英语阅读理解(一)解题方法和技巧

精品文档英语阅读理解（一）解题方法和技巧阅读理解也是中考英语题的必考题目之一，本题型旨在考查学生阅读，理解的能力，几年来，中考英语题中的阅读理解材料新，题材丰富，考查学生综合推断能力，根据语篇猜单词意思的能力的力度加大，也考查学生关注细节的能力。所以学生往往要么没能正确理解语篇中某些句子的意思，在细节题上丢分，要么就是对语篇的整体把握不够，在综合题或者推断题方面丢分。那么到底怎么做好阅读理解这一题型呢？今天，带大家一起来看下！中考阅读理解考查主要内容1考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落（或短文）的主题，主题思想，标题或目的，其主要提问方式是： (1) Which is the best title of the passage?(2) Which of the following is this passageabout?(3) In this passage the writer tries to tell us that_.(4) The passage tells us that_.(5) This passage mainly talks about_.2考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力考查把握文章的事实和细节的能力。此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的，其主要提问方式是：(1) Which of the following is right?(2) Which of the following is not mentioned?(3) Which of the following is Not True in the passage?(4) Choose the right order of this passage.(5) From this passage we know _.3考查根据上下文猜测生词的含义的能力此类猜测词义的题目要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。其主要提问方式是：(1) The word “ ” in the passage probably means _.(2) The underlined word “It” in the passage refers to _.(3) In this story the underlined word “ ”means _.(4) Here “it” means_.4考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解此类题目主要考查的是句与句之间，短语短之间的逻辑关系，其主要提问方式是：(1) Many visitors come to the writerscity to _.(2) Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because _.(3) Why did the writer get off the train two stops before Vienna station?5考查依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理和判断的能力此类题目文章中没有明确的答案，需要考生再理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。其主要提问方式是：(1) We can guess the writer of the letter may be a _.(2) We can infer from the text that _.(3) From the letters weve learned that its very _ to know something about American social customs.(4) From the story we can guess _.(5) What would be happy if ?6考查推断作者意图和态度的能力其主要提问方式是：(1) How did the writer feel at Vienna station?(2) The writer writes this text to _.(3) The writer believes that _.(4) The writer suggests that _.中考阅读理解解题思路1读问题，找要点先读问题，弄清考查要点，以便能带着问题看文章，这样会心中有数，有的放矢。2看全文，知全貌快速浏览全文，掌握全貌，注意发现与问题有关的信息，如果时间紧，至少要扫视一下起首段和尾段。再把标题和文章内容结合起来想一想，这样全文大意便清楚了。此时，不要忙于答题。3细读原文，捕捉相关信息词细读原文，捕捉相关信息词，掌握短文细节内容。这是解题的关键，应特别注意以下几点： 1抓住四个W和一个H，就是边读边用铅笔做些标记，把What (事件)，When（时间），Where（地点），Why（原因），How（经过）划出来。抓住了四个“W”和一个“H”，就抓住了文章的全貌，一些直接性的问题便可解决。 2抓住连接词及起关键作用的副词、代词、介词、插入语等。因为这些词具有因果，让步，递进，转折，指代，列举及承上启下等各种连接上下文的特殊功能。这对考生分清文章层次，辨明各种关系，了解人物心理，推断作者意图，进行逻辑推理等手段来分析难点，都具有举足轻重的作用。 3注意领会文章的寓意。 4根据题意，初选答案。这一步须仔细审题，领会测试要求，确定解题方法。对那些明显的，有把握的题可以断然确定，不必把其余三个答案再作推敲而浪费时间：有些略难的题，应再查阅短文（不是重读一遍），迅速找出依据，予以排除。4重读全文，核对答案重读原文，仔细斟酌核对答案。在解完最后一道题后，如果时间允许，再将原文读一遍；用全文的主题思想统率各思考题，研究其内在联系和逻辑关系，目的在于对所做答案进一步审查，推出未解答的题，以便减少失误。中考阅读理解解题方法和技巧1如何获取段落的主旨和大意最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章（或一段文章）通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此，理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。在一篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主题句的情况有三种。主题句在段首或篇首主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说明文， 议论文大都采用先总述，后分述的叙事方法。例 题2003年陕西省英语中考试题阅读材料B的第一段： All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物链)。 Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears 59. Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?A. Animals B. Plants C. Food Chains D. Living Things评析：找出主题句即第一句。