(1)阅读理解--(快速阅读练习).doc

阅读理解专项练习第一节：大纲要求及评分标准阅读理解部分包括仔细阅读(Reading in Depth)和快速阅读(Skimming and Scanning)，测试学生通过阅读获取书面信息的能力；所占分值比例为35%，其中仔细阅读部分25%，快速阅读部分l0%。考试时间40分钟。仔细阅读部分要求考生阅读三篇短文。两篇为多项选择题型的短文理解测试，每篇长度为300350词。一篇为选词填空(Banked Cloze)或简答题(Short Answer Questions)。选词填空篇章长度为200250词，简答题篇章长度为300350词。仔细阅读部分测试考生在不同层面上的阅读理解能力，包括理解主旨大意和重要细节、综合分析、推测判断以及根据上下文推测词义等。多项选择题型的短文后有若干个问题，考生根据对文章的理解，从每题的四个选项中选择最佳答案。选词填空测试考生对篇章语境中的词汇理解和运用能力。要求考生阅读一篇删去若干词汇的短文，然后从所给的选项中选择正确的词汇填空，使短文复原。快速阅读部分采用l2篇较长篇幅的文章或多篇短文，总长度约为1 000词。要求考生运用略读和查读的技能从篇章中获取信息。略渎考核学生通过快速阅读获取文章主旨大意或中心思想的能力，阅读速度约每分钟1 00词。查读考核学生利用各种提示，如数字、大写单词、段首或句首词等，快速查找特定信息的能力。快速阅读理解部分采用的题型有是非判断、句子填空、完成句子等。第二节：题型分析与应试技巧一、快速阅读理解（一）试题介绍快速阅读理解题是大学英语四级考试改革后新增加的考试题型。该考试题型是一篇1000个单词左右的文章，题目含有7个判断正误题(包括NOT GIVEN)和3个句子填空题（即补充3个未完成的句子，答案基本都是原文中出现的原词），考试时间为15分钟。文章一般是一篇篇幅较长而难度略低的材料，如各类论文、小说、报刊杂志、日用工具书、广告广播、新闻报道、节目表、时刻表、备忘录、说明书、电话本、索引等。快速阅读能力的提高固然有赖于考生在大量阅读中逐步的积累。但是，在平时的训练的时候，应该注意通过对逻辑关系、标点符号乃至一些特征语言信息点，乃至略读及寻读等方法的积极运用，实现文章主旨的快速把握，并对随后的题目做出有效的判断和填写。（二）解题方法和解题技巧1解题方法 （1）略读法（Skimming）略读法旨在快速浏览全文，以了解中心思想、段落大意及主题背景等等。这种阅读方式适用于任何文体的阅读，它能帮助读者在有限的时间内了解和掌握更多的信息。如采用略读方法，首先应该读首段和结尾段。接下来，读每段的主题句。通常来说，文章的第一段和最后一段是文章主题思想的阐明和总结，而每一段的主题句体现了每一个段落的中心思想，它一般出现在段首，开宗明义；有时也在段落的结尾，画龙点睛；有时放在段落中间，承上启下。有时有些段落没有主题句，需要加以总结。在略读过程中，要特别关注这些主题句。（2）寻读法（Scanning）寻读法旨在迅速扫读全文以寻找所需要的信息。由于其目的是寻找某一具体的信息或某一问题的答案，视线通常跳过无关内容去捕捉所需的信息，因此阅读速度要尽量地快。总体上说，大部分细节题都能直接或间接地在文章中找到答案，采用寻读法就可以较快的根据线索作出判断，具体步骤如下：1）先看问题，然后带着问题去寻找答案。2）根据问题的顺序位置，判断答案在文章中的大概位置。3）尽可能快速地扫视文章，直到找到所需要的信息。4）确定所需信息位置后，仔细理解句子含义并完成试题。2解题技巧（1）应对两种不同形式文章的技巧1）有小标题的文章对于有小标题的文章，把握开头或结尾部分就掌握了文章的主题和写作目的。小标题相对于段落的主题句，把握住小标题就掌握了文章的主要内容。这些小标题在寻读时也显得格外重要，从题干的定位信息可以快速找到相关的小标题（模糊定位），然后在该小标题下查找具体答案（精确定位），从而提高阅读速度。例一：Take Charge of Your LearningYou Know Yourself BestRemember that unless you can take charge of your own learning, you will probably not succeed in mastering a new language. You know yourself best, so you should use your self-knowledge to guide your studies, even if it means that sometimes you will have to disregard some of your teachers approaches or other peoples suggestions.People tend to learn in different ways. Some are very analytical and need a rule for everything. Others are more intuitive; they prefer to gather examples and imitate them. Some need lots of repetition, while others require less. In a classroom situation, the teacher cannot tailor the approach to each individual student. Therefore, you cannot always rely on your teacher to provide you with an approach that is specifically designed for you. You need to experiment in order to discover what works best.So in order to master another language, you need to be personally involved. You need to play with the language to develop a feel for how it works. The language must, in some sense, become a part of you rather than remain an external mechanical system that you manipulate according to a set of instructions. Learning a language is a little like learning to ride a bicycle. One can describe rather precisely what is involved in bicycle riding, but until a learner actually gets on the bike and falls off a few times, no meaningful learning can take place.Set Clear GoalsYou need to decide for yourself what the overall goals for your language study are. This will help you to develop a clearer direction and to measure your performance. For the same reasons, it is helpful to set clear goals for your daily and weekly study. Follow the goals you have set for yourself, even if this means supplementing the work that is done in your course. For instance, if your goal is to have a good accent, you can work independently on your pronunciation if it is not stressed in your course.