Departments, Engineering or /myweb/Lodging+Engineering/default.htm _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 5 ECHO.3: Waste Management A. Waste Management: “Reuse - Reduce Recycle” Introduction The objectives of an effective waste management program are to measurably reduce the amount of waste disposal, to conserve materials, natural resources and energy, to instill awareness among Marriott International associates, suppliers and guests, to reduce purchasing costs, and to reduce disposal costs. An effective waste management program may be achieved if the following three key processes are addressed. Reduce the quantity of waste produced by avoiding the purchase of disposable and over-packaged goods. Reuse items in their original form for the same or a different purpose. Recycle waste materials to meet a market demand to produce new useful products. Considerations In order to address the feasibility of a waste management program, each property or facility should perform a waste audit for each type of waste, e.g. paper, aluminum cans, etc. A suggested format is included in this section. The waste audit will determine recycling potential as it relates to the regular supply of recyclable materials from the propertys various departments, the system to collect, sort, package and transport, and the end-market potential for recycling materials. Similar facilities should consider pooling recycling efforts with other properties. Most brokers have minimum pick-up quantities so on-site storage space is crucial and requires consideration of fire safety and sanitary requirements. Collection systems should be simple and reliable. Identify local markets for recycled materials, usually a broker. Minimize sorting and handling by separation at the source, where feasible. Consider that the cleaner the product, the higher the price received. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 6 ECHO.3: Waste Management Based on volumes that can be generated, the following are commonly recycled materials and their resulting products. Fine paper: Includes computer paper and white or colored paper such as bon, photocopy. Etc. Fine paper is cleaned and made into paper for cardboard, tissue, newsprint, etc. Fine paper can bring up to four times the price of mixed paper. Cardboard and mixed paper: Includes magazines, newspaper, manila folders and envelopes. Glass: Bottles, jars, etc. are crushed for collect, mixed with sand limestone and soda ash and then melted. The molten glass is molded into new containers. Aluminum: Cans and foil are shredded, de-lacquered and melted to make new aluminum products. The energy required to recycle aluminum is only 5% of the amount required for initial production. Plastic: Bottles and jugs are melted into resin pellets which + are used for producing plastic bags, non-food containers, insulation, carpet backing and appliances. The pellets can also be shredded into fiber filling for use in pillows, coats and quilts. ACTION PLAN Based on property size and local conditions, develop a recycling program in as many areas as practical. Determine the paper recycling potential of your particular facility using the Waste Management Audit form. Where possible, recycle all paper and cardboard. In a similar manner determine the recycling potential for glass, aluminum and plastic. Using the completed Waste Audit Forms, select a broker. Work with the broker to develop recovery systems. In addition to the above items and those discussed in the following sections, below are listed are some specific actions that any facility may adopt. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 7 ECHO.3: Waste Management WASTE MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ADMINISTRATIVE 1. Adopt a local shelter and donate unwanted food, linens, furniture, amenities, etc. 2. Ensure that all staff members making property purchases receive training on the value of green purchasing initiatives by attending BUY RECYCLED programs. 3. Educate all staff on the benefits of waste reduction, recycling and the need to use recycled and recovered products (Example: the benefits of double-sided copies and circulating buy recycled information). Establish programs that continually educate staff concerning the value of waste reduction initiatives and the proper ways to participate. 4. Establish a standardized policy that gives preference to products manufactured from recovered materials when economically viable. 5. Circulate a letter to notify all property-specific vendors and contractors of the propertys commitment to environmental excellence and asking for input on products and services that are green or are environmentally superior. Standardized waste handling and disposal procedures should be stated in written contracts and not left up to the discretion of the individual contractors. Products, vendors and contractors should also be reviewed with a focus on minimizing packaging and waste as well as determining proper disposal of all waste products. 6. Quantify the benefit and cost of recovery for food waste, cans, glass and plastic bottles, and establish a tracking system that will ensure the maximum recovery in each F&B location 7. Establish a system that provides constant and consistent feedback on the success of waste reduction initiatives by measurement of weight, volume and any economic benefits of each waste reduction initiative. Summarize all waste reduction activities and benefits in a concise written report at least quarterly. 8. Monitor all garbage containers, documenting volume before each pick-up to assure that pick-up scheduling is appropriate. 9. Organize a periodic amnesty day to collect all unneeded products and waste materials to reduce potential stockpiling and improper storage of _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 8 ECHO.3: Waste Management dead stock. Hold an annual “clean out your files day” for all property disciplines and assure that all discarded materials are recycled. 10. Research donation opportunities and manage a “bone yard” area to optimize the value of stockpiled materials. Hold biannual sales to enable staff or the public to purchase items. Donate unsold items to non-profit organizations. Ensure that the dollars resulting from sales and write-off value is documented so that these values are calculated as waste reduction benefit dollars. The carrying and disposal costs of these products should be determined and could be calculated as cost avoidance dollars. 11. Implement a centralized property-wide system for collecting, inventorying, and storing scrap metal. Suggest that all scrap metal be accounted for and tracked, with estimates of weight and volume calculated. 12. Establish and support an employee ride share/van pool program. 13. Review all waste disposal/recycling charges. The solid waste vendors should be met with and have a clear understanding of charges and the disposal or recycling processes should be reached. Research the issue of tax write off value and determine how these values are calculated to document benefit dollars resulting from waste reduction. The inventory carrying costs and/or disposal of dead stock items that are sold or donated could also be determined and calculated as cost avoidance dollars. 14. Avoid purchasing over-packaged items. Notify vendors that minimum packaging is required. GUEST ROOMS and OTHER GUEST AREAS WARNING: Any of the following suggestions that could in any way affect guest comfort should be implemented advisedly. Each hotel Brand will establish the degree of the Brand participation in guest related programs and the nature of execution and Regional team approval is required prior to implementation of any guest participation items, specifically nos. 15, 16 and 17. 