3月阅读机经(1).doc

3月阅读机经1.英国的libel law2. Biomagnification 有毒化学物质在食物链中的毒性渐进3. 美国经济4. 美国高地的人5. 加拿大ceiling 计划6. 星系7. 地球变暖和冰川融化8. 暗物质9. China exclusion act10.carbon emission trade11. 光滑的California岩石12. Alder and pine13. overeducated works的雇佣问题14. 汽车客户忠诚度15. 妇女运动16. 大脑传递信息的两种方法17. 巨型动物的灭绝18. 药物与心脏病19动物警惕性随group size的增加而减少20. 本地集中生产的好处21. 太阳悖论22. 金星Venus表面现象与地球火山地形的比较23. 客户忠诚度24.工厂选址25. 中国队北极科考测量珠峰高度26. WTO对telecommunication的影响27.28.29.30.31.32.33.34.35.36.37.38.39.40. 1.Birtish 的 libel law (by soursugar 710)para 1 说英国有个法律蛮搞笑的，具体就是允许任何国家的人在英国起诉在任何国家发表的文章，如果这个起诉人觉得这个文章或者言论冒犯到他的话，但是这个起诉有个前提 就是这个被起诉的文章必须要在英国范围内被人读过（很无厘头的法律）然后举了两个例子，内容上差不多的，大致就是说一个希腊居民（是住在希腊的希腊人哦）可以向英国法院起诉美国（国家不确定 但是无所谓）杂志社或者作者发表的文章，只要这个文章在英国范围内有人读过的话. 这样的法律呢 就导致了英国在这方面的成本很高para 2作者提出了这个libel law的缺点,具体就是说它一定程度上限制了言论自由和观点的自由发表 para 3 作者对这个法律提出了自己的建议 他觉得应该把范围缩小到 除非是故意在英国范围内发表，不然都不予审理Q1问就英国目前的法律而言，以下哪种情景是least possible to be considered as 那个libel的?记得选那个没有在英国本土发表的就可以啦Q2主旨题 inference提：从文章中推出以下哪项 LZ：在英国比在其他国家起诉诽谤更（多）。还有个迷惑想是英国的诽谤案子多是外国人的 注意题目很多变体2.Biomagnification 有毒化学物质在食物链各个环节中的毒性渐进 (考古)P1:Biomagnification有毒化学物质在食物链各个环节中的毒性渐进 means that the level of toxin in animals tissues rises as one moves up the food chain. For instance, as larvae eat algae, （此处有题 问algae的作用，我选的是处在食物链最低端不知对否） fish eat the larvae, and bigger fish eat smaller fish, the toxin present in the algae becomes increasingly concentrated; top predators like swordfish and polar因为处在食物链顶端所以毒素最高 bears end up with the highest doses in their tissues. This can happen with stable, fat-soluble脂溶性的 chemicals that arent easily excreted in urine or feces不容易通过尿或粪便排泄出去. Biomagnification was first studied in the late 1960s in aquatic水上的 food webs, explains Frank Gobas, professor at Simon Fraser University and leader of the study. To screen chemicals, scientists began using a property known as Kow水分配系数, which indicates how readily a chemical dissolves in water compared with fat and thus predicts how easily it will move from a fishs blood lipids into water through its gills鳃. Low-Kow, or more water soluble可溶解的, chemicals dont build up in the fish food chain and were assumed to be safe. Gobas这个人第一个发现了这种化学物质可以在水中溶解，鱼可以很容易地通过鳃来排泄。Gobas一开始认为low-Kow安全。P2:Environmental chemists realized, however , that this assumption might not hold in food chains involving mammals and birds because their lungs are in contact with air, not water. This means that many chemicals that are relatively soluble in water and therefore dont accumulate in fish might remain in the tissues of land animals if they arent volatile enough to easily move from the lungs into the air (predicted by a property called Koa空气分配系数). Supporting this idea, some organic chemicals that dont biomagnify in fish appeared to be doing so in other wildlife and humans. 但是，环境学家认为这个假设不对，提出哺乳动物和鸟类可能不能排泄这种化学毒素，因为它们的肺接触空气而不是水。KoaP3:To explore this hypothesis, Gobas and graduate student Barry Kelly and colleagues collected plant and animal tissue samples from lichens青苔 to beluga 白鲸whales killed in Inuit huntsin the Arctic, where, because of weather patterns and cold temperatures, organic pollutant levels are high. They tested the samples not only for known POPs but also for several chemicals with a low Kow but high Koa, which suggested they might biomagnify in air-breathing animals. The measured levels of contaminants for various animals in aquatic and land food webs were similar to those predicted from a bioaccumulation model incorporating合并一体化 Koa and Kow, suggesting the model was correct. Chemicals with low Kow and high Koa stood out as potentially risky. 