这个句子概括了本段的中心意思，“地球上所有的生物要生存都离不开其它的生物”。后面讲述了大量的事实，“大部分动物必须成群的生活，甚至一种植物也要和其它同类的植物靠在一起生长。有时一种生物杀死另一种生物，一种生物吃另一种生物，而另一种生物被吃”。在列举了大量的事实之后，作者指出：如果这些食物链中的一个链环消失，所有的食物都会断掉。所有这些事实都是围绕第一个句子展开的。 根据主题句的意思，我们可以很容易判断。主题句在段末或篇末用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结，归纳或结论。例 题2002年陕西省中考试题阅读材料A的最后一段：If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.评析：这段文章前面列举了两件事实：如果你买一些制作优良的衣服，你会省钱，因为这些衣服能穿得时间长一些。即使他们洗了很多次，仍然看起来很好。有时有些衣服花得前更多，但并不意味着这些衣服做得更好。最后一句话是对这两个事实的概括：有些价钱便宜的衣服比价钱贵的衣服更好看，更合身。段末这个句子就是主题句。无主题句有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。例 题2004年江西省中考试题阅读理解A: Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make more honey（蜂蜜). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didnt want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside. Scientists could not control（控制) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years. Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting（叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person. Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.在这篇短文的后面就出了一道这样的阅读理解题：59. The best title of the passage is _. A. How to make more honey B. Killer beesC. A foolish scientist D. How to feed killer bees评析：这篇短文就没有主题句，那末怎样来确定它的中心意思呢？按照上面的说明，我们可以得出每一段的大意：第一段讲的是“killer bees”的产生。 第二段讲的是“killer bees” 的急剧增加。 第三段讲的是人们害怕“killer bees”的原因。第四段讲的是“killer bees”已经杀死的人数和将来的状况。从这几段的大意可以看出这篇文章自始至终都是围绕“killer bees”这一中心展开的。换句话说，“killer bees”就是这篇文章的主题。2如何根据上下文猜测词义猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样的题目。任何一个实词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。所谓上下文(context),正如英语辞典所解释的，其作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。猜测词义时，我们可以从三个方面来考虑：1）根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理。2）运用语法知识进行语法分析。3）依靠常识和经验做出判断。例 题甘肃省2002年中考英语试题阅读材料B: A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短语). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag.” It is the same as “to tell a secret”. Now when someone lets out (泄漏)a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.” 短文后面有一个理解题目：John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he_.A. makes everyone know a secret B. the woman bout a cat C. buys a cat in the bag D. sells the cat in the bag评析：在这篇文章里，“let the cat out of the bag”虽然是一个新出现的短语，但紧接着后面就给出解释It is the same as “to tell a secret”.例 题2004年北京市海淀区中考试题阅读材料 As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well. 文章后面有这样一道题：53. In the text, “put an end to” means “_”A. stop B. cut C. kill D. fly评析：根据文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人 在打架，他们肯定会去制止。因为制止打架斗殴是警察 的职责。3如何确定细节和事实在阅读理解题目中，有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。这类题目相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特点：（1）凡属针对特定细节的考题，其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子，但句式、用词和表达方式不同。（2）干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂，正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂，甚至真假混杂。因此，要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目，一要在文章中找出相应的信息点，二要排除干扰项。例 题2003年陕西省中考英语试题阅读理解题第48小题：What do plants make food from? They make food from _.A. sunlight, water and things in the soil and airB. water, sunlight and things in the soilC. water and things in the soil and airD. water, sunlight and things in the soil评析：这一小题考查的就是文章的细节和事实。