王守仁英国文学选读课后答案.doc

1. Heroic Couplet: A rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often “closed”, containing a complete thought, there being a fairly heavy pause at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel or antithesis within a line, or between the two lines. 2. Dramatic monologue is a type of poem writing style in which a character, at some specific and critical moment, addresses an identifiable but silent audience, thereby unintentionally revealing his or her essential temperament and personality.（是一种诗的写作形式，是使一个角色在一些特殊的决定性时刻作为可辨认的但沉默的观众，由此无意的显示他或她的基本脾性。）3. Blank verse is poetry written in regular metrical but unrhymed lines, almost always iambic pentameters. It has been described as probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the 16th century.4. Iambic Pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.5. Sonnet（十四行诗）: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed, was introduced to England from Italy。Its a lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of 14 iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. There are two major patterns of rhyme in sonnets written in the English language: 1.the Italian or Petrarchan sonnet，falls into two main parts an octave (eight lines ) rhyming abbaabba followed by a sestet( six lines ) rhyming cdecde or some variant ,such as cdccdc. 2. Shakespeare sonnet： :abab cdcd efef gg6. A conceit is an extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem. By juxtaposing, usurping and manipulating images and ideas in surprising ways, a conceit invites the reader into a more sophisticated understanding of an object of comparison.7. The metaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of English lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion. 8. Lake poets refer to the first generation of romanticism including Wordsworth Coleridge and Southey. They once lived around the lake districts and traversed the similar attitude toward literature, politics and society, beginning as radicals and ending in conservatives.9. Aestheticism: The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement is “art for arts sake”. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for arts sake, can it be immortal. The representatives are Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater. 美学运动的理论基础是“为艺术而艺术”。唯美主义认为艺术高于生活，主张生活模仿艺术，而不是艺术模仿生活。根据美学家认为，所有艺术创作都是绝对的主观反对客观。艺术应该是不受自我主义影响的自由形式。只有为艺术而艺术时，才是不朽的。10. Stream of consciousness意识流: A kind of style with a carefully modulated poetic flow诗流派的一种谨慎的调整 and brought into prose散文 fiction 小说something of the rhythms节奏 and the imagery比喻 of lyric poetry.抒情诗11. Ballad: a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.12. The Byronic hero is a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.13. The comedy of manners is an entertainment form which satirizes the manners and affectations of a social class or of multiple classes, often represented by stereotypical stock characters. For example, the miles gloriosus (boastful soldier) in ancient times, the fop and the rake during the English Restoration, or an old person pretending to be young. Restoration comedy is used as a synonym for comedy of manners.1 The plot of the comedy, often concerned with scandal, is generally less important than its witty dialogue. A great writer of comedies of manners was Oscar Wilde, his most famous play being The Importance of Being Earnest.14. Neoclassicism: the enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neocl associate.15. A couplet is a pair of lines of metre in poetry. Couplets usually comprise two lines that rhyme and have the same metre.16. A poet laureate (plural: poets laureate) is a poet officially appointed by a government or conferring institution, who is often expected to compose poems for special events and occasions.17. A trochee is a metrical foot consisting of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one in English.18. A soliloquy (from Latin solo to oneself + loquor I talk) is a device often used in drama when a character speaks to himself or herself, relating thoughts and feelings, thereby also sharing them with the audience, giving off the illusion of being a series of unspoken reflections.1 If other characters are present, they keep silent2 and/or are disregarded by the speaker.Geoffrey ChaucerThe Canterbury Tales 1. How is the setting of the tales described? With such a setting, could you predict the general tone of the tales?Early spring. General tone: happy, easy, lively, humorous.2. Character of the Knight?The knight displays many traits which make him seem almost too good to be true, and a true gentleman that rarely exists in reality. The knight holds four main admirable traits, making him the most liked traveler in The Canterbury Tales, and also amplying the doubt of his realism. From the characters impressive introduction, it is clear that this man is the most valued and honorable traveler among the group. This perfect gentleman holds a love of ideals that are often not displayed by people. First and foremost, he believes in the ideals of chivalry, and always stays true to its principles. He also feels that one should be honest, truthful and faithful, which many people are not all of these ideals. The knight thinks one should only do what is right, and what will gain him honor and reputation. This character also believes in freedom and generosity towards all, and displays this ideal repeatedly throughout the novel. And lastly, the knight also strongly feels that any proper person should display courtesy and elegance at all times.Another aspect of this characters life which makes him seem too prestigious to be truthful is his impressive