英语四级技巧与常用语句.doc

英语四级技巧与常用语句本文由568023323贡献 doc文档可能在WAP端浏览体验不佳。建议您优先选择TXT，或下载源文件到本机查看。 5W” 5W”原理在四六级考试中的巧妙应用 考试中的听力理解部分历来是中国学生的薄弱环节。自四、六级改革后，听力部 分所占比例由原来的 20%升至 35%，同时，最近又多所高校以机考形式试点，意 味着听力能力的培养愈加重要起来。可以说听力的好坏直接影响四、六级考试成 绩。因此，本文就“5W”沟通基本原理在四、六级考试中的应用进行讲解分析， 希望能够对考生英语听力测试成绩的提高有所帮助。 在讲解四、六级听力的过程中，我发现，其实真正在做听力题的时候，需要 的英语知识只是一层外衣，有时内在逻辑能力更加重要。这一点和国外考试中的 SAT 和 GRE 中的句子填空题有点像，不同是，SAT 和 GRE 的单词，不会就是不会， 了解了逻辑单词全不会也没用。然而，四、六级听力中的单词对于学生来说相对 简单，真正的难词比例非常小，故而，其实逻辑和思维能力更加重要。 四、六级听力考试时，很多人没有办法听懂或听到所谓的关键词，或者无法 把听到的内容连接成句子，怎么办？实际上，关键点在于，太过于关注“听”而 忽略了听力考试的思维和传播本质。 “听力”作为一种能力讲，本身是一个传播的过程，信息的接收是一个重要 的过程。远在 1948 年，拉斯维尔于题为传播在社会中的结构与功能（The Structure and Function of Communication in Society）一文中首次提出了构 成传播过程的五种基本要素，即著名的 5W 理论。这五个 W 分别是英语中五个疑 问代词的第一个字母，即： Who （谁） Says What （说了什么） In Which Channel （通过什么渠道） To Whom （向谁说） With What Effect （有什么效果）。 听力的过程也是传播的过程，这就意味着，在听的过程，我们也需要这样的 “思维经历”。实际上，在听的过程完全可以遵循这个脉络，从 who 入手，说话 人中，重要的说话信息一般在第二说话人中，他说了什么，是我们做题的重点， 即所谓的关键词。 通过的途径一般有两种， conversation 与 paragraph， whom to 就是我们自己，而效果的考核就是我们题目。分析至此，可以发现，即使我们空 缺中间 say what 的过程，也可以得到至少四个过程，而最后一个过程效果分析， 是可以通过四、六级考题出现的。所以，我们的听力考试实际上是逆向思维的过 程，即了解了效果，通过效果推测原文，再将 say what 过程补充出来。 例题 1：CET-6,08 年 6 月第 14 题： A) The errors will be corrected soon. B) The woman was mistaken herself. C) The computing system is too complex D) He has called the woman several times. 四个选项，分别告诉我们 A：“这个错误很快会被纠正”；B：“这位女士 自己错了”；C：“计算机体系太复杂”；D：“他给这位女士打了好几次电话”。 显而易见，最后一个选项是在叙述过程，只有前三个选项是结果，而这三个选项 都透露了一个信息，就是原文一定提到了一个错误，B、C 在讨论错误点，而 A 告诉了我们结果，我们的倾向选项应该是 A。 例题 2：CET-6,05 年 1 月第 5 题： A. Janet loves the beautiful landscape of Australia very much. B. Janet is very much interested in architecture. C. Janet admires the Sydney Opera House very much. D. Janet thinks its a shame for anyone not to visit Australia. 四个选项， Janet 喜欢澳大利亚的美景； Janet 对建筑感兴趣； Janet A： B： C： 很向往悉尼歌剧院；D：Janet 认为如果人们不去悉尼是一件遗憾的事、从选项 中，我们很容易得知，这个对话中的主角是个叫 Janet 的人，想要传达的信息是 对悉尼的感受，那么真正表示结果的是 A、B、C 三项，同时 C 刚好是 A、B 的交 集，故而倾向选 C。 例题 3：看一个四级的例子，02 年 12 月第 10 题： A) She is tired of driving in heavy traffic. B) She doesnt mind it as the road conditions are good. C) She is unhappy to have to drive such a long way every day. D) She enjoys it because shes good at driving. 马上能判断出来，对话针对的对象是 she，也是我们听题的重点，有了说话 人信息，看看 what 是关于什么的呢？A：交通太堵，她不想开车；B：由于路况 不错，她觉得无所谓（马上判断这个无所谓的对象应该是开车）；C：她很不爽 是因为每天开车走很长的一段路；D：她喜欢是因为她很擅长开车。在传播过程 中，四个选项中，都在陈述一件事，就是她喜不喜欢开车这件事。A、B 都与路 况有关的，A、C 在传达一种负情绪，而剩下两个选项是正情绪。这个时候，我 们无法凭空猜一个答案， 但是， 却对这道题中涉及到的问题已然掌握得差不多了。 这时再去听原文，正确率必然大大增加。 例题 4：再看一个 06 年 6 月长对话的例子： 19. A) To make a business report to the woman. B) To be interviewed for a job in the womans company. C) To resign from his position in the womans company. D) To exchange stock market information with the woman. 20. A) He is head of a small trading company. B) He works in an international insurance company. C) He leads s team of brokers in a big company. D) He is a public relations officer in a small company. 21. A) The woman thinks Mr. Saunders is asking for more than they can offer. B) Mr. Saunders will share one third of the womans responsibilities. C) Mr. Saunders believes that he deserves more paid vacations. D) The woman seems to be satisfied with Mr. Saunders past experience. 我们看这三个选项，由第 21 题，能够大致推断 Mr. Saunders 在应聘 The woman 的公司的职位。 这样，19 题即可得出 B 这个正确选项，也就是有了传播的相应五元素，我 们可以自由的思考，甚至在没有听原文的情况下就可以选择出正确的答案。 例题 5： CET-4,04 年 6 月的复合式听写： Today, three buildings hold the librarys collection. (S9) It buys some of its books and gets others as gifts. S9 空需要填写一个句子，那么由结果（effect）我们能轻松看出，前面讲 的是三座大楼拥有这个图书馆的馆藏，S9，图书馆一些书是买的，一些书是别人 赠送的。结果传达的是一个重要信息，S9 需要的是和图书馆的书怎么样的内容， 有了图书馆书的分布，有了图书馆书的来源，中间缺少的应该就是图书馆图书的 去向问题，分析到这个地方，我们句子的主谓宾成分就全了，进而再分析，状语 成分去到什么地方，文章通篇讨论美国国会图书馆，那么图书借书的目的地 就比较丰富，可以是美国国会（the US Congress），可以是政府（government）， 也可以是其他美国图书馆 （other American libr， aries） 和国外图书馆 （foreign libraries），这个句子就很好整理成： The library provides books and materials to the US Congress and also lends books to other American libraries, government agencies and foreign libraries. 专家建议：英语四六级考试怎样安排时间最好 专家建议：英语四六级考试怎样安排时间最好 作文：动笔太早 老师发现，很多考生拿到作文题目之后直接就动笔开写，这是一个误区。