这一细节和事实的表述在文章中可以直接找到：Plants are “factories”. They make food from sunlight, water and things in the soil and air.4如何进行推断所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息， 推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分， 从中推断出未知部分。据以推断的有关文字可能是 词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。中考英语试题中的推断题很多，包括的面也很大。 其类型主要有以下几种事实推断这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断，要首先在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。例 题2002年南京市中考英语试题阅读理解第14小题 According to the passage, which of the following can you most possibly watch on TV?A. You often play football with your friends after school.B. Your teacher has got a cold.C. A tiger in the city zoo has run out and hasnt been caught.D. The bike in front of your house is lost. 在阅读材料中，有这样一段文字：Secondly, a news story has to be interesting and unusual.People dont want to read stories about everyday life. As a result, many stories are about some kind of danger and seem to be “bad” news. 评析：根据这段文字，我们可以推断：电视报道的新闻故事硬是有趣的和不平常的。逻辑推断这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供 的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言来推断出人物的 态度或感觉。对作者的意图和态度的推断这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断， 如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。初中英语阅读理解一般有以下五种题型，在答题时注意以下 3 点，抓住它的解法和思路，就可以顺利做好：1. 选择符合文章的选项；2. 判断正误；3. 根据文章内容回答问题。一、主旨题主旨题可分为文章主旨和段落主旨两种，该类题型在历年题型中出现的频率极高，每年必出。它考查了考生综合、概括、归纳和分析问题的能力，要求考生通过对文章的阅读，迅速把握文章或段落的主题中心。命题模式如下：1. 文章主旨题What is the main idea of this passage？This passage is mainly about？2. 段落主旨题What does the first （second，third，） paragraph mainly discuss？From the first (2nd, 3rd, 4th，etc) paragraph，we can learn that_.3. 主旨题的特点无论是在段落中还是在文章中，是明显还是隐蔽，主旨的提出主要有四种情况：首段或首句开门见山指出中心或讨论的问题。文章中间或段落中间给出中心。文章末段或段落末句对全文或全段进行总结归纳，得出中心思想。文章或段落中不明确给出中心，考生要根据各段中心或各句的内容进行总结，自己推出主旨。二、作者观点题和态度题在一篇文章中，不管作者对某一观点是支持、反对还是中立，是同情、冷漠还是失望，是批评还是赞扬，主观还是客观，都表达了作者一定的观点和态度。只是这些观点态度的提出有的直截了当，有的隐含在字里行间，有的通过所用词语的褒贬来体现，有的则需要通读全文，把握主旨才能领会。一般情况下，所选的文章不带有强烈的感情色彩，因此不会引起太大的争议和分歧。此类题型可细分为作者态度题（表明作者的好恶）和作者观点题（表明作者对某事物的观点）。题干中的关键词或词组有attitude，opinion，tone等，其命题模式如下：1. 作者态度题What is the tone (mood) of the passage？From the text we can see that the writer seems_？ . The authors main thought is that_.Which of the following can best describe the attitude of the author？2. 作者观点题what does the writer think of_？According to the author, _.In the authors opinion, _.What is the authors opinion (idea) about _? The author thinks (believes, suggests) that_.In the authors eyes_.三、词义 / 句意题命制的试题中经常有要求考生对词语和句子做出解释的题目。两者都主要侧重于考查考生通过上下文去判断词义、句意的能力。词义题的考查有两种：一是超纲词含义的推断，另一个是熟词僻义或是在特定场合的意思，其命题模式如下：1. what does the underlined word “_” mean？2. The underlined phrase (word, sentence) “_” most probably means_？3. The phrase (word, sentence) suggests_.4. From the passage, we can infer that the word “_” is_.5. According to passage, what is “_”？6. When the author says that _, he means_.四、推理引申题推理引申题主要测试考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力，要求考生领悟所读材料中句子之间的逻辑关系，并且根据材料提供的已知信息进行分析、归纳和推理。判断推理能力对深刻理解一篇文章十分重要，特别是理解作者字里行间的言外之意、作者的观点、写作意图和态度。此类试题通常要求考生对文章或段落进行深层推理和理解，不可能把试题的答案非常直接地暴露于选项中。因此考生应该注意把它与事实细节题区别开来，推理引申题必须以事实为依据，但是得出的结果又绝对不是事实本身，即不能“就事论事”。