military career. He fought in the holy war, The knight obviously held a very respectable reputation, and was treated with much honor and respect. He was a perfect gentleman, showing kindness and understanding to everyone he came in contact with. The knight was extremely well-mannered, always being on his best behavior. His appearance was the finishing touch, adding honor and integrity to his courageous and gentle spirit. This main character was clothed still in his armor, wearing a tunic of harsh cloth and his coat of mail is rust-stained, clearly showing remaining signs of past battles.Shakespeare Hamlet P81. Why is sleep so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”? Nobody can predict what he will dream of after he falls asleep. Death means the end of life, you may go to or unknown world and you cant comeback,. If he dies, Hamlets cant realize his will. Though “sleep” can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks, it is a state of mind. Hamlet didnt know at all. He is frightened by the possible suffering in the long “dream”. He cant predict what will happen in the sleep, may be good may be evil. 2. Why would people rather bear all the sufferings of the world instead of choosing death to get rid of them, according to Hamlet? Death is so mysterious that nobody knows what death will bring to us. Maybe bitter sufferings, great pains, heartbreaking storiesBecause people hold the same idea to grunt and sweat under a weary life, but that the dread of something after death-the undiscoverd country, form whose bourn no traveler returns-puzzle the will, and make us rather bear those ills we have than fly to others that we know not of?” People also are frightened by the myths in another world after death.3. What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action? Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet. Conscience and over-considerations. He wants to revenge, but doesnt know how. He wants to kill his uncle, but finds it too risky. He lives in despair and wants to commit suicide. However, he knows if he dies, nobody will comfort his fathers ghost. He is in face of great dilemma. They dont know the result after their taking the action. Such as Hamlet, he doesnt know what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself . So Hamlet was hesitated.Sonnet 18 P131. How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? (Page 14)The poet opens with a question that is addressed to the beloved, Shall I compare thee to a summers day? This question is comparing “thee” to the summer time of the year. It is during this time when the flowers are blooming, trees are full of leaves, the weather is warm, and it is generally considered as an enjoyable time during the year. The following eleven lines in the poem are also dedicated to similar comparisons between the beloved and summer days. In lines 2 and 3, the speaker explains what mainly separates the young woman from the summers day: she is more lovely and more temperate. (Line 2) Summer days are sometimes shaken by rough winds (line3) which happens and is not always as welcoming as the woman. However in line 4, the poet gives the feeling again that the summer months are often too short by saying, And summer lease hath too short a date. In the summer days, the sun, the eye of heaven (line 5), often shines too hot, or too dim, his gold complexion dimmed (line 6) as every fair from fair sometime declines. (Line 7) The final portion of the sonnet tells how the beloved differs from the summer in various aspects. Her beauty will be one that lasts forever, Thy eternal summer shall not fade. (Line 9), and never end or die.At last two lines, the poet explains how the beloveds beauty will accomplish this everlasting life unlike summer days. And it is because her beauty is kept alive in this poem, which will last forever. It will live as long as men can breathe or eyes can see. (Line 13) the poem is outwardly a simple statement of praise about the beauty of the beloved woman and perhaps summer to the speaker is sometimes too unpleasant with the extremes of windiness and heat that go along with it. However, the beloved in the poem is always mild and temperate by her nature and nothing at all like the summer. At last, the poet starts to praise that the beloved is so great and awing that she is to live forever in this sonnet. The beloved is so great that the speaker will even go as far as to say that, So long as men breathe, or eyes can see, so long lives this and this gives life to thee.”(line 13、14) that the beloved is deserving to live on forever.2. What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more beautiful than summer and immortal?At the very beginning, the poet puts forth a question: “Shall I compare thee to a summers day?” Then he gives an answer: “Thou art more lovely and more temperate.” On the one hand, “Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, and summers lease hath all too short a date;” on the other hand, “Sometime too hot the heaven shines, and often is his gold complexion dimmed.” So from the above two aspects the poet thinks that “thou” can be more beautiful than summer. In addition, “And every fair from fair sometime declines, by chance, or natures changing course untrimmed.” Compared with immortal, “But thy eternal summer shall not fade, nor lose possession of that fair thou owst, nor shall death brag thou wandrest in his shade, when in eternal lines to times thou growst.” Therefore, the poet draws a conclusion: “So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives life to thee.” In this poem, the poet makes “thou” more beautiful than summer and immortal because of his beautiful lines. So in