15. Initiate an in-room-recycling program for cardboard, newspaper and “co-mingles” (aluminum cans, plastic and glass) where housekeepers carts are set up with visible recycling containers. Alternately, sort recyclables BOH and advertise your effort in the guest directory. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 9 ECHO.3: Waste Management 16. Initiate a towel replacement program wherein towels left on the floor are replaced and those hung on towel rods are left for reuse. 17. Initiate a bed sheet replacement program wherein linens are replaced less than every day for stayovers. Note that nos. 16 and 17 are not substantial energy, water or money savers unless the property pays for laundry by the pound. 18. Collect toilet paper rolls with less than an inch (+/-) of paper remaining for use in associate toilets, donation to associates or donation to a shelter. 19. Provide shower caps and sewing kits on request only. 20. Purchase brand standard sheets with highest thread count for both guest comfort and long wear. 21. Provide recyclable bags for pick-up of guest laundry and recover/recycle them. Use paper for delivery of guest laundry and dry cleaning in lieu of plastic. 22. Consider the use of amenity dispensers for soap, lotion, shampoo, etc. in health clubs. 23. Offer bags in the gift shop rather than automatically providing them. FOOD AND BEVERAGE 24. Establish a system with Second Harvest or other local food bank or shelter for collection and redistribution of prepared food that the property cannot use. 25. Provide drinking straws upon request only. 26. Eliminate use of polystyrene and Styrofoam products. They do not recycle, they are not biodegradable and the manufacture of such products is an environmentally unfriendly process. 27. Eliminate use of disposable cups and dishes in restaurants, room service, the associate cafeteria and catering functions, indoor or outdoor. 28. Use reusable non-breakable plastic cups and dishes in pool areas rather than disposable materials. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 10 ECHO.3: Waste Management 29. Do not use single-serving condiment packages in the associate cafeteria: sugar, sugar substitute, margarine, butter, jelly, ketchup, etc. can all be purchased and used in residential-size bulk containers. 30. Install a brown glass crusher in any high volume bar or lounge and recycle crushed glass. OFFICE and BACK OF HOUSE AREAS 31. Establish a “white paper only” purchasing policy. The manufacturing process for colored papers is even less environmentally friendly than that for white and “natural” papers. 32. Consider the use of amenity dispensers for soap, shampoo, conditioner, lotion, etc. in the associate toilet and locker room areas. 33. Collect for recycling all paperboard (e.g. boxes from office products, legal pad backing and desk blotter backing) as well as paper. 34. Recover all computer printer and fax machine “ink” cartridges for recycling. Purchase only rebuilt or recharged cartridges. 35. Establish email and bulletin boards as the primary means of written interoffice communication rather than circulating printed letters and memos. 36. Make copy machine areas into communication centers, i.e. install bulletin boards on which can be posted program results, announcements, newsletters, etc. 37. Establish a policy of two-sided copying whenever feasible. Post signs at copiers (on the bulletin boards!) to remind staff to duplex print whenever possible. 38. Use replaceable cartridge pens rather than disposable ones. 39. Provide brown bagger associates with lunch boxes or totes, possibly as part of Associate Appreciation Day. 40. Provide coffee mugs for desk workers in lieu of disposable cups. Styrofoam cups dont cost much but theyre not biodegradable. 41. Use reusable interoffice envelopes. 42. Reuse single use, single side copy paper as scratch paper. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 11 ECHO.3: Waste Management HOUSEKEEPING AND LAUNDRY 43. Purchase and use only approved cleaning products to assure maximum environmentally acceptable as well as quality and best pricing 44. Date chemicals when they are received and number each container if there are several in a batch. Ensure first-in, first-out methodology 45. Segregate acid and base products with a four-inch concrete curb between them or use plastic trays that can also be used to contain any spillage or possible leaks. 46. Offer colored linens in catering rather than white or off-white. They do not require bleach and hottest water as do white linens. Remember that a function space set with white linens will be brighter than one set with dark or medium colored linens. 47. Use low temperature detergents with sufficient cleaning power. 48. Recycle metal hangers. Contact the property dry-cleaning vendor to take hangers for reuse or contact a scrap dealer to determine if hangers can be recycled with other metal. (Their paper covers or plastic/lacquer coatings can be detrimental to the recycling process.) 49. Donate worn but usable linens to a shelter. 50. Use worn out linens as rags. Consider dying them a distinct color to easily distinguish them from current linens. GENERAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPING 51. Use rechargeable batteries where possible. 52. Use all cleaning solvents the maximum number of times before disposal, including letting paint settle out of paint thinner and reusing the cleaned portion. (If spent solvents are hazardous they must be labeled and, stored and/or disposed of properly.) 53. Date chemicals when they are received and number each container if there are several in a batch. Ensure first-in, first-out methodology 54. Review landscape contracts and add requirements encouraging vendors to mulch or compost yard waste materials. Evaluate property buy back of some or all of the mulched or composted yard waste product in lieu of new mulch or fertilizers. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 12 ECHO.3: Waste Management 55. Chose native plants and flowers - they are more disease resistant, easier to maintain and need less water. 56. Assure good soil management - pH balance, nutrient balance. Healthy plants not only look better, serve better as ground cover and live longer, they also require less water. 57. Obtain Audubon Society guidelines for environmentally friendly landscape and golf courses and apply principles as applicable. DISPOSAL 58. Establish a system to recover and recycle aerosol cans and coordinate this collection with all departments of the hotel. 59. Collect and recycle mercury -free non-rechargeable batteries. 60. Old chemicals should be applied appropriately or disposed of properly. Set a cutoff date for dead stock and sell or donate materials after that time. Future dead stock should be reviewed no less than once each year and residue sold or donated to non-profit organizations. 61. Purchase and install a cardboard baler to increase recovery. 62. Dispose of motor oil as prescribed by local code. 63. Collect and recycle all scrap metal. Require calculation of estimated weight and volume. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 13 ECHO.3: Waste Management WASTE MANAGEMENT AUDIT FORM for PAPER Generation Site Type of Paper Estimated Quantity Temporary Storage Business Center Engineering Executive Offices Food & Beverage Facilities Front Office Function Spaces Guests Rooms Housekeeping Kitchen Laundry Retail Services Other SUMMARY: Computer paper White paper includes bond and photocopy Colored paper Office mixed paper includes envelopes and manila folders Mixed paper includes magazines and newspapers TOTAL _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 14 ECHO.3 Energy Conservation B. ENERGY CONSERVATION Introduction The 20th century has witnessed dramatic advances in living standards that would not have been possible without abundant supplies of energy, but progress has not come without cost. The increase in energy consumption has created an exponential increase in environmental pollution, global warming and acid rain. By the mid 1970s, the energy crisis involved shortages and rising oil prices, and energy conservation became, despite the subsequent drop in oil prices, an integral part of successful business. Atmospheric gases, comprised mostly of carbon dioxide, prevent the earths heat from radiating back to outer space. The burning of fossil fuels and carbon based matter causes carbon dioxide levels to increase. This carbon dioxide level acts just like the windows of a green house: heat is trapped inside, hence the term green house effect and global warming from the sun. The long term effects of global warming will be climatic changes that could include increased rainfall and a rise in the sea levels from the thermal expansion of the oceans and the melting of glaciers and the polar ice caps. The potential major consequences could include coastal flooding, change in the ecosystem and food chain, increased frequency of severe weather events, and alterations of plant growth rates. The combustion of fossil fuels also produces sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxide (NOx) and ammonia (NH3). These pollutants, when mixed with rainwater, create sulfuric acid and nitric acid, acid rain, and cause pH levels of soils, rivers and lakes to decrease, damaging the ecosystem. Additionally, most energy is based on using non-renewable resources - natural gas, fuel oils, coal, etc. These elements are created naturally over eons and once depleted cannot be replaced. Renewable energy based on hydro, solar or wind power is not widely available, not yet technologically efficient in all cases, but must be a larger part of our future. In the renewable category is also nuclear energy, but highly controversial in the impacts of waste storage and risk of devastating accidents. For detailed information on Energy Conservation, visit the Engineering website. It can be accessed via Marrweb. Then click on Departments, Engineering and then click on Energy Conservation Program under the Regulatory and Environmental Channel. ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 15 ECHO.3: Water Conservation C. WATER CONSERVATION Introduction The continuous supply of pure and plentiful water has been jeopardized primarily by pollution； untreated sewage； industrial, agricultural and domestic chemicals； and other toxic waste materials. This has become a universal problem. Polluted water is believed to be one of the worlds major causes of disease. Action is needed quickly to protect and improve our water supplies. Considerations 1. Water quality should be evaluated with consideration of: the health, safety and flavor of drinking water, the health and use of other domestic water and the suitability for ongoing operation of mechanical equipment. 2. Your water treatment contractor can help you with sampling, analyses and tests, required treatment, method of dosage, maintenance procedures and handling and storage of chemicals. 3. Quality Assessment of a facilitys water quality should include: clarity (suspended solids), salts, iron, corrosivity, hardness, microbiological bacteria count and type, odor and taste, organic matter, synthetic organic compounds, dissolved gases heavy metals mineral fibers (asbestos) and other compounds. 4. After the evaluation is complete, domestic or potable (drinkable) water may require treatment of: suspended solids by sand filter, and/or flocculation high salt content by desalination (ionic/reverse osmosis, iron by potassium permanganate treatment and filtration； correction of pH by adding C02 gas or dosing with alkaline liquids, _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 16 ECHO.3: Water Conservation scale by adding chemicals (phosphates/ silicates), hardness according to Langelier index softening and blending for each system, bacteriological contamination by chlorination and/or ozone and/or odor or taste by filtration (activated carbon filter). It is important to note that ALL storage tanks (other than hot water) require chlorination regardless of incoming water quality. 5. Further treatment is required for the following non-domestic water systems to prevent corrosion of piping and equipment, biological fouling, foaming, scaling, and deposit formation: heating water system including boilers, chilled water system including cooling towers and humidifiers. 6. The biggest impact that a facility can have on water conservation, while maintaining customer satisfaction, is through the use 2.5 gpm (gallon per minute)/120mL/s shower heads and faucet flow restrictors. All brand standard showerheads are pressure compensating from 35 to 85 psi/240-580kPa. It is important to note, however, that there are substantial differences in pressures at different locations in the building that preclude the use of standard flow restrictors on showerheads and lavatory faucets. Therefore, the use of pressure compensating type restrictors is essential in achieving reduced water consumption without diminishing guest satisfaction. Water closets are designed for using a specific quantity of water at each flush. Use of flapper balls or tubes, bricks, or other devices to reduce the manufacturers intended quantity of water per flush will result in an incomplete flushing of the bowl and should only be used on 5 gal (19liter)/flush or greater water closets. If these devices are used in lower volume toilets often a second flush is necessary, resulting in even higher water consumption and customer irritation. In the United States, by Federal law, only 1.6 gal (6 liter)/flush water closets may be manufactured. Both bladder and gravity flow types are available. While early low flow gravity types have performed poorly, manufacturers have recently made improvements. Consult brand mechanical/electrical standards for current information. The bladder type, low flush water closet, because it creates high pressure flushes, overcomes the concern over low scouring power exhibited by the gravity flow, low volume units, however, it is much more expensive and noisy, and has many more moving parts subject to ongoing maintenance needs. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 17 ECHO.3: Water Conservation ACTION PLAN Careful consideration and review should be given to the following suggestions as they may impact local regulation compliance 1. Evaluate the opportunities to install 2.5 gpm/120mL/s shower heads and faucet flow restrictors (compensating type) in all guestroom areas, public spaces and back of house areas. 2. Install self-closing automatic faucets in public space toilets. Consult your brands current mechanical/electrical standards for recommended manufacturers. 3. Install automatic (battery pack) flush valves on urinals. 4. All storage tanks should be kept in operation at all times, not isolated for technical or energy saving reasons, in order to prevent contamination associated with standing water. Treat all water and sanitize tanks after maintenance. 5. Hot water tank temperatures should be maintained above120F/49C to avoid favorable breeding conditions for legionella. 6. Check all water systems and remove any cross-connection between domestic and non-domestic water systems. Install back-flow preventers and vacuum breakers as required on non-domestic systems such as cooling tower, feed-water tanks, fountains, make-up water sources and bidets. 