推理引申题对一些基础比较薄弱的考生而言是一个难点，考生似乎对文章读懂了，然而在解题时却始终不知如何下手，试题也做得不好。这是考生没有领会命题专家设置推理引申试题的用意的缘故。事实上推理引申题考查的不仅是考生对字面意义的理解，更要求考生透过文章的字里行间去推测作者未明说而又意欲表达的含义。解此类题，考生应该根据文中的材料进行有关的判断、推理和引申。常见命题模式如下：1. It can be inferred from the text/the last paragraph/the first sentence that_？2. We can infer that_？3. The author suggests in the passage that_？4. From the passage /the third paragraph/the last sentence/the example that we can draw the conclusion that_？引申推理题按照解题思路主要可以分为暗指题、推理题和结论题。暗指题的特点是要求读者体味“言外之意”，信息只能从字里行间获得。对于这类试题，考生首先要分清是明述还是暗指，即言内还是言外；其次，要尽最大可能与命题者达成“共识”，因为命题人事先确定的答案不允许考生的认识有任何偏差；最后，要对文章中的有关事实和观点进行分析和研究，按照事实发展的逻辑次序，总结出合情合理的结论。五、事实细节题在阅读理解测试中，很大比例的题目是考细节的。事实上在对历年试题的分析中发现，事实细节题的比例占一半以上。文章中的细节通常指的是作者为论证文章主题特别是论证段落的大意而使用的具体信息。因为就议论文和说明文而言，作者在阐明准备论述的问题或观点后，通常会用大量具体的事实细节去说明或支持它们。这些细节可以是理由、例子、数字，也可以采用下定义、作比较、对比、打比方等方法去组织。根据具体考查的内容或范围，事实细节题可以再细分为因果细节题、态度细节题、观点细节题、类比细节题、综合细节题和具体细节题，常见的命题模式：1. According to the passage/the author, who (what, where, which, when, why, how, etc)？2. Which of the following is true/correct/ false/not included？3. All of the following are (not) true, are (not) mentioned except_？4. We learn from the last paragraph (the first paragraph, the text) that_？典型例题分析1根据内容，从短文后每题的四个选项中选择最佳的一项。Mr Brown first went to look at the underground - fire when he was seven. Through the hole（洞）in the earth you could see the orange fire, but you had to look fast because it was so hot, said Mr Brown.In 1898, he saw the fire once more（再一次）.Now, we can only see the smoke. The fire Mr Brown saw is not the underground - fire. In fact, there are 260 coal（煤）fires in the world. They are harmful（有害）and dangerous. Then how to put them out？Scientists have tried to set（放置）fire to underground coal to speed up（加速）the fires. In this way, the burning（燃烧）of underground coal would be soon finished. （被烧完）。1. Mr Brown first saw the underground - fire _.A. at the age of seven B. seven years old C. in the year of 1898 D. more than（超过）80 years ago2. Mr Brown said that we had to take a fast look at the fire because _. A. it was in the hole B. it was very hot C. it was orange D. it was harmful3. How many coal fires are there in the world？A. Theres only one. B. Its hard to say. C. There are 260. D. The article（文章）doesnt tell us. 4. Whats one of the best ways to put out（扑灭）the underground fire？A. To cover（覆盖）the holes with stones（石块）B. To speed up the fires. C. To see the fires burning. D. To do some experiments（试验）.5. What is the best title（标题）for the article？A. Watching the Underground - Fire. B. A Way to Put Out the Coal Fires. C. The Burning Earth. D. Coal and Coal Fires. 答案分析1. 在文章的第一段的第一句里可以找到依据。at the age of seven 等于when he was seven，故正确答案为 A 。2这一题可以在第一段里直接找到答案，属于直接回答题。正确答案为B。3这一题可以在第二段里直接找到答案，属于直接回答题。正确答案为C。4在文章的最后一段提到了扑灭火的最好方法，那就是使火加速燃烧。正确答案为B。5完成这道题需作一定的归纳，因为文章中没有给出直接的回答。文章从Mr Brown两次看火，然后说出地下火的危害，最后提出如何灭火的方法。文章的前两段是给为什么要灭火和如何灭火铺垫，如何灭火才是文章的中心。故正确答案为B。2根据文章内容判断正误Fred telephoned his wife. “Ive got two free tickets for the theatre tonight,” he told her. “Meet me outside the office. We l have something to eat and then go on to the theatre.”Freds wife was very pleased. They hadnt been to the theatre for a long time. She met her husband as he told her. They had dinner and got to the theatre just in time.At the entrance Fred took out his wallet to get the tickets. “Its very strange,”he said. “They arent here!”