其 实作文考试的时间(30 分钟)绝对绰绰有余，如果直接开写，很容易会造成跑题， 或写到一半发现无话可说的现象。这样会打乱你考试的节奏，对心情也是一个重 大打击。建议考生利用前 5 分钟，用极其精要的词在试卷上列出提纲。 快速阅读：不太会“跳读” 在快速阅读环节，很多同学还是全文阅读之后再做题，浪费很多时间。其实 应该学会“跳读”，因为即使你看懂了全文，所考的内容才占 10%，所以先看问 题，再到文中找答案的“定位”能力比较重要。 听力：困难在复合式听写 很多同学发现听力的选择题比较容易把握，但是最后的复合式听写才是“心 腹大患”。针对复合式听写前 8 个单词的考察，建议大家熟记大纲词汇 700 个中 字母数超过 10 个的长词，而且一边背，一边要熟悉它的正确英语发音。最后三 句话建议还是尽量听懂大意，不要急着去写听出来的词，结合大意，用最简单的 英语去改写。 仔细阅读：抓住 32 字真言 仔细阅读部分是考试中的重头戏。很多同学读完一篇还是不知所云，或者很 容易被干扰选项所打乱阵脚。所以针对这种现象，老师建议同学们做到以下 32 个字：跳读全文，抓住中心;阅读选项，词性分类;瞻前顾后，灵活选择;复读全 文，谨慎调整。 综合部分：要会分配时间 从模拟情况看，很多同学还不能很好地分配时间。建议大家做改错题起码留 出 10 分钟，翻译 5 分钟。对改错，历年的真题中都会出现典型的错误点，出现 频率最高的是主谓不一致、名词单复数、词义的正反用错、非谓语动词、词组搭 配、 故意漏词等等， 考生只要把历年的真题改错都做好总结， 掌握了这些错误点， 做起题来也会容易很多。针对翻译，考生们只要读懂中文大意，选用学过的最简 单单词和词组，串连成句，注意时态和单词拼写问题后一般不会有太大差错。 常用句子总结 1.开篇 开篇 1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of 2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus. 3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic. 4) Recently the issue has aroused great concern among 5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over 6) Never in our history has the idea that been so popular. 7) Faced with , quite a few people argue that 8) According to a recent survey, 9) With the rapid development of , 注：用于句首提出论题或现象的句型 Recently , has become the focus of the society . has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life . Nowadays there is a growing concern for Nowadays it is common to hear /see has become a common occurrence in our daily life. Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the seriousness of It is only during the last /past few years that man has become generally aware that There is an old / popular saying / proverb which says / goes In recent years, there is a general tendency Nowadays has become a problem we have to face. 2.证明 证明 1) No one can deny the fact that 2) The idea is hardly supported by facts. 3) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows 4) Recent studies indicate that 5) There is sufficient evidence to show that 6) According to statistics proved by , it can be seen that 3.举例 举例 1) A good case in point is 2) As an illustration, we may take 3) Such examples might be given easily. 4) is often cited as an example. 4.表示原因 表示原因 1)There are three reasons for this 2)The reasons for this are as follows 3)The reason for this is obvious 4)The reason for this is not far to seek 5)The reason for this is that 6)We have good reason to believe that 例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life Firstly， peoples living standard has been greatly improvedSecondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or likeLast but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life 注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life There are three reasons for this这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。 4-1. 基本原因 分析某事物时, 用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因. 1. Why ? For one thing For another 2. The answer to this problem involves many factors. For one thingFor another Still another 3. A number of factors, both physical and psychological affect /both individual and social contribute to 4-2 另一原因 在分析了基本原因之后, 再补充一个次要的或者更重要时用! 1. Another important factor is 2. is also responsible for the change/problem. 3. Certainly, the is not the sole reason for 另附 ： 1.）A number of factors are accountable for this situation. A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem). 2.）. The answer to this problem involves many factors. 3.）. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that 4.）. The factors that contribute to this situation include 5.）. The change in largely results from the fact that 6.）. We may blame , but the real causes are 7). Part of the explanations for it is that One of the most common factors (causes) is that Another contributing factor (cause) is Perhaps the primary factor is that But the fundamental cause is that 5.后果 后果 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响 . 