最后Gobas也说Low Kow并且high Koa的有潜在危险的，证实了Biomagnification，即毒素随着食物链的增长会沉积。Q1、algae的作用是什么？海藻处在食物链最低端 毒素最低Q2有道题是bear体内有lowKOW（在水中能溶解的有毒物质）暗示啥 熊prey landbased animal附：感谢hyukhee 童鞋提供的翻译B是指毒素通过动物组织沿着食物链移动。例如，幼虫larvae吃海藻algae，鱼吃幼虫，大鱼吃小鱼，毒素在海藻中的含量增加，顶层的如swordfish和polar bears的掠食者积累最多。这（化学物质在掠食者中积累）是稳定的，因为脂溶性的fat-soluble化学物质不容易通过尿urine或粪便feces排泄出去。第一次发现B是在1960s SFU的教授Frank Gobas研究水中食物网的时候。为了反映化学物质，科学家开始使用KOW来观察含脂肪的化学物质是如何在水中溶解的，并且可以预测这种化学物质怎么通过鱼的腮gill，从鱼的血液里流入水中。Low-Kow说明这种水溶性的化学物质不影响鱼的食物链，并且是很安全的。 但是，环境化学家发现，这个假设在mammal和bird的食物链中不成立，因为他们是靠肺lung和air接触的，不是靠水。这就意味着许多水溶性的化学物质不能够在鱼的体内积累，却能够在陆地动物的体内积累，如果他们不容易挥发的话（可以用Koa来预测）。所以，一些不在鱼中进行B的化学物质却可以在其他野生动物和人类中进行B。（就是可以在mammal和bird的食物链中转移毒素）为了探索这个假设，Gobas和他的学生Barry Kelly还有同事们收集了植物和动物的组织样本从青苔lichens到白鲸beluga whales在北极，由于其气候和低温，器官内的污染物质（毒素）会积累很多。他们测试这些样本不仅仅是为了知道POPs，还为了找到一些low Kow但是high Koa的化学物质，这些化学物质意味着在air-breathing animals中有B。不同动物，水或者陆地，的食物网中污染物质含量和合并Koa and Kow预测的结果相似，说明这个模型是正确的。low Kow and high Koa的化学物质有潜在的风险。 3. 美国经济 (考古)第一段：老观点：美国经济在大概1980年时期下滑，开始，有人就研究原因，说是两个理由导致这个结果：1. 劳动力capital太贵2. manager不愿意进行长期投资导致企业长期的发展不好，只注重短期的利益。那些需要长期投资才能发展的行业就不行了。新观点：但后来从钢铁业和航空业的对比发现，两个产业都invest了，但一个收益好，一个不好，所以不全是investment的原因.有人反驳说，不对啊，钢铁业和航空业都是长期的，钢铁业亏损，航空业就发展了。然后作者说，要研究发展滞后的原因，不要只看外部投资，还有内部的，比如组织啊，人员啊什么的。第二段： 作者观点： 于是，后面提出，内部管理才是关键因素!发现两种行业 factor 1和factor2上的特征相同，但是投资却不同最后得出结论，不是 factor 1和factor2起作用，而是投资 的倾向不同，有的企业不愿意投资的组织建设上，比如培训，人员开发，导致他们declineQ1作者提出钢铁业航空业是为什吗？Lz选指出传统观点的一个解释不足 Q2还有题是选类似结论之类的Lz选内部管理是关键因素Q3美国经济不行，开始以为是不愿意投资和劳动力capital太贵造成的(xxx是啥不记得了，这里有题，需定位原句)Q4文章暗示了一个好的manager会怎么样?我选的会注重内部投资(internal investment)Q5问举例钢铁航空干什么?我选的为了说明一个理论是错误的Q6 主旨题 现象解释 (explain a phenomenon)Q7作者为什么要提到钢铁业和航空业那两个领域?说明不是investment的原因Q8又问举出钢铁业和航空业的例子的作用我选是为了解释不同的行业和不同的capital strategy会导致不同的结果 4.美国高地的人 (GWD 考古)第一段：美国有个高地的人过着是自给自足的生活，但是很多东西在highland不能种，然后在某个时期有种network（问关于network可以infer什么）可以帮助物品交换，但是对高地的来说没什么用。第二段：高地的人是采用的vertical economy，到现在都还在用就是几千海拔种土豆，几千海拔放牧，几千海拔干嘛（高亮问说这个干嘛），这种模式有两种：一种是什么，介绍了一下；一种是什么，介绍了一下。最后一句说两者不同（有题）【已考证，确实为原文】By the sixteenth century, the Incas 16世纪时，南美印加人统治着沿着太of South America ruled an empire that 平洋延伸，从今天的厄瓜多尔到智利extended along the Pacific coast and 中部的安第斯高地的一个帝国。Line Andean highlands from what is now(5) Ecuador to central Chile. While most 虽然大部分印加人是自给自足的农of the Incas were self-sufficient 业户，居住于高地盆地9000尺以agriculturists, the inhabitants of the 上的人民可种的农作物是有限的。highland basins above 9,000 feet wereconstrained by the kinds of crops they(10) could cultivate. Whereas 95 percent 虽然95%的安第斯首要食物可以在of the principal Andean food crops can 3000尺以下垦殖，只有20%可以在be cultivated below 3,000 feet, only 9000尺以上存活。20 percent reproduce readily above9,000 feet. Given this unequal 面对不平衡的资源分配，高地印加(15) resource distribution, highland Incas 人为了扩充他们食物的种类和数量，needed access to the products of 需要得到低暖地区的产品。lower, warmer climatic zones in orderto enlarge the variety and quantity oftheir foodstuffs. In most of the prein- 在大部分的前工业化社会，资源配置(20) dustrial world, the problem of different 差异的问题是通过终端消费者极难resource distribution was resolved by 控制的远距离贸易网络解决的。