形合意合与翻译.ppt

从形合意合谈汉译英OnC ETranslationfromthePerspectiveofHypotaxisandParataxis Outline1HypotaxisandParataxis2TwoWaysofForminganEnglishSentence3MajorDifferencesinStructure4SentenceCombination 1WhatareHypotaxisandParataxis Ingeneral hypotaxisisharmonyinform andparataxisisharmonyinmeaning 1 1ThedefinitionofhypotaxisHypotaxisisthegrammaticalarrangementoffunctionallysimilarbut unequal constructs hypo beneath taxis arrangement i e constructsplayinganunequalroleinasentence Acommonexampleofsyntacticexpressionofhypotaxisissubordinationinacomplexsentence 1 2ThedefinitionofparataxisParataxisisawayofwritingorspeakingthatfavorsshort simplesentences withtheuseofcoordinatingratherthansubordinatingconjunctions fromGreekfor actofplacingsidebyside Para beside tassein arrange Itisaliterarytechnique contrastedwithhypotaxis Itisalsousedtodescribeatechniqueinpoetryinwhichtwoimagesorfragmentsarecoordinatedwithoutaclearconnection Readersarethenlefttomaketheirownconnectionsimpliedbytheparatacticsyntax EzraPound inhisadaptationofChineseandJapanesepoetry madethecoordinationofimagesanimportantpartofEnglishlanguagepoetry 1 3ThethreedevicestoformasentenceWordsareconnectedinthreewaystoformasentence syntacticaldevices lexicaldevicesandsemanticdevices Syntacticaldevicesandlexicaldevicespertaintohypotaxis andsemanticdevicespertaintoparataxis Thethreedevicesareusedinalllanguages butsomeareusedmorefrequentlyinonelanguagethaninotherlanguages Forexample syntacticaldevicesandlexicaldevicesareusedmorefrequentlyinEnglishthaninChinese andsemanticdevicesareusedmorefrequentlyinChinesethaninEnglish Prof YangRongguihadaninvestigationofADreaminRedMansionsbycountinghypotaxissentencesinthecorrespondingpartsoftheChineseversionandtheEnglishversion Accordingtothestatistics thereareaboutonlyabout28 ofhypotaxissentencesintheChineseversion andabout97 ofhypotaxissentencesintheEnglishversion 1 4ProfessorWangLi sargumentAfamouslinguistWangLi 王力 isthefirstChinesescholarwhopresentedtheconceptofhypotaxisandparataxis HestatesinChina sGrammaticalTheory 中国语法理论 商务印书馆1945年 thattheyaretwobasicmeanstoformlanguage Heholdsthathypotaxisisameansbywhich loose individualwordsareconnectedinto concentrated phraseandfurtherdiscourse throughthechangeofwordformsandconnectionofwords parataxisdependsonthemeaning i e theinternallogicrelationshiptoformlanguage Healsopointsoutthatthetwomeanscoexistinalanguagewithmoreemphasisononethantheother ParataxisismoreoftenusedinChineseandhypotaxisisnotamust whilehypotaxisismoreoftenusedinWesternlanguages inwhichconnectingmeansareindispensibleinmostcases ProfessorWangLisays ThestructureofWesternlanguagesislikesomethingconnectedbyrings Thoughtheyareconnected thetracesoflinkingarevisible Ontheotherhand thestructureoftheChineselanguageislikeaseamlessheavenlyrobe whichispiecedtogetherwithoutanytraces TheWesterngrammarishardandinelasticandtheChinesegrammarissoftandelastic BecausetheWesterngrammarishard therearemanystiffrequirementsinit e g asubjectisindispensibleinafiniteclause TheChineselanguageissoft sothemainpurposeoftheChinesegrammaristoexpressmeaning e g theobjectintheprecedingclausecanbeusedasthesubjectofthefollowingclause 他买了一辆车 是国产的 Foranotherexample tworelevantthingscanbepiecedtogetherwithoutanyconnectivewords 他买了一辆国产车 我买了一辆进口车 冬天来了 春天还会远吗 1 5Otherscholars opinionsAfamousAmericantheoristoftranslationEugineA NidapointedoutinTranslatingMeaningin1983 ThemostimportantcontractbetweenChineseandEnglishishypotaxisandparataxis SomeChinesescholarscompareEnglishsentencestoatoweringtreewithmanybranches abunchofgrapes orastringofpearls theyalsocompareChinesesentencestoabamboo aplateofpearls orwavesontheriver