英语学习资料8999583113.doc

第一讲 词的多义性与词义的选择 （2课时）一、教学目的、要求 掌握具体语境中的词语选择的技巧，正确辨析词义二、主要内容常见汉语词汇在不同语境中的多义性，特定语境中词汇意义的选择三、重点、难点1. 根据上下文进行选词2. 词义辨析四、教学内容在翻译实践中，篇章是最终的考核质量的单位，句子是基本的操作单位，而大部分的难题都集中在词汇单位上。汉译英的单位虽然是句子，但译者对词语的理解和表达才是篇章翻译的基础。可以说，一词虽小，却能体现译者对原文的理解与把握。语言学家从不同角度对词的意义分类进行过研究，事实上，词义体系具有高度复杂性，也具有多种不同的词义分类方式。对翻译而言，正确选词是保证译文质量的重要前提。本讲主要涉及词的多义性。词无定义，一个词语的真正意义是在实际应用中表现出来的；确定多义词在特定语境中的含义，需要紧密联系上下文、需要注意这些词语的搭配习惯。上下文即词、短语、语句和篇章的前后关系，有广狭之分。狭义上下文指特定语言的前言后语。广义上下文指外部经验世界。对上下文的推敲是词语翻译的重要方面，是词义选择、褒贬辨析的基础。请看下面的几例。1）意见 两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern. 党员应该虚心倾听群众的意见。A party member should listen carefully to the opinion of the masses.他们对这项计划提出了修改意见。They made some suggestions for the revision of the plan.大家对你很有意见。People have a lot of complaints about you.他们就推举谁做下届总统候选人取得了一致意见。They have reached unanimity on who will be the presidential candidate for the next general election. 他们在会上闹起了意见。They got into disputes at the meeting. 2）是他是我父亲。He is my father.这姑娘是漂亮。This girl is really beautiful.此人是书就读。This man reads every book he can reach.是可忍，孰不可忍？If this can be tolerated. What cannot ?是古非今praise the past condemn the present3）也如果你留下来，我也要留下来。If you stay, I will, too.小马也就是十二三岁，脸上还瘦。Xiao Ma was no more than twelve or thirteen years old, with a very lean face.她怎么好好的就自杀了？这也怪了！Why should she have committed suicide for no reason? Its rather odd.他对事情的进展情况也还满意。He is quite satisfied with the way things went. 4）面子那件大衣的面子很漂亮。The outer part of the coat is very beautiful.如果怕丢面子，就说不好英语。If one is afraid of losing his dignity (face), he cant expect to speak English well.我是个爱面子的人，这种事我可做不出来。I wouldnt do such a thing - Im sensitive about my reputation.不是我不买你的面子，实在是这事儿不好办。I have shown due respect for your feelings, but theres really nothing I can do about it. 翻译多义词时除了需要根据上下文选择好词义外，还需要注意词义的褒贬、词义的广狭之分等。5）词义的褒贬与广狭他热衷于个人名利。He is always hankering after personal fame and gains.她热衷于花样滑冰。She is fond of figure skating. 金钱，美女，城市的繁华生活，都没有使他动心，他仍旧埋头科学研究。Neither money nor pretty women, still less the pleasures of city life, lured him away from immerging himself in scientific studies. 出入下车。No cycling at the gate. 或者 Cyclists please dismount. 兔死狐悲。The fox mourns the death of the hare - like grieves for like. 确定词义除了需要注意上下文或语境外，还需要注意词语的搭配。汉英表达习惯不同，翻译时，应在准确把握上下文的基础上，根据英语习惯进行词语的搭配。如下例：1）看我能看出你的心事。I can read your mind.他看出了她的破绽。He spotted her weak point.他两岁就会看表了。He could tell time even when he was two.你要是觉得这东西还看得过去，就买下来吧。If you think its all right, then buy it.五、课外思考题：1. 翻译下面的句子或短语。1）知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。When you know a thing, to hold that you know it, and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it - this is knowledge.2）身体好，学习好，工作好。Keep fit, study well and work hard.3）从她的回忆录可以看出来她对那位导演始终怀有一种复杂的感情。Judging from what she wrote in her memoir, she always had mixed feelings for that director.4）但我相信，那种哀怨的无声的诉说，一定是一种生命的绝唱！Yet I believe those plaintive silent words must be a masterpiece singing the praises of life!5）布衣蔬菜wear coarse clothes and eat simple food6）三乱 indiscriminate fines, charges and assessments 传、帮、带 Pass on experience, give help and set an example in training new hands. 