自动化专业英语二.doc

一Control systems are designed so that certain designated signals, such as tracking errors and actuator inputs, do not exceed pre-specified levels. Hindering the achievement of this goal are uncertainty about the plant to be controlled (the mathematical models that we use in representing real physical systems are idealizations) and errors in measuring signals (sensors can measure signals only to a certain accuracy). Despite the seemingly obvious requirement of bringing plant uncertainty explicitly into control problems, it was only in the early 1980s that control researchers re-established the link to the classical work of Bode and others by formulating a tractable mathematical notion of uncertainty in an input-output framework and developing rigorous mathematical techniques to cope with it. This book formulates a precise problem, called the robust performance problem, with the goal of achieving specified signal levels in the face of plant uncertainty.控制系统的设计,某些指定的标志,如跟踪误差及致动器的输入,不超过预先规定的水平。阻碍这一目标的实现是不确定性的植物需要控制(数学模型,我们用来代表真正的物理系统都理想化)和测量误差信号(传感器可以测量信号只在一定精度)。尽管看似明显的需求将控制不确定性明确用控制问题,它只是在20世纪80年代早期,研究人员重新控制链接的经典之作,另一些则是通过制定一个容易处理的数学概念的不确定性在输入输出框架和开发严谨的数学技巧来应对它。这本书制定一个精确的问题,叫做鲁棒性能问题,其目标是实现信号电平指定在面对不确定性的控制。二The process of designing a control system generally involves many steps. A typical scenario is as follows:1. Study the system to be controlled and decide what types of sensors and actuators will be used and where they will be placed.2. Model the resulting system to be controlled.3. Simplify the model if necessary so that it is tractable.4. Analyze the resulting model; determine its properties.5. Decide on performance specifications.6. Decide on the type of controller to be used.7. Design a controller to meet the specs, if possible; if not, modify the specs or generalize the type of controller sought.8. Simulate the resulting controlled system, either on a computer or in a pilot plant.9. Repeat from step 1 if necessary.10. Choose hardware and software and implement the controller.11. Tune the controller on-line if necessary.设计的过程控制系统通常涉及许多步骤。一个典型的场景如下:1 研究将对系统的控制和决定什么类型的传感器和执行器的使用和在哪里他们将被放置。2 模型结果的系统控制。3 简化模型如果必要,以便它是容易掌握的。4 分析结果的模型,确定它的参数。5 决定性能规格。6 在决定要使用类型的控制器。7 设计一个控制器来满足规格,如果可能的话;如果不是,修改规格或泛化类型的控制器寻求。8 模拟结果控制系统,或者在一个计算机上或在一个试验工厂。9 重复第1步中如果有必要。10 选择的硬件和软件,实现控制器。11 如果有必要调整控制器在线。三It must be kept in mind that a control engineers role is not merely one of designing control systems for fixed plants, of simply “wrapping a little feedback” around an already fixed physical system. It also involves assisting in the choice and configuration of hardware by taking a system- wide view of performance. For this reason it is important that a theory of feedback not only lead to good designs when these are possible, but also indicate directly and unambiguously when the performance objectives cannot be met.一定要记住的一个控制工程师的角色不仅仅是控制系统设计的一个固定的植物,简单的“包装一个小的反馈”在一个物理系统已经固定。它还涉及到协助选择和配置的硬件系统,通过把一个大范围的视角的性能。因为这个原因,这是很重要的一个理论的反馈不仅导致好的设计,这些都是可能的,但也表明直接和明确绩效目标并不能满足。It is also important to realize at the outset that practical problems have uncertain, non- minimum-phase plants (non-minimum-phase means the existence of right half-plane zeros, so the inverse is unstable); that there are inevitably unmodeled dynamics that produce substantial un- certainty, usually at high frequency; and that sensor noise and input signal level constraints limit the achievable benefits of feedback. A theory that excludes some of these practical issues can still be useful in limited application domains. For example, many process control problems are so dominated by plant uncertainty and right half-plane zeros that sensor noise and input signal level constraints can be neglected. Some spacecraft problems, on the other hand, are so dominated by tradeoffs between sensor noise, disturbance rejection, and input signal level (e.g., fuel consumption) that plant uncertainty and non-minimum-phase effects are negligible. Nevertheless, any general theory should be able to treat all these issues explicitly and give quantitative and qualitative results about their impact on system performance.