评析:1. You know yourself best, so you should use your self-knowledge to guide your studies, even if it means that sometimes you will have to _ or other peoples suggestions.2. You need to set overall goals as well as immediate goals for your language learning.【解题思路】通过略读小标题可以看出文章主要介绍语言学习中应当注意的两个方面：（1）你自己最了解自己；（2）树立明确的目标。第一道填空题为细节题，通过题干中的“You know yourself best”可以很容易在第一个小标题“You know yourself best”的段落中找到细节。第二道是非判断题为细节题，通过题干中的“set overall goals”可以很容易在第二个小标题“Set Clear Goals”的段落中找到细节。答案为1. disregard some of your teachers approaches 2.Y 2）没有小标题的文章对于没有小标题的文章，需要把握文章开头或结尾部分来掌握文章的主题和写作目的。更重要的是要快速浏览每段，寻找主题句并获得文章大意。建议在浏览过程中用笔在每段的主题句或关键词下做出记号，以备答题时使用。（2）寻找信息的技巧1）利用数字和年代定位信息文章中的数字和年代通常以阿拉伯数字的形式出现，因此在文章中比较明显。如果考题中含有数字，就可以快速的找到该数字在文章中的位置，从而定位解题信息。例二：Taverner, John(14951545), British composer and organist, known for his church music.Tawney, Richard Henry(18801962), British historian. He is best known for his book Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1926). He was a keen socialist, and professor of economic history at the University of London(19311949).Tecumseh(17681813), Shawnee Indian chief who tried to unite all American Indians into a confederacy. He was killed while fighting as an ally of the British in the war of 1812.评析:1. Tawney finished his best known book Religion and the Rise of Capitalism in 1926. 2. Tecumseh was killed while fighting as an ally of the British in the war of 1812.【解题思路】通过略读可以看出文章是介绍对几位名人的介绍。两道题均为细节题，通过题干中的年代可以很容易在相应段落中找到细节。答案为1. Y 2. Y 2）利用专有名词如人名、地名等定位信息在文章中出现的专有名词由于是以大写字母开头，会显得比较突出，十分容易寻找。在浏览题干时，如发现有专有名词出现，则可以直接在文章中寻找该专有名词，从而定位信息，节省答题时间。例三：Whether the poor face significantly different food prices due to where they shop for food remains an unresolved empirical question. Extensive research over the years has tried to answer the questionDo the poor pay less for food? The Economic Research Service (ERS) in 1997 reviewed the results of studies comparing price differences in grocery stores across different income levels and combined these with current census data on the distribution of low-income households by urbanization type. The ERS study concluded that, in general, the poor face higher prices due to their greater representation in urban and rural areas(as opposed to suburban areas), where food prices tend to be higher.评析:1. The surveys of ERS help low-income households develop economizing practices. 【解题思路】通过略读可以看出文章主要介绍低收入群体购物时如何做到“最经济”。该题为细节题，通过题干中的“ERS”可以很容易在文章中找到具体信息。答案为1. N3）利用“信号词”来区分或定位信息在浏览过程中，读者可以通过寻找“信号词”来区分重要信息和非重要信息。以下列出的是阅读过程中常见的几类“信号词”。u 以下词组提示下文所涉及的重要信息：The main / important point / conclusion / reason.The point to note hereu 以下词组提示了下文的结构框架：There are three major reasonsu 在文中提问可以突出问题后的答案，提示读者答案中有重要信息，例如：Why is a piped water supply so important? Disease due to contaminated water is a common cause of death in childhood.u 有时，为了保证读者完全理解自己的观点，作者会在文中反复提出自己的观点，例如：Death control can be achieved autonomously. In other words, the death rate can be cut without anything else changing.u 文章的结论通常是非常重要的，因此，读者要在文中寻找提示结论的“信号词”，例如：Therefore the resultIn conclusion we can concludeOne of the primary conclusionsu 举例是为了帮助读者理解某一个观点，因此，文中的例子不是浏览文章时的重要信息。在阅读过程中，以下词组提示读者下文是举例部分信息。