this case, “thou” in the poem can be regarded as female because love can beauty eternal. Or “thou” can be referred to male, for friendship can make beauty everlasting. Even “thou” can be abstract “love” or “beauty” which will become eternal in the wonderful poem.John DonneThe Flea P231. Why does the poet say that this cannot be said a sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead?The speaker tells his beloved to look at the flea before them and to note how little is that thing that she denies him. For the flea, he says, has sucked first his blood, then her blood, so that now, inside the flea, they are mingled; and that mingling cannot be called sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead. The flea has joined them together in a way that, alas, is more than we would do. 2. What do you think is the addressees parents attitude toward the poets wooing?The addressees parents attitudes are against him. (.Though parents grudge.)3. What is the real purpose of the poet to say that in killing the flea thou are actually killing three lives?He compares the killing of the flea to murder. It would be “three sins in killing three” (l. 18) since he and his lover would be killed within the flea if she were to follow her natural tendency to dispose of the insect. He even states that the act of killing the flea would be “sacrilege”. This is a term that is generally applied to acts that go against religion. If the lover denies the fact that their blood, and therefore their lives, are contained within the flea, it is similar to committing an irreligious act. This would seem to make the reverse, to acknowledge their closeness within the flea, compatible with religion. To acknowledge this closeness is also to acknowledge that it is allowable, which could lead to the conclusion that Donne wishes his lover to arrive at: she should give in to his desires because there is nothing wrong with the intimate mingling of two people.Daniel DefoeRobinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记2. What do you think of Crusoes way of marking time? Why is it important for him to keep track of time?A good way. He doesnt want to forget time. For a civilized man, time is precious.3. From this excerpt, what do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe?Strong-minded, careful, capable, persevering, optimistic, ambitious, self-reliant, clever, practical, adventurous, patient, rational, sympathetic, hardworking, imaginative, energetic, courageous, amiable (kind-hearted).First of all, he is adventurous. Unlike common people, Robinson is eager to take adventures. So he is brave under most circumstances and curious about new things. Even when he was left in a deserted island, he was not afraid of what he was confronted with. Whats more, during the time he lived in the island, Robinson was faced with lots of difficulties. However, he has overcome all of them with strong will and firm determination. And he tries his best to survive and takes an optimistic attitude towards life. Instead of despair, Robinson is full of passion in such a harsh situation. He never gets frustrated by failures and always perseveres in making efforts to create a new life. Besides, Robinson pays much attention to details. For example, when he wants to find a place for his settlement, he has taken many aspects into consideration, such as security, convenience, and sunshine. Also, he makes a list of specific figures on which he can base his construction. In this sense, Robinson is careful and considerate. To sum up, Robinson is not only brave and adventurous but also wise and thoughtful. When he has difficulties, he spares no efforts to overcome them and try his best solve the factual problems. What impressed me most is his optimism and perseverance. All the good qualities in Robinson Crusoe are admirable and he shows us a positive attitude towards life.Confronting such an adversity, Robinson showed his amazing willpower and staunch life-force. He also showed people how to deal with adversity in life. Under such an adverse circumstance, he overcame various difficulties and created splendor of his life. If he or she does not make a plan for the future, he may not get out of the adversity. Take Robinson as an example, he made a series of plans about his food, his bullets, his powder and his daily work. He believed that he would starve or be attacked when he had not those things. So he ate very cannily. And he tried to train the sheep so that he did not waste so many bullets to shoot them. The truth proved that it was wise for him to do so. Robinson always thought of some new ideas when he was faced with some difficulties. If he did do everything with fixed rule, he would not create the necessities that he needed in his life. Owing to his ability to bring forth new ideas, he solved many problems. And those ideas helped him overcome the adversity. Robinson had been perseverant for twenty-eight years, and was saved finally.William BlakeThe Lamb P481. Does this poem describe a lamb or the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb? What is the relation of the lamb and the child to the God?The poem describes the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb so as to show the gentleness and tenderness of the lamb. The lamb is the symbol of the child to the God. It shows the love of God that he creates the lamb and Jesus is often called the lamb of the God. So the poet not only appreciates the kindness of the lamb but also praises the mysterious power which can create the lamb. In this poem, God, Jesus and the lamb are combined together.(Reference:上帝创造自然中体现的慈爱;耶稣是上帝的羔羊；温良和自我牺牲精神；上帝彰显的慈爱：对羔羊、对孩子的关爱)2. What does the lamb stand for?