long-distance trade networks overwhich the end consumer exercisedlittle control. Although the peoples 虽然安第斯高地的人民参与这种网(25) of the Andean highlands participated 络，他们还是主要依靠维护尽量多in such networks, they relied primarily 的生态区域里的自治生产力量。on the maintenance of autonomousproduction forces in as many ecologicalzones as possible. The 区域所产的商品被提炼加工运送，(30) commodities produced in these 这些全部由一个单独团体的成员zones were extracted, processed, 去做。and transported entirely by membersof a single group. 此为第一段，主要提出问题及解决方案This strategy of direct access 这种由一个单独团体直接掌握最(35) to a maximum number of ecological 多的生态区域的策略叫做垂直经 zones by a single group is called 济。vertical economy. Even today, 时至今天，你可以看到安第斯社区one can see Andean communities 同时保持着12000尺以上牧场，maintaining use rights simultaneously 9000尺以上盆地薯田，及6000尺(40) to pasturelands above 12,000 feet, to 以下温暖农地的使用权力。potato fields in basins over 9,000 feet,and to plots of warm-land crops inregions below 6,000 feet. This 这个策略有两个主要变量。strategy has two principal variations.(45) The first is “compressed verticality,” 第一个叫扁平垂直，即一个独立村in which a single village resides in 庄住在容易控制附近生态区的地方。a location that permits easy accessto closely located ecological zones.Different crop zones or pasturelands 不同的农业区域或牧场与父系社区(50) are located within a few days walk of 都近在咫尺。the parent community. Community 社区成员可能临时住在其中一个低members may reside temporarily 的区域以管理家里无法获得的产品in one of the lower zones to manage 的提炼。the extraction of products unavailable(55) in the homeland. In the second variation, 第二个叫垂直群岛，即村庄在广泛called the “vertical archipelago,” 分布的地方开发资源，构建一系列the village exploits resources in widely 独立的生产“岛屿”。dispersed locations, constituting aseries of independent production(60) “islands.” In certain pre-Columbian 在某些前哥伦比亚印加社会中，各Inca societies, groups were sent from 团体离开家园，被派往遥远的热带the home territory to establish permanent 森林或沿岸地区建立永久卫星社区satellite communities or colonies 或殖民地。in distant tropical forests or coastal(65) locations. There the colonists grew 在那里这些殖民家种植农作物，crops and extracted products for their 提取自用和运给高海拔同胞的产品。own use and for transshipment backto their high-altitude compatriots.In contrast to the compressed 相对于扁平垂直系统，群岛系统里(70) verticality system, in this system, 是商品而非人在群岛里流通。commodities rather than peoplecirculated through the archipelago. 此为第二段，具体介绍解决方案，问题解决逻辑简图1P: 16C, Incas lived above 9000feet, whereas,. unequal resources distribution problem resolved by trade network exercised little control. Although, relied on primarily. 2P: strategy called vertical economy. Two principle variations: compressed verticality(temporarily); vertical archipelago(permanent). In contrast to. -GWD-9-Q4:According to the passage, which of the following is true about the preindustrial long distance trade networks mentioned in line 22 ? 选BA. They were not used extensively in most of the preindustrial world.反B. They were used to some extent by the people of the Andean highlands.In most of the preindustrial world, the problem of different resource distribution was resolved by long-distance trade networks over which the end consumer exercised little control.C. They were not an effective means of solving the problem of different resource distribution.D. They necessitated the establishment of permanent satellite communities in widely dispersed locations.E. They were useful only for the transportation of products from warm climatic zones.