石油类英语实习报告.doc

天津工程职业技术学院毕业实习报告 中澳三班 李伟 2008015434Tianjin Engineering Technical Institute毕业实践报告（副标题） 定向井技术及流程 专业班级：石油工程（中澳）08-4学生姓名： 学 号：指导教师： 职 称：导师单位： 完成日期： PrefaceGraduation practice is very important to college students. And it is very necessary for us to learn and exchange during the practice. If we want to make progress in self-development, as a student, we need to perform actively in practice.I am a student of Sino - Aus Class three, Grade 08. During the site-practice I made a visit to BHDC. I learned a lot of knowledge. And much of them are different from I gained in class and from books. I am well aware of the gap between the theory and practice. This practice report is written after working in wellsite and visiting oil companies. Practice is necessary before we go to work. It can also encourage us to put the knowledge we learned in class into practice and grasp the ways of solving practical problems. Its purpose is to make us have a good preparation in knowledge, technical ability, mentality and accomplishment, so as to increase our competence in job hunting and in further self-development. In this report I introduce something about this graduation practice, our activities, gains and reflections. This report has four sections. It shows some equipment of drilling, their functions and types. And I even took pictures of some of them. Key words: equipment of drilling rig, API standard, cement, troubles & solutionsContents1 .Site-practice in BHDC（1）1.1 Introduction（1） 1.2 Work Experience（1）1.3 Drilling equipment （1）1.3.1 The Rotary System（2）1.3.2 Well Control System（8）1.3.3 Solid Control Equipments（11）1.3.4 Treatment and Mixing Equipment（15）2.Gains ( 18 )3.References ( 19 )4.Acknowledgements （20）Graduation Practice Report1. Site-practice in BHDC1.1 IntroductionDuring the graduation practice （March 1st 2011 to April 20th） I worked in BHDC. When I got there workers were busy drilling the hole. Each of them was careful of their jobs. In this place I saw what the real drilling was like. So I exploited my eyeshot. I know drilling is not an easy thing. We should have a spirit of hard working. In this place I got a lot of help from the teachers and workers there, who have passed on knowledge to me and shared with me my worries. 1.2 Work ExperienceWhen I arrived at the wellsite, I was assigned to the day shift, which worked between 3:00 am and 3:00 pm. The toolpusher introduced a skilled worker to me, who later became my master. But during the first days my master did not let me some difficult site-work, because there has been much danger on the location. So I just did some simple work, such as lifting the sand, digging the hole, doing the cleaning and so on. Although they were quite simple work, I still felt rather tired. Those workers were all so warmhearted and showed the operation process to me. By working in site I gradually have learned some things.1.3 Drilling equipment1.3.1 The Rotary SystemThe rotary system is the set of equipments necessary to promote the rotation of the bit. The bit must be mechanically and hydraulically connected to the rig.This connection is made by the drillstring. The purpose of the drillstring is to transmit axial force, torque, and drilling fluid (hydraulic power) to the bit. The basic drillstring is composed of the following components:l Swivel,l Kelly and accessories,l Rotary table and components, l Drillstring tubulars (drill pipe, drill collars, etc.),l Drill bit.Several other components and equipment can be connected to the drillstring to perform several tasks and to lend to the drillstring special features.1.3.1.1 Swivel The swivel is suspended by the hook of the traveling block and allows the drillstring to rotate as drilling fluid is pumped to within the drillstring. Without the swivel, drilling fluid could not be pumped downhole, or the drillstring could not rotate. The swivel also supports the axial load of the drillstring. A flexible hose connects to the gooseneck which is hydraulically coupled to the top of the swivel stem by a stuffing box. The stem shoulder rest on a large thrust tapered roller bearing, which transmits the drillstring weight to the swivel body, and then to the bail. The thread connector of the swivel is cut lefthand so that it will not tend to disconnect when the drillstring is rotated by the kelly or by the top drive.1.3.1.2 Kelly, Kelly Valves, and Kelly Saver SubBelow and connected to the swivel is a long four-sided (square) or six-sided (hexagon) steel bar with a hole drilled through the middle for a fluid path called kelly. The purpose of the kelly is to transmit rotary motion and torque to the drillstring (and consequently to the drill bit), while allowing the drillstring to be lowered or raised during rotation. The square or hexagonal section of the kelly allows it to be gripped and turned by the kelly bushing and rotary table. The kelly bushing has an inside profile matching the kellys outside profile (either square or hexagonal), but with slightly larger dimensions so that the kelly can freely move up and down inside it. The overall length of the kelly varies from 40 ft to 54 ft.It is common (and advisable) to include two special valves at both ends of the kelly, called kelly valves. (The upper kelly valve has lefthand threads.) The kelly valve consists of a ball valve which allows free passage of drilling fluids without pressure loss. This is a safety device that can be closed to prevent flow from inside the drillstring during critical operations like kick control. It also isolates the drillstring from the surface equipment and allows disconnecting the kelly during critical operations.Kelly saver subA kelly saver sub is simply a short length pipe with has male threads on one end and