“Try your pockets,”said his wife. But the tickets werent there, either.Then Fred looked very embarrassed (尴尬). “Whats the matter？”asked his wife. “Well,”Fred said, “I remember what I did with my tickets. I put them in my bag. But because I wasnt going home, I left it in the office！”1. One day, Fred was given the tickets for the theatre.2. Fred and his wife went to the theatre quite often.3. Fred wanted to meet his wife in a restaurant.4. They reached the theatre neither late nor early. 5. Then Fred couldnt find his tickets and remembered what he had done with the tickets.答案分析1. T 因为第一段中提到Fred told his wife “Ive got two free tickets” “free”此处是免费的意思。2. F 第二段中提到“They hadnt been to the theater for a long time.”3. F 第一段中 Fred 说“Meet me outside the office.”4. T 第二段中“in time”是及时的意思。5. T 结尾处提到的。3阅读下面短文，然后回答文后问题。Taking exams always makes me nervousWhat about you？Here are some suggestions that my friend offers me.Preparing for examsThe most important part of preparing for an exam is to know what to study. Review subjects youve spent a long time on during classes，look through what you were asked to read and topics of essays and homework，or ask your teachers to see if they can give a few suggestionsOnce you know what to study，the next is to know how to study.Arriving at an examHow you arrive at an exam will decide how you take your exam.Be sure to arrive：Early.With a full stomach.Well rested.With all the things you will need for the exam.Having your own exam habits Before you begin your exam，be sure to：Set up your things close by.Put your name and other identification information on your exam-answer sheet.Read all the directions.Make a brief plan about how you will divide your time between sections.Take a few deep breaths every time you feel nervous.If you prepare well for your exam，arrive confidently and settle in before you begin. Dont spend more time on a question that you should unless youre ahead of schedule（时间表）.根据短文内容，回答下面的问题。1. What is the most important before you take an exam？_2. Should you arrive at an exam early or on time？_3. What should you do if you feel nervous just before an exam？_4. How would you feel if you got everything ready？_ 答案分析1. to know what to study 根据建议一可知，考前最重要的就是要知道学什么。2. Early 根据建议二可知，考试时要提前到。3. Take a few deep breaths 根据建议三可知，考前紧张是要深吸一口气，能缓解紧张的心情。4. Confident 根据短文内容可知，一切准备就绪，你就会很自信。阅读理解也是中考英语题的必考题目之一，本题型旨在考查学生阅读，理解的能力。几年来，中考英语题中的阅读理解材料新颖，题材丰富，考查学生综合推断能力，根据语篇猜单词意思能力的力度加大，也考查学生关注细节的能力。那么，我们看看阅读理解都有哪些题材呢？1家庭、朋友与个人情况在中考阅读理解中，记叙文阅读题目的考查难度逐年增加，多使用贴近学生生活的素材，多以故事形式出现。针对这种题型主要抓四大要素，即时间、地点、人物和事件的起因、发展和结果，以及人物之间的关系，从中分析他们的思想品质、性格特征等；理解文章大意后，找出关键的句子和一些与考查内容有关的问题所在，这样，便于我们解题时“顺藤摸瓜”，找出问题的答案。这类阅读一般是对文章理解能力的考查，抓住文章的关键句和关键词是非常重要的。 解题思路：先看清题干，带着问题读文章，明确把握问题指向，避免“回视”现象，提高做题的速度。【例题】 1990 was a significant year in world events. In February，Nelson Mandela was set free after 27 years in prison. In October，East and West Germany became one country again. Then at the end of 1990，the World Wide Web was born. For this final event we have one man to thank，Tim Berners Lee，the father of the Web. Berners Lee was born on June 8，1955 in London，England. His parents，both computer designers，encouraged