7. Install laundry gray water reuse systems where there is a return on investment by installing a holding tank to reuse first rinse water of load one for wash water of load two. 8. When washers are to be replaced consider installation of water and energy efficient tunnel washers. 9. Irrigate landscaping with gray water. Disney World, in Orlando, Florida, captures 4,000,000 gallons of gray water a day and uses it for landscape irrigation. 10. Manage irrigation systems - most plants die from over watering rather than under watering. When in doubt, DO NOT water. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 18 ECHO.3: Water Conservation 11. Water only when needed - daily is not necessary or desirable for most plant materials. Install a rain gauge or soil moisture sensor for irrigation control. 12. Restrict lawn/bed watering to evening/night in dry climates, where the hot sun will evaporate most irrigation water before it gets to the plant roots, and to morning in humid areas so the water will dry off of top growth before it fosters disease. 13. Use soaker hoses wherever possible rather than sprinklers: the water is delivered to the plant base (roots) rather than to the air where much of it evaporates, or to the top growth where it can foster disease. 14. Use ground cover rather than grass it uses less water and can utilize soaker hoses. Ground covers do not require power mowing, thus reducing energy use, air pollution and global warming caused by burning of fossil fuels. 15. Choose native plants and flowers - they need less water and are more disease resistant. 16. Assure good soil management - pH balance, nutrient balance. Healthy plants require less water. 17. Apply mulch to hold water in beds. 18. Clean outdoor paving by sweeping with a broom rather than a hose. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 19 ECHO.3 Underground Storage Tanks D. UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS Introduction Petroleum products are widely used as either a primary or backup fuel supply to run boilers, water heaters and/or generators. In many cases the fuel oil and/or gasoline is stored in underground storage tanks (USTs) that may range in size from a 275 gallon/1000liter day tank to a 20,000 gallon/75,000 liter tank. An underground storage tank is defined as any tank, including underground piping connected to the tank, that has at least 10% of its volume underground and is used to store petroleum products. In 1990, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enacted laws concerning storage tanks that contain petroleum products to ensure that owners and/or operators of underground storage tanks find, correct and prevent leaks and spills. Such leaks and spills can seep into the ground, contaminating soil or, worse, ground water that eventually flows into rivers and lakes and drinking water sources. Some United States jurisdictions have instituted laws that are more stringent than the U.S. federal laws, with accelerated compliance dates. For this manual the U.S. federal laws are used as a minimum in the U.S. and as a reasonable guideline for practice outside the U.S. Check the regulations in your location. Effective December 1993, all USTs in the U.S. were required to have some form of leak detection. For USTs that had corrosion protection or internal lining with spill/overfill devices, monthly inventory control, combined with tank and piping tightness testing every 5 years, was an approved method. For USTs that did not have corrosion protection or internal lining with spill/overfill devices, monthly inventory control, combined with annual tank and piping tightness testing, was an approved method. On December 1998, additional EPA regulations took effect, which will essentially lead to the best decision of removing the underground tanks entirely. All USTs in the U.S. must be leak tested on a monthly basis by any one of the following approved methods, each of which requires the installation of fairly advanced equipment. These methods are: automatic tank gauging, monitoring of vapors in soil, interstitial monitoring, and monitoring for inappropriate liquids in ground water. Please note that after December 1998, inventory control (sticking) is no longer an approved method of leak detection. Effective December 1998, all USTs in the U.S. must have corrosion protection and spill/overfill devices. Steel tanks and piping may be coated with a corrosion _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 20 ECHO.3 Underground Storage Tanks resistant coating and cathodically protected using either sacrificial anodes or impressed current. Steel tanks (but not piping) may also be protected by bonding a layer of non-corrodible material to the inside of the tank. All tanks must be fitted with mechanical spill/overfill devices, such as a spill catch basin or overfill alarm, to prevent the release of fuel oil into the ground. It is necessary to consult with a specialty contractor regarding compliance with these standards. ACTION PLAN 1. Registration and Reporting: In addition to having already registered all tanks and reporting plans to close any existing tanks, in the U.S. you must report to your state or local authority when a new UST is installed. All tanks, generally for tax and fuel use reconciliation purposes, will need to be registered with the state or local authority annually. 2. Leak, Spill, Overfill: If a leak or spill is confirmed, immediate action must be taken to stop or contain it. In the U.S. all leaks, spills or overfills must be reported to state or local authority. If long-term corrective and/or clean-up action is required, state or local authority will help identify the plan that must be implemented. Outside the U.S., check with your country government for regulations regarding leaks, spills or overfills of USTs. 3. Record Keeping: In the U.S. records must be maintained on site for all leak detection performance and upkeep, including monitoring results, tightness tests, maintenance repair and calibration. Records must also include last two corrosion protection inspections, documentation of changes, repairs or upgrades, closure procedures and all fuel logs. Check with your country government for regulations regarding record keeping for USTs outside the U.S. 4. Out of Service Tanks: In the U.S., any tank that has remained out of service for more than 12 months, and has no corrosion protection, must be permanently closed. State or local authorities must be notified of intention to permanently close a tank. Existence of leaks must be determined and corrective action, as directed by state or local authority, must be taken to clean up contaminated areas. If the tank is to be left in the ground, it must be completely emptied and cleaned of all sludge, vapors and liquids, and be completely filled with a chemically inactive solid, such as sand or concrete. State or local authorities must be contacted to determine specific requirements and whether removal is required. Closing or removing a tank is a logical decision in lieu of incurring the upgrade and supervision costs, as well as the environmental and legal risks involved in tank maintenance. Consult your RVP/E 5. In service Tanks: As a minimum standard, all storage tanks must comply with local regulations and requirements as to construction and procedures. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 21 ECHO.3: Refrigerants E. REFRIGERANTS Introduction In the 1980s, scientific studies of the earths atmosphere culminated in international consensus that extensive damage was being done to the ozone layer and that this damage might ultimately disrupt the well-being of our planet. The ozone layer, which acts as a filter for the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun, is located in the earths stratosphere at an altitude of 12 miles/19 km. When chlorine based refrigerants are released into the atmosphere, a chemical reaction occurs that destroys ozone molecules. Under natural circumstances, the ozone layer will restore itself； however, at this time the rate of destruction is exceeding restoration capability. The Montreal Protocol, an international landmark agreement signed in 1987, was developed with the cooperation of scientists, government, industry and environmental groups from around the world. In November 1992, the Copenhagen Amendments to the Montreal Protocol required a ban on the production of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) effective January 1, 1996, and a production ban on Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in 2020 or 2030, depending on the type. CFCs were considered to be a major source of damage to the ozone layer. Refrigerants can escape through either intentional or unintentional venting from mechanical cooling equipment. Pursuant to the Montreal Protocol (and the 1990 Clean Air Act in the U.S.A.), the intentional venting of CFCs and HCFCs is illegal. In the United States refrigerants must be recovered using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) certified recovery units and other countries have similar requirements. All existing equipment must either use reclaimed CFC refrigerants, be retrofitted for alternative refrigerants or be replaced with new equipment that uses acceptable alternatives. CFC refrigerants will be replaced by the use of HCFC and Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants. HCFCs are transitional refrigerants on the path to chlorine-free, non-ozone depleting refrigerants. HCFC-22 s a refrigerant traditionally used in small equipment including residential air conditioning. HCFC-22 is also used in rotary screw chillers. HCFC-22 will no longer be installed in new equipment after January 1, 2010 and will be completely banned from production in 2020. HCFC-123 is the transitional replacement for CFC-11 and is limited to use in chillers. HCFC-123 will no longer be installed in new equipment after January 1, 2020 and will be completely banned from production in 2030. Hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) refrigerants, such as HFC-134a used to replace CFC-12 and CFC-500, contain no chlorine and therefore have zero ozone depletion potential. The environmental concern over HFC-134a is with reference to its _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International June 2003 Page 22 ECHO.3: Refrigerants global warming effect that is approximately ten times that of HCFC, due to the nature of the relative heat reflective/absorptive qualities of the compounds of which the two materials are composed. Importantly, the efficiency of chillers using HCFCs is lower than that of chillers using CFCs. The efficiency of HCFC is lower than that of CFCs, meaning that more electrical energy is required for comparable machines. However, as new chillers are generally far more mechanically efficient than older ones, some of the inefficiency of the refrigerant is overcome. The technology has advanced to the point that chillers may be installed with a 0.46 kW/ton capacity. This is a 25% improvement over the generally accepted “ultra high efficiency” CFC 11 machines of the early 1990s. Considerations Each piece of refrigeration equipment, existing chiller pant and building load combination are unique and require careful study to determine the best long term solution. As of today some important considerations in the use of alternative refrigerants are: The complete cost of retrofitting CFC-11 with HCFC-123 is approximately US $80/ton, as gaskets, seals and motor windings must be changed. Retrofitting a 300 ton chiller would cost approximately US $24,000. The complete cost of retrofitting CFC-12 with HFC-134a is approximately US$80-$90/ton if only an impeller change is required and US$90- $100/ton if a gear and tube replacement is required. Since the chiller retrofits are labor intensive these costs will be significantly impacted by local labor rates. There is a 5 - 12 % decrease in capacity and efficiency when retrofitting CFC-11 with HCFC-123. There is a 5 -12% decrease in capacity but a 5 - 8% increase in efficiency when retrofitting CFC -12 with HCFC-134a. Toxicity levels of HCFC-123 and HFC-134a are 10 parts per million (ppm) and 1000 ppm respectively, as compared to 1000 ppm for CFC-11 and CFC-12, so conversions to HCFC -123 and HFC-134a require installation of refrigerant leak detection/monitoring equipment and mechanical room ventilation systems in accordance with ASHRAE 15 standards. ACTION PLAN All facilities should comply with the following. 1. Maintain all chillers to manufacturers recommendations. A properly maintained CFC chiller will not cause environmental problems, and (recycled!) CFC 11 continues to be available at reasonable cost, due to the decommissioning of existing machines. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International June 2003 Page 23 ECHO.3: Refrigerants 2. Install high efficiency purges and thermal blankets on all low-pressure chillers. 3. Install rupture disk relief valves on all chillers. 4. Perform yearly leak testing on all refrigeration equipment containing CFC or HCFC refrigerants. 5. Take corrective action, including equipment replacement if necessary, to repair all refrigerant leaks. 6. Recover, recycle and reclaim all refrigerants. Conform with storage regulations in your country. 7. Consider retrofitting a chiller with new refrigerants. However, this is not generally recommended. The cost benefit of retrofit when considered against the cost benefit of chiller replacement does not generally justify this course of action. Additionally, the environmental impact of refrigerant retrofit is negative because the capacity and efficiency of the equipment is reduced resulting in much greater energy consumption for equivalent cooling capacity. 8. Consider replacing a chiller, particularly nearing the end of its normal useful life, e.g., centrifugal chillers generally last 20 to 25 years. With higher efficiencies associated with current chiller designs, replacement can have a positive impact both environmentally and with respect to operating economy. For information on Acceptable Substitute Refrigerants for Air Conditioning visit the United States Environmental Protection Agency website at . You can also find a list of Substitute Refrigerants for Air Conditioning under SNAP (Significant New Alternatives Policy) or find information relative to Refrigerants. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International June 2003 Page 24 Marriott Chiller Replacement Worksheet for Water Cooled Chillers Is it time to have your chiller replaced? The answer depends on the age and efficiency of your equipment as well as your propertys geographical location and the way your units are used. Answer these questions for each chiller. 