female on the other. It is screwed onto the bottom of the lower kelly valve or topdrive and onto the rest of the drillstring. When the hole must be deepened, and pipe added to the drillstring, the threads are unscrewed between the kelly saver sub and the rest of the drillstring, as opposed to between the kelly valve or topdrive and the saver sub. This means that the connection between the kelly or topdrive and the saver sub rarely is used, and suffers minimal wear and tear, whereas the lower connection is used in almost all cases and suffers the most wear and tear.The saver sub is expendable and does not represent a major investment. However, the kelly or topdrive component threads are spared by use of a saver sub, and those components represent a significant capital cost and considerable downtime when replaced. It is important that both lower kelly valve and kelly saver sub be of the same diameter of the drill pipe tool-joints to allow stripping into the hole during control operations. 1.3.1.3 Rotary Table and ComponentsTorque and is transmitted to the kelly by the kelly bushing. The kelly bushing hasan inside profile matching the kellys outside profile (either square or hexagonal), but with slightly larger dimensions so that the kelly can freely move up and down inside it. The kelly bushing fits in the master bushing, which, in turn, attach to the rotary table. It connects to the master bushing either by pins of by a squared link. A master casing bushing is used to handle casings. The master bushing transmits torque and rotation from the rotary table to the kelly bushing. The master bushing (and also the master casing bushing) has a tapered internal hole .The purpose of the tapered hole is to receive the pipe slips During pipe connection or drillstring trip operations, this tapered hole receives either the drill pipe slips, or the drill collar slips, or the casing slips, which grips the tubular and frees the hook from its weight. Because of the slick shape of most drill collars, a safety clamp is always used above the drill collar slips (mandatory!) If the drill collars slides in the slips, the safety clamp works as a stop to force the slips to grip the drill collar.The rotary table receives power from the power system (either mechanical or electric.) A gearbox allows several combinations of torque and speed. 1.3.1.4 Drillstring tubulars (drill pipe, drill collars, etc.)In the bore hole the drill rod, the core tube and the drill bit or the drill rod, the drill collar and drill bits assembly, drills the plate connection and by its rotation with the well headFunction：l Push out drill bit; l Exerts the bit pressure; l Transmission power; l Transportation drilling fluid; l Carries on the special work: Squeezes, the processing mine shaft accident and so on.1.3.1.5 Drill bit1.3.1.5.1 Three roller bitsThree roller bits are the petroleum well drilling important tools, its operating performance quality immediate influence well drilling quality, well drilling efficiency and well drilling cost.1 Uses the floating bearing structure, fluctuates the part by high strength, the high elasticity, the high heat resistance, the high wear resistant characteristic new material to be made, surface after smoother processing. While reduces the bearing vice-relative link speed, reduces the rubbing surface temperature rise, can enhance the high bit pressure or under the high speed well drilling technological conditions bearing life and the bearing reliability effectively. 2 Use the high accuracy the metal seal. The metal seal axial moves the seal by a careful design processings metal packing ring as the bearing, two high elasticity rubber energized the circle to be located at the tooth palm and the cutter separately seals in the region to take the static seal, the optimized seal compression quantity had guaranteed two metal link sealing surface maintained the good contact throughout. 3. Steel ball locking cutter, adaptation high speed. 4Use may limit the differential pressure and prevent the drilling fluid to enter lubrication systems entire rubber oil storage pouch, has provided the good lubrication guarantee for the bearing system. 5Use may bear 250C high temperature, the anti-attrition new lubricant. 6Inlay the tooth drill bit to use the high strength tough hard alloy tooth, an optimization design tooth row of number, the number of teeth, the dew tooth highly and the unique alloy tooth contour, displayed fully has inlaid the tooth drill bit high resistance to wear and outstanding cutting power. The steel tooth drill bit tooth face spreads welds the new anti-friction material, while maintains the steel tooth drill bit high machinery drills fast, enhanced the drill bit cutting tooth life.1.3.1.5.2 PDC drill bit The PDC product performance improves unceasingly for many years , PDC cut tooths quality and the type has had the huge change. If the 1980ss tooth will carry on comparison with the now tooth, the difference is quite big. As a result of the mixing techniques and fabrication technologys change, the now cutting tooths quality performance must be much better, causes drill bits anti-eroding as well as anti-impact ability greatly is the enhancement Engineer also have carried on the optimization to between the tungsten carbide substrate and artificial diamonds contact surface, enhances cuts tooths toughness. The layered diamond craft aspects innovation also uses in enhancing the product the anti-abradability and the most ability. Besides the material and the fabrication technology aspects development, the PDC product has also realized the significant breakthrough in tooths design technique and the cloth tooth aspect. Now, the PDC product has been possible used in before not to