For example/instance likeSuch as these includeTo illustrate among these areu 有时，作者也会用破折号或括号来提示举例信息，例如：The developing countries are dependent on cash crops sugar, coffee, cacao, cotton.Precipitating/violent/unexpected factors are those which reduce the food supply (droughts, floods, wars, epidemics)在段落浏览时，读者在看到信号词后，应不断对下文信息作出相应的判断，例如：The main reason for (提示：下文信息重要) the reduction in the death rate in the developing world has been improved public health measures. For example, (提示：下文信息不重要，仅仅是为了用来证明前面的观点) in Sri Lanka the death rate was halved over ten years by spraying the mosquitoes which carry malaria. Why (提示：问题的答案中有读者应该关注的重点) is it so easy to cut the death rate in this way and yet so hard to reduce the birth rate? One answer (提示：这只是众多答案中的一种，并不是最重要的。) is that public health measures can be very cheap. Anti-malarial spraying is inexpensive. But this is not the important point (提示：but后面的是非常重要的信息). For birth control programs to be successful, a change in attitude is required, whereas death control can be achieved autonomously. In other words, (提示：这里是作者想要强调的重要信息) the death rate can be cut without anything else changing.4）题目顺序基本和文章写作顺序一致一般情况下，快速阅读中判断正误题目的顺序与原文的写作顺序基本上是保持一致的。换句话说，如果你已经在第三段中找到了第一道题的信息，余下的题目出处则大致都在第三段之后（反常情况极少出现，即使出现，该文章的总体试题的顺序也仍然是与文章写作顺序一致的）。因此在寻读时，一定要把握好题目顺序和写作顺序的一致规律，以节省答题时间。例四： A FairylandPure New ZealandI had my honeymoon in New Zealand. It was a nine-day self-driving tour. At first I thought we were crazy to have chosen New Zealand and given the price of the whole budget. Besides, I was a bit apprehensive as it was my first time to go to an unfamiliar place without jointing a tour package. However, the fear and anxiety were quickly dissolved by the marvelous scenery as well as the kindness and warmth of New Zealanders. When I finally visited the place, I simply fell in love with it.Heaven on the EarthNew Zealand is a nature lovers paradise. You dont need contrived amusement parks or fence-off scenic areas. All you have to do is take a stroll and you can breathe, touch and see the beauty of this country. Wondrous scenery, pollution free, good climate, challenging activitieswhat more can one asks for?No skyscraper in cities at all. A four or five-storied building is a high and huge one in South Island. Hence there is nothing to block the sight. I like the fact that walking outside and even on the way to the grocery store, I can see the most breathtaking scenery all around me.Secluded inlets, rugged snowcapped mountains, wild coast and picturesque farming plains, all are like something that appears only in fairy tales. The West coast beaches attracted me most. Sitting in the black shimmering sand, listening to the wind singing, watching the fantastic tiding, we were exposed to a wild and pristine picture. It is really “heaven comes true”!We could not help killing thirteen rolls of films during our stay. These photos allow us to relish our memories of New Zealand even till today. 评析:1. At the beginning, the author felt frightened and anxious.2. There are no contrived amusement parks in New Zealand.3. The thing the author likes most is walking outside in New Zealand.【解题思路】通过略读可以看出文章是一篇游记，讲述了作者在新西兰度蜜月的经历。三道题目的顺序与原文的写作顺序是完全一致的。第一道题为推理题，可以从第一段的最后两句话中直接找到与题干一致的表述。第二道题为细节题，在第二段中提到作者的观点，并没有提到新西兰是否有“contrived amusement parks”。 第三道题为细节题，在第四段中可以发现作者最喜欢做的事是坐在海边欣赏海景，与题干中的逛街不一致。答案为1. Y 2. NG 3. N（3）巧用逻辑关系逻辑关系散布在文章的句子内部、句句之间、以及段落之间。考生应该尤其注意快速阅读文章中逻辑关系的运用，以便省时省力的理解文章信息。最基本的逻辑关系有以下几种：1）因果关系：as a result，therefore，hence，consequently，because, due to等。2）并列、递进关系：and, or, in addition，besides，in other words，moreover等。3）转折关系：however，but, yet, in fact等。这些我们其实已经很熟悉的逻辑提示词在文章中起的效果，并非仅仅是衔接文章的句子，从阅读的角度来看，其实同时在给我们某种提示，告诉我们哪些句子是有效信息或相对重要的信息，哪些信息是相对不重要的信息，使我们在处理文章的时候，有一条清晰的思路。