1) Is your chiller 25 year old or older? If so go directly to question 9 2) Has your chiller required maintenance outside of the services provided for in your service agreement in terns or either direct costs or unusual staff labor hours? Yes: Go directly to question 9. No: Go to question 3 3) Is your chiller over 10 years old? Yes: Go to question 4 No: Stop if newer, its not a candidate for replacement 4) Is the efficiency (kW/ton) .70 or higher for a centrifugal chiller (.80 for screw or reciprocal type)? Yes: Go to question 5 No: Stop if more efficient its not a candidate 5) Is your cost of electricity greater than US$0.075 kWh? Yes: Go to question 6 No: Stop if less its not a candidate 6) Does the chiller operate for more than six months a year? Yes: Go to question 7 No: Stop if less its not a candidate 7) Do you have a plate and frame heat exchanger for free cooling? Yes: Go to question 8 No: Contact RVP/E for study of free cooling first, but also go to no. 9 8) Do you have a building automation system less than five years old? Yes: Go to question 9 No: Contact your RVPE for study of providing upgrading your BAS (EMS) first, but also, go to 9 9) Provide the following information for each chiller Data Chiller Unit#1 Chiller Unit#2 Chiller Unit#3 Type (centrifugal, screw, reciprocal) Age TonnageLoad efficiency (kW/ton) Manufacturer Model numberSerial number Operating hours per year obtained from BAS (EMS)or hour meter on machine Cost of service contract Cost of maintenance performed in last year Note any special conditions that impact cost of installation, such as roof mounted chiller With this information an initial review can be made to determine whether your property is a good candidate for chiller replacement. Property name_ Engineer Name_ FAX this form to your Regions VP of Engineering (Your RVP/E will consult with the mechanical/Electrical Engineer at corporate headquarters assigned to your region). ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 25 ECHO.3: Asbestos F. ASBESTOS The Marriott Lodging 1998 publication Marriott Asbestos Policy and Program contains a much more extensive explanation of asbestos issues and is available from IKON Fulfillment Center as item #24020. Marriotts policy regarding asbestos is: “It is the policy of Marriott International, Inc. to provide a safe and healthful workplace free from recognized, significant risks of serious injury or death associated with exposure to asbestos fibers. It is our policy to limit our associates indoor exposure of airborne asbestos fibers to levels at or below the Workplace Control Level of 0.01 f/cc or 70 s/m3.” Introduction Until about the mid 1960s, asbestos was very popular in the worldwide construction industry because of its thermal insulating value, its high tensile strength, and its properties as a sound attenuator. It is chemically inert and immune to rot and bacteriological attack. Its major problem, however, is its known adverse effects on human respiratory health, and consequently it has been banned from use since the mid1970s in the U.S. and many (but not all) other countries. When asbestos containing building materials (ACBM) are disturbed, fibers are released and, once inhaled or ingested, are not readily broken down or expelled. Exposure to high levels of airborne asbestos fibers over a long period of time increases the chance of contracting mesothelioma, a cancer of the lining of the lungs, or asbestosis. However, even limited exposure can be hazardous. Asbestos is a mixture of mainly magnesia, silica oxides with some iron, aluminum and calcium oxides. The major types are: White Asbestos - Chrysotile accounted for about 95 % of world production and is the asbestos most commonly used in the construction industry. It is also mixed with resins, rubbers, and plastics for flooring. Blue Asbestos - Crocidolite was typically used for thermal and acoustic insulation. Brown Asbestos - Amosite has high heat characteristics and is used mostly in fire doors, partitions, bulkheads, boilers, equipment and piping. But the mere presence of asbestos containing materials (ACM) in a building does not automatically constitute a health risk to the occupants. For asbestos to become a health hazard, it must become airborne from disturbance. The word _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 26 ECHO.3: Asbestos friable is used to describe asbestos material from which fibers have loosened and can easily become air born, creating the hazard. Considerations Asbestos can be typically handled by three methods - encapsulation, enclosure, or removal. Encapsulation involves the application of material to penetrate and bind the asbestos fibers to prevent future release and is only recommended when the asbestos is in good condition. The application must be conducted under supervised and controlled conditions, including containment of work areas to prevent the release of fibers to the environment. A consultant must also determine if the proposed encapsulation material is compatible with the particular existing asbestos. Enclosure involves building a permanent airtight environment around the asbestos, such as a sealed drywall barrier. Enclosure is typically used for those materials with localized damage or which are inaccessible. The enclosure material should be labeled to identify the presence of asbestos if work is ever required behind the enclosure. Removal is usually recommended for severely damaged materials that cannot be repaired or bear further weight (such as the weight of an encapsulant) and which are present in accessible, high traffic, high occupant loading areas. The procedure must be performed only by trained and experienced asbestos abatement personnel, pursuant to accepted specifications. During removal, the area must be isolated and all occupants relocated. It should be noted that removal is the only procedure that prevents potential future fiber releases, but it is also the most expensive solution. The removal process also potentially poses considerable health hazards, due to the release of dust, so existing asbestos should only be removed where there is no satisfactory alternative. The management of asbestos containing building materials will generally involve: a conditions survey, performed by a qualified environmental engineer, to find what asbestos is contained in the structure, and what options there are for managing it； the capital expenditures decisions about what or when to “encapsulate, enclose or remove,” as well as the resulting project management to accomplish the work； and an operations and maintenance (O&M)” program designed and written by a qualified environmental engineer and verified annually, which may include: _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 27 ECHO.3: Asbestos work practices (WPs) for individuals working around ACBMs being managed in place (encapsulated or enclosed), Notice requirements to associates and contractors, training requirements for associates and contractors, record keeping of training and health of associates working around ACBMs, and other recommendations and requirements. ACTION PLAN 1. Is your property known to have asbestos containing building materials (ACBMs)? If so, obtain a copy of the Marriott Asbestos Policy and Program for Marriott International, Follow the procedures described, and Discuss the matter with your Regional VP of Engineering. 2. Is your property in the United States and built before 1981? If so, follow the same steps as above even if you do not know of ACBMs in the building. 3. Is your property outside the United States? Investigate and understand the regulations as they pertain to your country. If you know your property to have ACBMs, obtain the Asbestos Manual for best Work Practices recommended. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 28 ECHO.3 PCBs G. PCBs Introduction PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyl) belong to a broad family of organic chemicals known as chlorinated hydrocarbons. Increased environmental awareness has brought to light its harmful effect on humans and as a result the production of PCBs stopped approximately 15 years ago. PCBs are man made, stable against heat, excellent insulators, colorless, do not dissolve in water and do not easily break apart or react readily with other chemicals. They are widely used in electrical equipment such as transformers, capacitors, switches, and voltage regulators for their cooling properties, because they do not readily burn or conduct electricity. When released into the environment, PCBs do not easily biodegrade. Their persistence and build-up in living tissues is high, mainly through the food chain, and laboratory data shows that PCBs cause cancer. TCDD is a gas of the chlorinated dioxin family, frequently referred to simply as dioxin, which can be formed when PCB is exposed to heat. Similar to PCBs, TCDD is non-biodegradable and, therefore, finds its way into the food chain. TCDD was at one time considered to be the most toxic substance known to man. Considerations As operators, our role is investigation, notification and corrective action. In some cases building owners also have a legal responsibility. ACTION PLAN 1. Investigation and disposal of transformers (oil cooled) and voltage regulators: transformers contain PCBs. If verification is not possible, check with the manufacturer or the local electrical company. If PCBs are present, check the transformers and vaults for oil leaks. If PCBs are present, the transformers should be replaced and disposed of by a licensed company at an approved disposal plant. The oil is removed there and burnt at temperatures exceeding 1,200C. Only at this high temperature can PCBs be destroyed. Do not replace or remove PCBs containing oil at the facility! 2. Investigate and dispose of capacitors: Capacitors may be on your property in different sizes large ones are for power factor corrections near the main distribution panel or at major equipment such as chillers and smaller ones are often magnetic ballasts for fluorescent light fixtures. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 29 ECHO.3 PCBs Check the nameplate data and service manuals to verify whether the large capacitors contain PCBs and treat as transformers. Small capacitors installed for magnetic ballasts in fluorescent tube lights may remain in place as long as they are intact. Check disposal limitations in your location for the quantity that may be put out with ordinary trash. They may be considered hazardous waste and require separate disposal. Replace magnetic ballast fluorescent tubes with electronic ballasted fluorescent tubes. 3. Leaks: If a leak has occurred, proceed as follows: Place a pan underneath the leaking equipment or create a dam (sand, cement, sawdust, etc.) around the equipment, preventing any further drainage to ground or storm or sanitary sewer or saturation of building materials. Evaluate the extent of leakage and migration. Carry out required repairs to the transformer to stop the leakage until replacement takes place. Depending on the extent of contamination, remove and dispose of all affected material (concrete slab, catch pans, dam material, etc,) by a licensed contractor to an approved disposal plant. Replace the item, preferably with one that does not contain PCBs. 4. All engineering personnel engaged in preventive maintenance work, repairs, coordination with contractors and record keeping relating to PCB-containing equipment shall be instructed and trained in accordance with regulatory requirements. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 30 ECHO.3: Hazardous Materials H. OTHER HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Introduction A number of additional hazardous materials are used in a facilitys daily operations. Hazardous materials can be defined as substances that can cause death, injury or impairment to the health of living organisms and/or damage to the environment. Hazardous materials and their wastes must be handled, stored and disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local regulations of every country. Some of the general categories are: Toxic substances can cause damage to health, physical or mental impairment or even death when inhaled, ingested or absorbed. Examples of such substances are pesticides and herbicides. Flammable substances can be easily ignited by sparks or flames and cause fires. Of particular concern are those liquids with low flash points, e.g. solvents and fuels. Explosive substances are capable, by chemical reaction within itself, of producing gas at such a temperature, pressure and speed to cause damage to the surroundings. Corrosive materials destroy other material by a chemical reaction. When in contact with human tissue these substances may cause bums and destroy tissue. At greatest risk are skin, eyes, the lungs and stomach. Oven and toilet cleaners are usually corrosive. Infectious substances are materials that contain viable microorganisms, and/or their toxins, capable of causing disease. Examples of infectious items are medical waste or contaminated food (botulism, salmonella, legionella). Hazardous materials and wastes can also be identified according to their sources, which include the following: kitchen bleaches, oven and drain cleaners, acids, disinfectant/germicidal cleaners, and insecticides； laundry products associated with dry cleaning and bleaching, such as perchloroethylene； housekeeping bleach, toilet and drain cleaners, general cleaning chemicals, insecticide sprays and window cleaning chemicals； engineering refrigerants, solvents, acids, oils and grease, paints, wood preservatives, hydraulic fluids, fuels, pesticides and herbicides, adhesives, and some light bulbs； and health club chlorine and bromine _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 31 ECHO.3: Hazardous Materials Considerations The overall objective is to safeguard the health of guests and associates and minimize any adverse effect of the facilitys operations on the natural environment. This will involve minimizing the use of hazardous materials； using more environmentally acceptable alternatives； limiting the use of hazardous materials to trained personnel； ensuring that hazardous materials are stored, labeled, used, handled and disposed of in accordance with all federal, state and local regulations. ACTION PLAN In order to meet the objectives a facility should do the following. 1. Identify/record all hazardous materials and their location and use. 2. Assess the hazards associated with their use and train associates about the consequences of misuse. 3. Identify, where possible, environmentally preferable alternatives. For example, select green pesticides that maintain healthy soils and therefore require less pesticide. To control aphids, use two tablespoons of Ivory Liquid (a mild residential dish detergent), one tablespoon of vegetable oil, and dilute with a gallon of water, instead of using Malathion or its equivalent. 4. Review and follow handling, storage, labeling and disposal procedures. Be sure especially that housekeeping products in use are all labeled and labeled correctly. 5. Post all Right to Know data sheets provided by manufacturers and suppliers for all hazardous materials, along with information covering their use, handling storage and disposal. 6. Provide routine hazardous materials training for employees who are working with hazardous materials and/or waste. Any employee who is exposed to specific hazardous materials should receive additional on the job training. This training should be designed to meet worker safety requirements such as the U.S. OSHAs Hazardous Communications Code. This will involve the use of Marriotts Job Safety Analysis (JSAs). 7. Train staff on proper handling, packaging, and local legal requirements concerning disposal of mercury-containing devices. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 32 ECHO.3: Hazardous Materials 8. Review current vehicle wash-down procedures to determine if the wastewater discharge to ground requires special procedures or a special permit. Options include installing a closed loop wash system, capturing or recycling the wastewater, or washing vehicles off-site at a commercial car wash facility. 