-GWD-9-Q5:According to the passage, the inhabitants of the Andean highlands resolved the problem of unequal resource distribution primarily in which of the following ways? 选EA. Following self-sufficient agricultural practicesB. Increasing commodity production from the ecological zones in the highland basinsC. Increasing their reliance on long-distance trade networksD. Establishing satellite communities throughout the Andean highlandsE. Establishing production forces in ecological zones beyond their parent communitiesWhile most of the Incas were self-sufficient agriculturists,they relied primarily on the maintenance of autonomous production forces in as many ecological zones as possible.第二段论述这个strategy的两种形式都是E中所指的-GWD-9-Q6:The passage suggests that as a way of addressing the problem of different resource distribution in the preindustrial world, the practice of vertical economy differed from the use of long-distance trade networks in that vertical economy allowed 选CA. commodities to reach the end consumer fasterB. a wide variety of agricultural goods to reach the end consumerC. a single group to maintain control over the production processD. greater access to commodities from lower, warmer climatic zonesE. greater use of self-sufficient agricultural techniquesThis strategy of direct access to a maximum number of ecological zones by a single group is called vertical economy. Given this unequal resource distribution, highland Incas needed access to the products of lower, warmer climatic zones in order to enlarge the variety and quantity of their foodstuffs. In most of the preindustrial world, the problem of different resource distribution was resolved by long-distance trade networks over which the end consumer exercised little control. Although the peoples of the Andean highlands participated in such networks, they relied primarily on the maintenance of autonomous production forces in as many ecological zones as possible. The commodities produced in these zones were extracted, processed, and transported entirely by members of a single group.-GWD-9-Q7:The passage suggests that for an Andean highland village attempting to resolve the problem of unequal resource distribution, the strategy known as compressed verticality would probably be inappropriate for which of the following situations? 选DA. The villages location is such that it is difficult for the village to participate in long-distance trade networks.B. The village does not have the resources to establish permanent satellite communities in production zones beyond the home community.C. The warm-land crop regions nearest to the village are all below 6,000 feet.D. The location of the village does not provide ready access to an adequate variety of ecological zones.E. The nearest crop production zones are located below the village, while the nearest pasturelands are located above the village.The first is “compressed verticality,” in which a single village resides in a location that permits easy access to closely located ecological zones.Q8 compressed verticality 和“vertical archipelago 的区别compressed verticality :a single village resides in a location that permits easy access to closely located ecological zones.vertical archipelago : the village exploits resources in widely dispersed locationsQ9问有关long-distance trade networks的哪一个说法是对的In most of the preindustrial world, the problem of different resource distribution was resolved by long-distance trade networks over which the end consumer exercisedlittle control. Although the peoples of the Andean highlands participated in such networks, they relied primarily on the maintenance of autonomous production forces in as many ecological zones as possible.5.