例五：You have just finished your meal at a fast food restaurant and you throw your uneaten food, food wrappers, drink cups, utensils and napkins into the trashcan. You dont think about that waste again. On trash pickup day in your neighborhood, you push your can out to the curb, and workers dump the contents into a big truck and haul it away. You dont have to think about that waste again, either. But maybe you have wondered, as you watch the trash truck pull away, just where that garbage ends up.在该段尾部出现了“But”。这里的“But”，说明作者陈述的内容的逻辑主旨发生了变化，因此，转折逻辑词之前的信息就变得不重要了，简单的答题方法是可以仅保留阅读转折词之后的信息。相应地，并列、递进关系词，意味着它们前后衔接的信息从主旨的体现上没有发生变化，而更多的表现为前后句子主旨的相似性，所以我们选择其中的一半进行阅读。这样，在保证了阅读质量的基础上，也极大地提高了阅读速度。例六：Along the site, there are drop-off stations for materials that are not wanted or legally banned by the landfill. A multi-material drop-off station is used for tires, motor oil, and lead-acid batteries. Some of these materials can be recycled. In addition, there is a household hazardous waste drop-off station for chemicals (paints, pesticides, other chemicals) that are banned from the landfill. These chemicals are disposed of by private companies.在该段中出现了“In addition”，意味着其后内容和上一段信息主旨基本一致，可以放弃本句的阅读。（4）是非判断题规律总结是非判断题考查考生对原文信息的判断和理解能力，共分为以下三类：Y题（Yes）当可以根据原文信息判断题干表述为正确时，答案为Y；N题（No）当可以根据原文信息判断题干表述为错误时，答案为N；NG题（Not Given）当无法在原文中找到题干的表述而不能判断时，答案为NG。具体题型如下：Y题（Y）u 题干是由原文中句子转换结构而得，同时使用同义词或近义词来改写原文，即题干与原文对应处为同义转述关系。u 题干是对原文的几句话或者某个段落中表达的信息的概括或归纳。N题（N）u 题干中使用了与原文中的意义相反的表达，如使用反义词、否定词或其它表示意义相反的表达。u 题干中增加或减少了原文中的条件、范围、频率或可能性等限定词，使得题干的表述与原文不符。u 题干将原文信息张冠李戴。NG题（NG）u 无中生有，题干中的内容在原文中并未提到。u 以个别代替整体，即将原文所举例子的特殊现象推广为普遍现象u 题干提到的内容有可能发生也有可能不发生，原文中没有提到是哪种可能性。u 随意比较原文中提到的两个事物u 原文中作者或某个人物的目标、目的、愿望、誓言等内容，在题目中作为客观事实陈述（三）专项练习Passage 1 Take Charge of Your LearningYou Know Yourself BestRemember that unless you can take charge of your own learning, you will probably not succeed in mastering a new language. You know yourself best, so you should use your self-knowledge to guide your studies, even if it means that sometimes you will have to disregard some of your teachers approaches or other peoples suggestions.People tend to learn in different ways. Some are very analytical and need a rule for everything. Others are more intuitive; they prefer to gather examples and imitate them. Some need lots of repetition, while others require less. In a classroom situation, the teacher cannot tailor the approach to each individual student. Therefore, you cannot always rely on your teacher to provide you with an approach that is specifically designed for you. You need to experiment in order to discover what works best.So in order to master another language, you need to be personally involved. You need to play with the language to develop a feel for how it works. The language must, in some sense, become a part of you rather than remain an external mechanical system that you manipulate according to a set of instructions. Learning a language is a little like learning to ride a bicycle. One can describe rather precisely what is involved in bicycle riding, but until a learner actually gets on the bike and falls off a few times, no meaningful learning can take place.Set Clear GoalsYou need to decide for yourself what the overall goals for your language study are. This will help you to develop a clearer direction and to measure your performance. For the same reasons, it is helpful to set clear goals for your daily and weekly study. Follow the goals you have set for yourself, even if this means supplementing the work that is done in your course. For instance, if