抓大放小 to invigorate large enterprises while releasing control over small ones 老少边穷地区 old revolutionary base areas, frontier areas, poverty-stricken areas and areas inhabited by national minorities 2. 查阅相关工具书，翻译下面的词语并背诵相关译文。爱国民主人士 patriotic democratic personages 安家费 settling-in allowance 安居工程 affordable housing program; housing project for low-income urban residents 安乐死 euthanasia 安全岛 safety island 安慰奖 consolation prize按揭购房 mortgage a house 按劳分配 distribution according to ones performance; to each according to ones work暗恋 unrequited love 八卦 gossip, gossipy八荣八耻 The “Eight-honor and Eight-shame” Outlook (The Socialist Outlook on Honor and Shame) 把握大局 see the whole picture霸王条款 inequality clause; imparity clause 白炽灯 incandescent light白马王子 Prince Charming 白色污染 white pollution (using and littering of non-degradable plastics) 白手起家 start from scratch 百年老店 century-old shop 摆花架子 talk the talk 摆架子 put on airs; act arrogant and superior 摆平 take care of; get someone back 摆谱儿 show off 拜把兄弟 sworn brothers; buddies; very close friends 拜金主义 money worship 拜年 pay a New Years visit 搬迁户 unit or household to be relocated; relocated unit or household 板寸儿 crew cut 半边天 half the sky; women 半成品 semi-finished products 半拉子工程 never-to-be finished project 傍大款 (for girls) find a sugar daddy; be a rich mans mistress 包工包料 project contracting for labor and materials 包工头 labor contractor “三包”政策 three guarantees for repair, replacement or compensation for faulty products 报销 reimburse 暴发户 nouveau riche背黑锅 be the scapegoat; bear the blame 闭门羹 be given the cold shoulder 边远贫困地区 remote, poverty-stricken areas 便利店 convenience store 表面文章 lip service 病假 sick leave 薄利多销small profit margins, big sales; small profits but quick returns不到长城非好汉 He who has not scaled the Great Wall is not a true man. 不分上下，难分伯仲 neck-and-neck不景气 depression 不良贷款 non-performing loan 不惜一切代价 spare no effort; go all out 不折腾 avoid self-inflicted setbacks; dont get sidetracked 不正之风 bad (harmful) practice 步行街 pedestrians-only street 3. 翻译下面的短文。1）七上八下一位局长对数字“8”特别青睐，电话号码、小车牌照都要千方百计搞到末尾数是“8”的号码。谁知，一日局机关新迁高层办公大楼。秘书特意为局长争得了8层8号朝阳面的房间作办公室，可局长却说什么也要搬到7层去。于是又是好一通折腾。秘书对此百思不得其解。后来到局长家送东西，局长夫人方才指点迷津：“成语中有七上八下一说，8层办公太不吉利！”7 for Promotion and 8 for DemotionA high level official liked the digit 8 so much that he, by every possible means, used it as the last digit of his phone numbers and car number plate.One day, the offices of his department moved to a high building. His secretary deliberately got him an office, which was facing east/ south, room 8, on the 8th floor; however, this time, the director insisted on moving to the 7th floor. Everyone was puzzled over his thought. Thus, they had to bustle about and move everything again. The secretary still remained perplexed after much thought. Later he went to the officials home, so as to give his boss a bribe, when the officials wife resolved his doubts. She said, “there is a set phrase which says, 7 stands for promotion and 8 for demotion.