Chinesesentencesareformedmainlybywayofovertcoherence 显性连贯 throughmeaning Englishsentencesareformedmainlybywayofcovertcohesion 隐性呼应 thoughformativedevices 1 6RegisteranddiachronicdifferencesOnthewhole therearemorehypotaxissentencesinscientific philosophical law andformalofficialwritings Ontheotherhand therearemoreparataxissentencesinliterarywritingsanddailyspeech Diachronically therearemorehypotaxissentencesinmodernChinesethaninancientChinese Infact modernChinesehasbeeninfluencedbyWesternlanguages especiallyinscientific philosophical law andformalofficialwritings 1 7AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofhypotaxisandparataxisParataxisisusedmorefrequentlyinChinese Therearemoresentenceswithnosubject sentenceswiththesubjectomitted moreactivevoicesentences andfewerconjunctionsinChinesethaninEnglish Therefore theChineselanguageismoreconcisebutmorediminstructure Beingmoreconciseispreferredinliteraryworksanddailyspeech anditsavestimeandspace whichisespeciallyimportantintheinformationage Besides itisalanguagemoresuitableforpoetry However beingdiminstructuresometimesmayleadtovaguenessormisunderstanding whichshouldbeavoidedinscientific philosophical law andformalofficialwritings Ontheotherhand hypotaxisisusedmorefrequentlyinEnglish inwhichpassivevoiceisoftenused subjectisoftenamust andconjunctionsandprepositionsarewidelyused Therefore Englishismorestrict clearandlogicalonthesurface anditisalanguagemoresuitableforscientific philosophical law andformalofficialwritings However itisnotasflexibleandelasticastheChineselanguage Besides ittakesupmorespacewhenprinted 2TwoWaysofForminganEnglishSentenceCoordinationandsubordinationarewaysofcombiningwords phrases andclausesintomorecomplexforms Thediscussionbelowexaminescoordinationandsubordinationofclauses 2 1CoordinationCoordinationofsentencesisagrammaticalstrategythattheideasintwoormoreINDEPENDENTCLAUSESareequivalentorbalanced Coordinationcanproduceharmonybybringingrelatedelementstogether Coordinationusescoordinatingconjunctions centralcoordinatorsareand but andor orpunctuation mainlysemicolon colonanddash tocombineshortindependentclausesintoasinglesentence 2 2SubordinationSubordinationisagrammaticalstrategythatoneideainasentenceismoreimportantthananotherideainthesamesentence Tousesubordination youplacethemoreimportantideainanINDEPENDENTCLAUSE finiteclause andthelessimportant thesubordinate ideainaDEPENDENTCLAUSE finiteclauseornon finiteclause Subordinationusessubordinatingconjunctions conjunctivepronouns conjunctiveadverbs relativepronouns relativeadverbs e g that who what which when where how etc totransformindependentclauses mainclauses intodependentclauses subordinateclauses Oritusesinfinitive ingparticipleor edparticipletoformanon finiteclause includingabsoluteconstruction 2 3ExamplesofcoordinationandsubordinationwithdifferentemphasisE g 1 Thegirlcried andshethrewthegiftoutofthewindow Acompoundsentenceorcoordinationgivesequalimportancetobothideas E g 2 Thegirlcriedasshethrewthegiftoutofthewindow Thesubordinateclausedownplaysthegirl sthrowingofthegiftoutofthewindowandshowshowtheactionofthrowingthegiftoutofthewindowrelatestotheactionofcrying E g 3 Thegirlcried throwingthegiftoutofthewindow Theparticipialphrasefurthersubordinatesthegirl sthrowingofthegiftoutofthewindow E g 4 Crying thegirlthrewthegiftoutofthewindow Theparticipialphrasemakestheactionofcryinglessimportantandemphasizestheactionofthrowingthegiftoutofthewindow E g 5 Thecryinggirlthrewthegiftoutofthewindow Adjectivesgivetheleastemphasistothegirl scrying 2 4MeaningsinCompoundSentenceswith and Timesequence Heopenedthedoor andthenweenteredtherestaurant Result Hedroppedtheplateofpastaonmymap