后果 1). It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on 2). It involves some serious consequence for 3) It may give rise to a host of problems. 4). The immediate result it produces is 5). It will exercise a profound influence upon 6). Its consequence can be so great that 6.表示好处 表示好处 1.）It has the following advantages 2.）It does us a lot of good 3.）It benefits us quite a lot 4.）It is beneficial to us 5.）It is of great benefit to us 例如： Books are like friendsThey can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizonsTherefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us 7.表示坏处 表示坏处 1.）It has more disadvantages than advantages 2.）It does us much harm 3.）It is harmful to us 例如： However， everything divides into two Television can also be harmful to us can do harm It to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television 8.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能 表示重要、 表示重要 必要、困难、方便、 1.）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sbto do sth 2.）We think it necessary to do sth 3.）It plays an important role in our life 例如： Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in businessSoon， computers will be found in every home，tooWe have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age 9.表示措施 表示措施 1.）We should take some effective measures 2.）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties 3.）We should do our utmost in doing sth 4.）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with 例 如 ： The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more seriousTherefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it 10.表示变化 表示变化 1.）Some changes have taken place in the past five years 2.）A great change will certainly be produced in the worlds communications 3.）The computer has brought about many changes in education 例如： Some changes have taken place in peoples diet in the past five yearsThe major reasons for these changes are not far to seekNowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins 11.表示事实、现状 表示事实、 表示事实 1.）We cannot ignore the fact that 2.）No one can deny the fact that 3.）There is no denying the fact that 4.）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in 5.）However，thats not the case 例如： We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollutionThe government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment 12.表示比较对照 表示比较对照 1.）Compared with A，B 2.）I prefer to read rather than watch TV 3.）There is a striking contrast between them 例如： Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordableFirstly， they do not consume natural resources of petroleumSecondly，they do not cause the pollution problemLast but not least，they contribute to peoples health by giving them due physical exercise 12-1. 两者比较 比较两事物, 要说出其一超过另一个, 或肯定一事物的优点, 也肯定其 缺点的时候用! 1. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B. 2. Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B. 3. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects. 12-2 . 两者相同/相似 比较两事物共同都有或者共同都没有的特点时用! 1. A and B have several thing in common. They are similar in that 2. A bears some striking resemblance(s) to B. 另附 ： 1.）.The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. 2.）.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B. 3.）.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that 4.）.It is reasonable to maintain that but it would be foolish to claim that 5.）.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages. 6.）.Like anything else, it has its faults. 7.）.A and B has several points in common. 8.）.A bears some resemblances to B. 9.）.However, the same is not applicable to B. 10.）. A and B differ in several ways. 11.）. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects. 12.）. People used to think but things are different now. 13.）. The same is true of B. 14.）. Wondering as A is, it has its drawbacks. 15.）. It is true that A, but the chief faults (obvious defects) are 13.表示数量 表示数量 1.）It has increased（decreased）fromto 2.）