9. Pre-qualify all contractors, vendors and suppliers of hazardous materials to determine whether they can comply with the facilities requirements regarding handling, use and disposal of hazardous materials. PLEASE NOTE that in many cases the facility may be liable for damages if the contractor disposes of the hazardous wastes improperly. 10. Store materials in a cool place away from excessive heat/direct sunlight. 11. Segregate acid and base products with a four-inch concrete riser between them or plastic trays that can also be used to contain any spillage or possible leaks. 12. Store in a secure way in to avoid breakage and spoilage. 13. Store in such a way as to facilitate stock rotation, allowing for old chemicals to be discarded. 14. Store in a way as to not block any corridors or exit access. 15. Store materials with all appropriate emergency equipment readily to hand, e.g. correct fire extinguisher, fire blankets & hose, a comprehensive first aid box. 16. Store all chemicals securely isolated from each other, in order to minimize risk of an explosion. 17. Store particularly volatile chemicals and materials, e.g. gas cylinders secured outside the building. 18. Store materials in properly labeled containers. 19. Ensure that there is adequate ventilation in all storage areas. 20. Ensure that there is proper fire sprinkler protection in storage rooms. 21. Some materials should be stored in and approved fire resistant cabinet that is properly vented and grounded. All relevant hotel staff shall be trained in the handling, use, storage and disposal of hazardous materials as well as all safety equipment that may be required for handling and emergency situations. Many chemical companies incorporate a full training program as part of their supply/maintenance package. _ ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 33 ECHO.3: Indoor Air Quality I. INDOOR AIR QUALITY Introduction Public awareness regarding indoor air quality (IAQ) is a natural progression from awareness and concern regarding outdoor air quality. Concern has been heightened by studies of health risks associated with tobacco smoke, carbon monoxide, radon, ozone, and general chemical sensitivity. Publicized incidents of sick building syndrome and Legionnaires disease have focused attention on specific IAQ problems. Indoor air is the ambient air inside a facility to which associates and guests are exposed. The quality of air inside a facility is reduced by a combination of pollution from the air outside and the pollutants generated from sources or activities inside the facility. Health concerns, complaints, and decreased occupant productivity can be linked to poor IAQ. In recent decades the increased concern regarding IAQ has come primarily from the widespread use of mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems in facilities with limited direct (outside air) ventilation through operable windows. In the 70s, emphasis on energy conservation decreased building leakage at windows and doors and so cut off sources of outside fresh air intake. Considerations Primary sources of pollutants include the following. Tobacco smoke adversely affects the smoker as well as others as smoke is distributed thought re-circulating mechanical systems. Building finishes, decorations and fittings are degraded as well. Building materials may include toxic substances such as formaldehyde in carpet and upholstery fabrics, that outgas when they are new. Naturally occurring airborne microorganisms can reproduce dramatically to cause respiratory problems under certain building conditions, including temperature, moisture and air flow. Combustion products may include gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, or hydrocarbons from boilers, generators, vehicle engines and other sources. Chemical vapors may come from cleaning solvents, pesticides, paints and varnishes, including vapors from volatile organic compounds. Dust or particulate matter introduced with outside air or from internal activities, which may also contain microorganisms, can be an irritant to people. It can also damage equipment, furnishings and finishes, as well as increase cleaning requirements. ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 34 ECHO.3: Indoor Air Quality Radon gas and radon products can be released from the ground on which the building is situated or by stone (especially granite), cement or brick building materials. Methane gas is caused by decomposition of waste or landfill material, and can become a concern primarily if the building site is on or near a landfill for municipal waste. Other equipment in the building, such as photocopiers and some air cleaners (ozone production), dry cleaning machines (solvents), etc., can also reduce indoor air quality. Additional Considerations Ventilation: Pollutants generated inside the facility may be diluted and the IAQ improved by increasing outside air ventilation. Filtration: In some locations, especially congested urban areas or heavy industrial centers, the outside air must be filtered of contaminants before being used for building ventilation. Humidity: High humidity causes occupant discomfort, damages moisture sensitive materials such as wood, paper and related products, and fosters mildew growth, with its consequent finish and fabric damage and odors. ACTION PLAN The overall objective of a good IAQ program is to safeguard the health and welfare of all building occupants by adopting air quality procedures and carrying out routine maintenance. All air contains some contaminants. Our goal is to reduce health concerns or irritation to the lowest feasible level for the comfort of guests and associates, at a level higher than generally required by regulation. The basic approaches to improving IAQ are: eliminate or reduce the pollutant source, filter or purify the air； and ventilate or dilute pollutants with clean air. Your IAQ program should include routine review and correction of the following problems. 1. At cooling towers eliminate stagnant water accumulation and remove biological contaminants by proper drainage and water treatment. ECHO: An Environmental Guide for Marriott International July 2003 Page 35 ECHO.3: Indoor Air Quality 2. Evaluate any location where moisture can build up and stand between 70F/21C and 120F/49C (even up to 140F/60C) and drain or treat the water. This is the environmental in which legionella flourishes. Clean air filters or replace filtration media (such as sand) frequently. 3. Assure that swimming pool and whirlpool water is properly treated with chlorine, bromine or the like, to prevent excess bacterial growth which can easily become airborne. Do not use chlorine treatment for water temperatures over 100F/37C as the chlorine breaks down and becomes ineffective. Occupants breathing in water vapor in whirlpools laden with legionella is a source of that disease. 4. At air-conditioning supply ducts and cooling coils check for cleanliness, excess moisture, microorganisms and particulate matter and make corrections as necessary 5. Clean permanent HVAC filters or replace disposable filters monthly. 6. Clean air intake systems monthly. 7. Check systems routinely for refrigerant or air leaks. 8. Assure that fresh air intake dampers are operating and used properly 9. At heating, boiler or other combustion systems confirm a proper air-to-fuel ratio, correct fuel leaks and ensure proper venting of waste gases. 10. Maintain positive air pressure in guestrooms, and all other spaces, to reduce structural and finish damage caused by the growth of mildew. W