andIletoutacryofpainandhorror Contrast Mysisterorderstea andIalwaystakecoffee Concession Therestaurantownerswanttoservegoodfood andyettheyneverquitegeteverythingright Condition Theyhavetolearntomakebettercoffee andthenI llbehappier Gostraightandyou llseeachurch DothatagainandI llcallapoliceman Similarity Italianfoodrequiredfreshvegetables andsimilarlySouthernfoodatitsbestdependsonfreshingredients Pure addition Theyservepasta andtheyalsohaveanicerangeofpizzas Explanation Theyhaveonlyonechoicetostayinbusiness andthat stoimprovebothfoodandserviceimmediately 3MajorDifferencesinStructure3 1Flowing watersentencesandrun onsentences 粘连句 不断句 E g 1 不觉冬去春来 久困思动 今日醒来 阳光照屋 精神为之一振 扔在屋角的包袱一直未曾打开 趁天气晴朗 一把拎了过来 抖出冬天换下的衣裳 上面尚有点点雨渍雪痕 便将它摊在窗前晒起 牡丹亭 Beforeverylong winterpassedandspringarrived OnedaywhenLiuMengmeiwokeup hewaspleasedtofindthattheroomfullofsunshine Hehadlainonthebedforalongtimeandnowfounditbettertogetupandmovearound Hejumpedupandtookupthebundlewhichhehadthrowninthecorneroftheroommanydaysago Hiswinterclothesstillhadstainsofrainandsnowandhehungthemupbythewindowtodry E g 2 凭窗站了一会 微微的觉得凉意侵入 转过身来 忽然眼花缭乱 Standingatthewindowforawhile Ifeltabitchilly AsIturnedround myeyessuddenlydazzledbeforethebrightlightandcouldnotseethingsdistinctly E g 3 在第一章首先讨论了浪漫主义的起源 然后在第二章讨论了浪漫主义的特点 Atfirst theoriginofromanticismisdealtwithinchapterone thenthecharacteristicsofromanticismarestudiedinchaptertwo First theoriginofromanticismisdealtwithinChapterOne andthenitscharacteristicsarestudiedinChapterTwo 3 2Adverbsorconjunctions E g 1 他似乎并不想去 另外他的衣服也不够好 Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere besides hisclotheswerenotgoodenough Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere besides hisclotheswerenotgoodenough Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere Besides hisclotheswerenotgoodenough Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere andbesides hisclotheswerenotgoodenough E g 2 房价太高 而且地段也不太合适 Thepriceistoohigh moreover thehouseisn tinasuitableposition Thepriceistoohigh moreover thehouseisn tinasuitableposition Thepriceistoohigh moreover thehouseisn tinasuitableposition Thepriceistoohigh Moreover thehouseisn tinasuitableposition Thepriceistoohigh andmoreover thehouseisn tinasuitableposition E g 3 房子对我们来讲不够大 而且离城里太远 Thehouseisn tbigenoughforus furthermore itistoofarfromthetown Thehouseisn tbigenoughforus furthermore itistoofarfromthetown Thehouseisn tbigenoughforus Furthermore itistoofarfromthetown Thehouseisn tbigenoughforus andfurthermore itistoofarfromthetown E g 4 她说是这样的 可是她错了 Shesaiditwasso however shewasmistaken Shesaiditwasso however shewasmistaken Shesaiditwasso However shewasmistaken Shesaiditwasso butshewasmistaken nevertheless与此同 E g 5 一方面你收了她的礼物 另一方面你对全家都不礼貌 Ononehandyouhaveacceptedherpresents ontheother hand youarerudetothewholefamily Ontheonehandyouhaveacceptedherpresents ontheother hand youarerudetothewholefamily Ontheonehandyouhaveacceptedherpresents Ontheother hand youarerudetothewholefamily Ontheonehandyouhaveacceptedherpresents butontheother hand youarerudetothewholefamily E g 6 下雨了 比赛取消了 Itrained thereforethegamewascalledoff Itrained thereforethegamewascalledoff Itrained Thereforethegamewascalledoff Itrained sothegamewascalledoff E g 7 他不努力 挂科了 Hedidn tstudyhard thusfailedthetest Hedidn tstudyhard andthusfailedthetest E g 8 他们聊了一会儿 然后上班去了 Theychattedforawhile thentheywenttowork Theychattedforawhileandthenwenttowork 3 3WithconjunctionsandwithoutconjunctionsE g 1 他不来信 我不回信 Becausehedoesn twritetome Idon t won twriteback Hedoesn twritetome andIdon twritebacktohim E g 2 要提倡科学 靠科学才有希望 Wemustpromotescience forthatiswhereourhopelies E g 