your goal is to have a good accent, you can work independently on your pronunciation if it is not stressed in your course.Establish a Regular ScheduleLanguage is learned in small bits, so try to establish a regular schedule for studying and then stick to it. You achieve little by occasional cramming; after all, you didnt learn your native language all at once. In fact, it took you quite a while to master all its intricacies, so give yourself the same chance when learning a new language. Do some studying everyday, even on weekends and when there is no homework assignment. Work through your exercises as they are assigned, rather than doing them at the last possible minute. Exercises do little good if they dont have time to sink in. finally, find the best time of day to do your studying. Dont do it when you have many other things on your mind or when you are exhausted. Your mind has to be receptive for learning to take place.Pay Attention to the Learning Successes of Yours and OthersAs you proceed in your learning, notice your successes and especially note what you did to achieve these successes. Determine which exercises seem to help you most and for which kind of tasks: translations, mechanical drills, answering questions, compositions, and so forth. Also, note whether you find written or oral exercises more helpful and whether you retain a rule better when it is given to you before practice or when you deduce your own rule from examples presented to you.Ask other students how they got the right answers or how they successfully learned something, and then see if their strategies will also work for you. For example, if someone guessed a word that you did not recognize, ask how he or she did it. Sometimes it is helpful to look at how others organize their notes, rules, and vocabulary lists as well. You can also ask other students how they go about preparing for class.Experiment to Determine Your Learning PreferenceExperiment to see if some tasks are better accomplished by using the eye, while others are better accomplished with the ear. For example, you may find that listening to tapes helps you improve your oral comprehension and memorize dialogues, but you may retain vocabulary better if you use flash cards. Remember that applying the same strategy to all tasks will not work. If you tend to rely too much on the eye, as many adults do, you may slow down your progress because so much of language requires learners to use their hearing. You may need to consciously work on strengthening your listening skills.Notice Which Strategies Work and Which DontAs you proceed with your learning, you should be on the lookout for what works and what doesnt. Once you have identified the strategies that work best for you, continue to use them. At the same time, be on the lookout for strategies that arent effective. For instance, if you “choke up” in class when performing a dialogue with another student, could it be that you prepared for this task by reading and rereading the dialogue by yourself? If this strategy doesnt work, try working with a classmate. After all, it takes two to talk.Define your problems clearly. Be on the lookout for your learning problems, and try to determine what you can do to solve them. If you keep examining this process, you will find that you will be better able to define your problems and thus better able to find solutions.1. Sometimes you can ignore other peoples suggestions about how to study.2. Sometimes the teachers approach may