同样重要的是要意识到在开始时实际的问题却不确定的、非最小相位植物(非最小相位意味着正确的存在,所以逆建构零是不稳定的);这也不可避免地产生大量未建模动态,联合国确定性,通常是在高频率;传感器噪声和输入信号电平约束限制了可实现的好处的反馈。一种理论,即排除其中的一些实际问题仍然是十分有用的在有限的应用领域。例如,许多过程控制问题是如此的主要由植物不确定性和正确的建构,传感器噪声和零输入信号级别的约束可以忽略不计。一些飞船问题,另一方面,所以由折衷传感器噪声,抑制扰动,和输入信号级别(例如,燃料消费),植物不确定性和非最小相位的影响可以忽略不计。然而,任何一般理论应该能够对所有的这些问题明确和给定量和定性的结果对他们的影响,对系统性能。四The most elementary feedback control system has three components: a plant (the object to be controlled, no matter what it is, is always called the plant), a sensor to measure the output of the plant, and a controller to generate the plants input. Usually, actuators are lumped in with the plant. We begin with the block diagram in Figure 3.1. Notice that each of the three components has two inputs, one internal to the system and one coming from outside, and one output. These signals have the following interpretations:最基本的反馈控制系统具有三个组件:植物(该对象的控制,不管它是什么,始终被称为植物),一个传感器测量输出的植物,和一个控制器来生成植物的输入。通常,执行机构集中在与植物。我们开始框图如图3.1所示。注意,每个三个组件有两个输入:一个内部系统和一个来自外部,和一个输出。这些信号作出如下解释:r reference or command input 引用或命令输入v sensor output 传感器输出u actuating signal, plant input 执行信号、控制的输入d external disturbance 外部干扰y plant output and measured signal 工厂产量和测量信号n sensor noise 传感器噪声五Robust Stability 鲁棒稳定性A controller C provides robust stability if it provides internal stability for every plant in P.一个控制器C提供的鲁棒稳定性如果它提供内部稳定的每个控制对象都在P。单词：7个字母以上。（坑爹啊，7个以内没多少）Autopilot 自动驾驶仪Available 现有的，可用的Available capital 可用资金Advantageously 便利地A fraction of 零点儿Arrangement 结构Active network element 有源网络，元件Appearance 现象Apparent 表面的Actuator 传动装置Advisable 可取的，适当的A succession of 一系列的A collection 一批，一群Abundant 大量的Aperiodic 非周期的Admisable 容许的Ascertain 确定Auxiliary equation 辅助方程Admittance 导纳Arbitrary 任意的Actuating signal 调节信号Aggravate 恶化Asymptotically 渐进性Address oneself to 论述，谈判Amenable 适合于的Be characterized by 的特点在于Be coupled with 结合，和联合Be content with 限于Be applied to 施加于Backlash 轮齿隙Bulk modulus 体积弹性模量系数Complete the prescribed form 填好规定表格Capacitance 电容Compactly 紧密的，坚实的Computational 计算上的Compromise 折衷Complement 补充的Compressibility effect 压缩效应Contribution 组成,成分Constriction 阻塞物Convection 对流Conservation of mass 物质守恒Condution 传导Conceptual 概念上的Conceptual knowledge 理性知识Conceptual phase 初步设计阶段，草图Considerable interest 相当重要Controlled 可控的，受控的Contradictory 矛盾的Configuration 结构，图形Correspond to 和相符合,相当多,与相称Coupling 耦合Common-emitter 共发射极Cryogenic 低温的Cross section 横截面Category 种类Celebrated 著名的Coulomb friction 库伦摩擦Design specification 设计要求（任务书）Derivative 导数Dissipate 消耗Discharge 排泄Discipline 学科，训练Driving potential 驱动力Departure from 偏离Deviate from 与有差Equilibrium 平衡Emissivity 发射率Expenditure 支出Explosion 剧变，突破Formulize 阐述Frictional 摩擦的Flow quantity 流量Governing differential equations 控制差分方程Governor 调速器Give an impetus to trade 促进贸易Gear train 传动机械,齿轮组Generalized coordinate 广义坐标Heat contect 热容量Hydraulic 水力液压传动装置It is customary to 通常做Impedance 阻抗，电阻Incident energy 入射能Incorporated 合并In conjunction with 和一起，连同一起Inductance 电感In essence 本质上，大体上In tension 受控,处于受控状态Innovative=innovatory 更新的，创新的，富有创新精神的Inertial coordinate system 惯性坐标系统Interpretation 解释Incremental 增量Kinetic energy 动能Manipulators 操纵器，机械手Moment of inertia 转动惯量Momentum 动量，冲量，力量Modification 变形Mutual resistance 互阻Noteworthy 值得注意的，显著的Orainary differential equation 常微分方程On an unprecedented scale 以空前未有的Pneumatic 气动的Potential energy 势能Peculiar to 限于,为所特有Procedure 方法Prescribe 规定，命令Primary side 原线圈,初级线圈Postulate 要求，假设Perspective 观点Productivity 生产率Photovoltaic 光电的，光电池的，光致电压的Preconceive 预想，实现想好Preconceive 先入之见Property 特性(征)参数Potentiometer 电位器，分压器Quiescent 静态Quiescent operation 静态工作Refinement of the chip 集成电路的精制Rearrange 重新整理Regardless of 不管Reckon with 慎重处理Shaft position 轴角Secondary side 副线圈,次级线圈Schematically 用图示法,用图解法Specification 性能，特性，详细说明Simultaneous equation 联立方程式Simplified version 示意图，草图，简单化型式Sophisticated 尖端的，复杂的Sophistication 改