3 善欲人见 不是真善 恶恐人知 便是大恶 Agooddeedisnogooddeedifitisdoneforshow Anevilisalltheworseifitiscoveredup E g 4 车未停稳 请勿上下 Nevergetonoroffthebusbeforeitcomestoastandstill E g 5 你来了 我走 Ifyoucome I llleave Whenyoucome I llleave Sinceyouhavecome I mleaving 3 4topic prominenceandsubject objectprominenceE g 1 全国到处都在兴建新的工厂 Thewholecountryisbuildingnewfactories Newfactoriesarebeingbuiltalloverthecountry E g 2 刚才校门口发生了一起交通事故 Theschoolgatehappenedatrafficaccidentjustnow Atrafficaccidenthappenedattheschoolgatejustnow E g 3 三十年来中国发生了巨大的变化 Chinahastakenplacedgreatchangesinthelast30years GreatchangeshavetakenplacedinChinainthelast30years E g 4 听到这个消息 她的手都在发抖 Hearingthenews herhandsweretrembling Whensheheardthenews herhandsweretrembling E g 5 往窗外一看 有几个学生在打篮球 Lookingoutofthewindow thereweresomestudentsplayedbasketball Lookingoutofthewindow Isawsomestudentsplayingbasketball E g 6 首先讨论了浪漫主义的起源 最后讨论了浪漫主义的影响 AtFirstdiscussestheoriginofromanticism atlastdealswiththeinfluenceofromanticism First theoriginofromanticismisdiscussed andfinally intheenditsinfluenceisdealtwith E g 7 不了解中国的第一手资料是一大遗憾 DonotknowChinafirsthandisagreatpity ItisagreatpitythatyoudonotknowChinafirsthand ThatyoudonotknowChinafirsthandisagreatpity NotknowingChinafirsthandisagreatpity E g 8 酒不喝了 Idon tfeellikedrinkinganymore E g 9 只有勤奋才能取得好成绩 Agoodscoredependsondiligence E g 10 今天食堂吃饺子 Jiaoziareservedinthecanteentoday E g 11 叉子吃不好 Ican teatwellwithafork E g 12 从历史上看 每个时代的人类互不相同 没有所谓共同的 人性 Anexaminationofthehistoryofhumanitysuggestedthatmaninourepochissodifferentfrommaninprevioustimesthatitseemedunrealistictoassumethatmenineveryagehavehadincommonsomethingthatcanbecalled humannature E g 13 他开车心不在焉 几乎肇事 Hisabsentmindduringthedrivingnearlycausedanaccident E g 14 午夜空气凉爽 她又振作了精神 Thecoolmidnightairrestoredherspirits E g 15 欲购从速 Wastenotimeifyouwanttobuyit E g 16 电影糟透了 劝你别看 Filmisverybad Iadviseyounotsee Thefilmisverybad andIadviseyounotseeit ThefilmissobadthatIadviseyounotseeit 3 5MarkednounsandunmarkednounsE g 1 马是有用的动物 Horseisusefulanimal Ahorseisausefulanimal Horsesareusefulanimals Thehorseisausefulanimal E g 2 我每天早上都一样 洗脸 刷牙 吃早点 然后去上班 Iamthesameeveryday washface brushteeth havebreakfast thengotowork Everydayisthesametome Iwashmyface bushmyteeth havemybreakfast andthengotowork E g 3 他到图书馆借书去了 Hehasgonetothelibrarytoborrowbook Hehasgonetothelibrarytoborrowabook somebooks 4SentenceCombinationTherearethreemajorwaystocombinedifferentpartsintoonesentence 1 Usingcoordinatorssuchas and or but 2 Usingsubordinatorssuchas when which who what whose that when where 3 Usingnon finiteforms Thefollowingisadiagramtoshowhowasentencecanbeconstructed Example 我坐在椅子上看电视 IsatinthechairandwatchedTV IsatinthechairwhenIwatchedTV Isatinthechair watchingTV Exercises 1 WaldenPondisnowthesiteofmanytouriststands ItwasoncepraisedbyThoreauforitsnaturalbeauty 2 Jimstoodinfrontofthemirror Helookedathisimage Hewonderedatthebigchange Ithadcomeoverhiminrecentyears 3 Hespreadarumourthatthepresidentwasgoingtoresign Therumourledtoagreatconfusioninthecountry 4 Stamp collectingisoneofthemostcommonformsofcollecting Stamp collectingisahobby Manypeoplecarryonthehobbyforyearsandsomepeopleforlife 5 Theastronautslearntsomething Whattheylearntwashowtodealwithanenvironment Intheenvironmentthereisneitherweightnorgravity 6 Thesteepsurroundingslopeswerecappedwithsnow Thesnowfedtwostreams Thesestreamsplungeddowntojoininthevalleybelow 7 Tomcametothepartyinpatchedjeans Thissurprisedtheotherguests Mostoftheguestswerewearingeveningdress 8 TelevisioncanhelpustoseethepatternofAmericanlife Televisioncanhelpustounderstandtheevents Theeventscanuniteusordivideus 9 Philipreachedinhispocket Philippulledou