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000 3.）The output of July in this factory increased by 15 compared with that of January 例如： With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of peoples income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased 再如： From the graph listed above，itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000 注：“From the graph listed above，it can be seen that”见句式 12。 14 表示看法 1) It is true that , but one vital point is being left out. 2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact. 3) Some people say but it does not hold water. 4) Many of us have been under the illusion that 5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is. 6) It makes no sense to argue for 7) Too much stress placed on may lead to 8) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that 9) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that 10)People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth 11)People have different opinions on this problem 12)People take different views of（on）the question 13)Some people believe thatOthers argue that 例如： People have different attitudes towards failure Some believe that failure leads to success Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavorHowever， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers 再如： Do“lucky numbers really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it 注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。 又注：用于陈述个人观点/想法的常用句型 My own experience tells me that In my opinion , we should attack more importance to As for my own idea about I believe As far as I am concerned , I plan to Personally , I prefer In my view , both sides are partly right in that But for me , I would rather My own point of view is that In conclusion , I support the statement that As regards me , I tend to choose 又注：用于比较、阐述不同观点的常用句型 Some people like / prefer , while others are / feel inclined to There are different opinions among people as to Some believe whole hold Some people claim that is superior to Others , however , disagree with it . Some people believe Others maintain Still others claim Some people suggest Others , however , hold the opposite opinion . On the one hand , people tend to On the other hand , they feel Some people argue that Others , in contrast , believe that Although more and more people come to believe there are still others who insist that On the contrary , there are people in favor of There are some people who hold different opinions about 15.套语 套语 1.）Its well known to us that 2.）As is known to us， 3.）This is a topic that is being widely talked about 4.）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that 5.）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way 例如： As is well known to us， is important for the students to know the world outside campus it The reason for this is obvious Nowadays， society is changing and developing rapidly， the the and campus is no longer an“ivory tower As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campusOnly in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate 再如： Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it 16.用于描写漫画、图表的常用句型 用于描写漫画、 用于描写漫画 As the graph depicts , From the cartoon /picture , we can see that According to the statistics shown in the first /second graph , The table shows / indicates / reveals that It can be seen /concluded from the picture / table / figures that 17.用于书信写作的常用句型 用于书信写作的常用句型 Thank you for your letter of It is a pleasure for me invite you on behalf of to accept Thanks so much for your letter , which arrived I am writing to you with reference to I am writing to you in connection with I would be grateful if you could / would I would like to know some information on It will be appreciated if you can / could I would also like to know if you can / could I look forward to hearing from you . 18.用于结尾的常用句型 用于结尾的常用句型 From what has been discussed / mentioned above , we may conclude that Therefore , it is not difficult to