加拿大ceiling 计划(by 张怡)P1 说Canada 的一个什么组织 提出要缩小 income distribution的差距 提出了一个 ceiling 计划（意思就是向收入高的人多收税 financial aid 给穷人）P2 有人认为这个计划会产生坏影响：人们不愿意努力工作（具体没有考题）but 另外一些人认为这个计划不会产生这样的后果 有两点原因 1 不记得了 2 好像是个什么complexity system（我的理解就是富人的收入来自各个方面 不会被这样的计划影响太多） 后面好像接着说第二点 举出一些人shockhold?(差不多就这一类人吧) 具体说一下他的system问题吧 最后好像又说所以他们也是支持这个分配改革的（与前面有冲突吧晕，看的时候就没理顺！大家将就吧）Q1:问了为什么高收入并不会不同意这个机会选了是因为除了高收入之外还存在别的incentiveQ2 也有问主旨 6.星系 (by zdytiffany 700)第一段：说发现80%的星系都是螺旋的(spiral)那种，剩余的都是椭圆形(oval)的，然后说了一个比较popular的解释他们各自形成的原因第二段：有人提出不同的观点，对于螺旋形形成的原因他是赞成的，但是椭圆形那个他觉得并不是它自己形成的，而是由于星系之间的碰撞而形成的。然后提出了两个理由，第一个是说星系一般以Group形式存在，之间蛮近的，所以很容易撞一起，第二个貌似是说星系之间重力会互相作用，然后会distort their structure之类的，还举了个实例说拍到两个星系他们内部都disorder那样第三段：又是一个新的观点，是以电脑模拟作为技术支持的。这里先插入说了一个星系里面有个叫whips的结构（第二段段尾有提到这个，具体是啥不记得了。），关于它是怎么形成的一个讨论，说不可能是慢慢形成的，但是这个论点是被第三段这个新的论点否定的。新的观点又引入了一个tidal effect的概念，具体举例就是说月亮可以影响地球上的tide，这个概念是用来支持whips可以慢慢形成的这个论点的。总之第三段是对第二段的一个strengthen,主旨题里有考到这个。Q1 第三段的作用是什么？第三段是对第二段的一个strengthen 7. 地球变暖和冰川融化逻辑推理： gulf会将从赤道的暖流往北推流动途中会将沿途温度提升温度降低了的水会沉到海面一英里下（隐含：这里就是暖流结束的地方有考点叫某某front）由于温室效应北极冰融至北向南的寒流加强（gulf的暖流是至南向北）将寒流暖流交汇处往南推（增加了交汇处往北的地区，这些地方无法被暖流加热于是总体温度降低）第一段：说有一个mini-ice age要imminent，原因竟然是全球变暖，然后就解释了一下为什么，就是说南极的冷水流入大西洋，和一个什么洋流碰上了，那个洋流的作用是吧来自tropic（这词不明白）的热量散发到大气里，会让大西洋两边都变暖。现在由于某种作用，水变冷了之后沉到下面去了，所以不能再给大西洋两岸提供热量，导致气温变冷。第二段 第二段说了一个理论，冷的更密度大的水进OCEAN之后的影响本来是Gulf 暖流会把热带的海水带到大西洋然后给它加温的，有一个process这里出现一个trans开头的circular结尾的词，有两道定位题围绕它出，就是这个词的意思就是当暖流的热量放出后，冷水就会sink到海平面下1英里的地方去，然后说由于冷水流，以前冷热水交汇的点会往南移（不明白什么意思，好在没出题），这样导致一种V开头的什么现象会减缓最终停止。Q1是问水变冷了之后沉到水下有什么后果，我选的是导致大西洋两岸的陆地气温下降。Q2我考到这个process的细节题但是因为南极冰水的注入，使得这个process被打乱了所以大西洋海水反而冷了。Q3假设性的小冰河世纪会来，就是那个水变冷的问题。基本框架是北极（or 南极？）的冰化了水往大西洋流，原本平衡大西洋俩岸温度的从赤道来的暖水会被阻慢。关于这个海水为啥变冷的地方有题帮助阅读The Role of the Atlantic（大西洋） Conveyor in ClimateThe cold water discovered in the subtropical Atlantic by Ellis in 1751 was, as Rumford theorised, brought there by a current which had originated in the polar region; temperature measurements in the real ocean and computer models show there is a southward outflow（流出量） of cold deep water from the Arctic（北极的） throughout the Atlantic. This cold water is replaced by warm surface waters, which gradually give off their heat to the atmosphere as they flow northward towards Europe. This acts as a massive central heating system for all the land downwind.The heat released by this system is enormous: it measures around 1015 W, equivalent to the output of a million large power stations. If we compare places in Europe with locations at similar latitudes on the North American continent, its effect becomes obvious. Bod in Norway has average temperatures of -2C in January and 14C in July; Nome, on the Pacific Coast of Alaska at the same latitude, has a much colder -15C in January and only 10C in July7. And satellite（卫星） images show how the warm current keeps much of the Greenland-Norwegian Sea free of ice even in winter, despite the rest of the Arctic Ocean, even much