be able the application area, like was harder, the abradability to be stronger and the changeable stratum. This kind to the new domains in expansion, (cut tooth fixedly) to the diamond the drill bit and between roller bits balanced has had the very tremendous influence. Initial, the PDC drill bit can only use in the soft shale stratum, the reason is the hard band can damage the drill bit. But as a result of the new technologys appearance as well as the structure change, the PDC drill bit has been able to use at present drilling the hard band and the long section hard rocky ground level. The PDC drill bit more and more is selecting for the people, especially along with the PDC dentine quantitys unceasing enhancement, this kind of situation even more highlights. as a result of the drill bit design and tooths improvement, the PDC drill bits orientability also along with it enhancement, this further weakened in the motor well drilling roller bits superiority. At present, the PDC drill bit casts aside roller bits market every day in many stratums well drillings using the rock row.The drill bit mainly divides into: Drag bit; Roller bit; Carbon bit; Carbide drill; Special drills prime. Weighs drill bits major targets or quotas are: The drill bit footage and the machinery drill fast.1.3.2 Well Control SystemThe functions of the well control system are to detect, stop, and remove any undesired entrance of formation fluids into the borehole. An undesired entrance of formation fluid into the borehole is called kick and may occur due to several reasons l High pressure formations, l Insufficient drilling fluid density, l Drillstring swab, l Loss of circulation, l Formation fracture, etc. If the undesired entrance of fluid feedbacks and the fluid continuously enters the borehole reaching the surface, it is called blowout. Blowouts (in particular gas blowouts) are extremely dangerous and put the crew, the rig, the drilling operation, and the reservoir at risk.The well control system must detect, control, and remove the undesired entrance of fluids into the borehole. The system is composed of sensors l flow rate, l surface volume, l annular and drillstring pressure etc,) l Capable to detect l an increase of flow or volume in the fluid system, l the blowout preventer (BOP), l the circulating pressure control manifold (choke manifold), and l the kill and choke lines.1.3.2.1 BOP (Blow out preventer) The BOP is a set of packoffs capable of shutting the annular space between the surface casing and the drillstring.Because of the diversity in shape of the annular, several different device types exist and they are normally assembled together (and in various configurations) called BOP stack .The BOP stack is located under the rotary table in land and fixed marine rigs, and on the bottom of the sea in mobile and floating rigs.Types of BOPThe various types of BOP devices are:Annular BOP: The purpose of the annular BOP is to shut the annular in front of any kind of drillstring equipment (except stabilizers) or even without drillstring.The active element is an elastomeric ribbed donut that is squeezed around the drillstring by a hydraulic ram. It is located at the top of the BOP stack. Controlling the pressure applied to the ram, it is possible to strip the drillstring in and out while keeping theannular closed, which should be connected immediately to the drillstring when a kick is identified. The inside bop acts as a check valve, allowing fluid be pumped down the drillstring, but blocking back flow.Blind ram: The blind rams (normally one at the top of all other rams) allows shutting the borehole with no drillstring element in front of it. If the blind ram is applied to a drillpipe, the pipe will but no seal is obtained.Pipe rams: The pipe rams allows shutting the annular in front a compatible drill pipe (not in front of tool joints.) Normally two rams are used (a special spool between the two is used where the kill and choke line is connected.The use of two pipe rams also permit to snub the drillstring during the well control operation.Shear rams: The shear ram (normally one below the blind ram or below all other rams) can shear a drill pipe and provide seal. This is a last resource when all other rams and annular had failed. Circulation through the drillstring is lost and, if the shear ram is the lower one, the drillstring falls into the borehole.All these safety devices are hydraulically actuated by a pneumatichydraulic system (actuators and accumulators), which can operate completely independent of the power system of the rig. Two control panels are normally used, one at the rig floor, and a remote one away from the risky area. The accumulators are steel bottles lined with a elastomeric bladers forming two separated compartments. One compartment is filled with oil, which powers the BOP. The other compartment is filled with air or nitrogen at high pressure. The pressure of the gas pressurizes the oil across the elastomeric liner. Rig power, during ordinary operation, keeps the gas in the accumulators under pressure. The accumulators should be able to provide hydraulic power to close and open all elements of the BOP stack a number of times without external power.1.3.2.2 Choke ManifoldDuring a kick control operation, some of the BOP stack devices are actuated to close the annulus and divert the returning fluid to the choke line. The choke line directs the returning fluid to a manifold of valves and chokes called choke manifold, which allows to control the flow pressure at the top of the annular adjusting the flow area open to flow. The choke manifold also direct the flow to a flare (in case of a gas kick), or to the pits (if mud) or to special tanks (if oil).1.3.3 Solid Control Eq