第9天精讲阅读真题译文与词汇笔记.doc

2012年暑期考研英语基础班精讲阅读真题译文与词汇（9）第九讲、标点符号在阅读中的作用（1）微观阅读中的技巧标点符号在阅读中的作用1. 标点符号在阅读中的作用： 句号。分割句子 ，以句号为单位，把段分隔成块，逐个击破。 逗号。在两个逗号中间是一个补充说明成分时，在阅读过程中可以先跳过去不读。 冒号。冒号的后面进一步补充说明前面的内容，冒号的前后有一个从抽象到具体的过程。 分号。并列结构：1）语意上的并列；2）结构上的并列。分号前意思简单，易理解，分号后的意思复杂，不用读就可知道其意义与分号前一样。2）结构上的并列 破折号。两个破折号之间是补充说明成分，在阅读中可以先不读。 引号。引用和讽刺两种作用：引用某人的观点（是支持还是反对）；用来反讽，讽刺。引用的目的：不论是正面还是反面引述都是为了说明核心概念、中心思想，否则就没有意义。2）反讽、讽刺括号。两种作用：1）补充说明；2）解释生词。【真题精讲】98年Passage 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesnt help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypts leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkeys bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You dont need a dam to be saved.【全文翻译】：在重大技术所创造的东西中很少能像大型水坝这样让人痴迷的。可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得人们治理江河、供我驱策的理想如此令人痴迷。但让人着迷有时也就使人盲目。有几个巨型大坝项目就有弊大于利的危险。建造大坝的教训是：大的未必总是美的。但这个教训也无法阻止修建高大雄伟的大坝已成为那些力争得到自我肯定的国家和人民的伟大成就的象征。埃及由于建造了阿斯旺大坝而巩固了在阿拉伯世界的领导地位。土耳其在力图跻身第一世界的努力中也包括修建阿塔特克大坝。但大坝不会像预期的那样产生效果。以阿斯旺大坝为例，它阻止了尼罗河洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲击过后留下的肥沃土壤，换回来的是这么一个疾病滋生的水库。现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。不过，控制水的神话还在继续。本周，在文明的欧洲腹地，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人就为了多瑙河上的一处水坝引起争端，差点动用了军队。这个大型工程可能会出现大坝上所有的常见问题。但斯洛伐克正在要求脱离捷克而独立，现在他们需要建一个大坝来证明自己的实力。与此同时，世界银行已经贷款给印度来建造问题很多的纳尔马达大坝。尽管世界银行的顾问说，该大坝将给平民带来苦难，而且也会破坏那里的环境，但世界银行已经这样做了。大坝会给有权有势者带来利益，但这种利益却没有保障。对于水坝的影响作用、水坝控制水流的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究能够有助于解决这些冲突。水利发电，治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水坝也是可能的，不一定非要建大坝。但当你相信神话时就很难做到合理或科学。现在是世界吸取阿斯旺大坝教训的时候了。我们未必要通过大坝来拯救自己（dekuan68注：此句应译为“我们不需要建一座将被拯救的大坝”）。【重点词汇】：1. imagination /（想象；想象力）imagin(e)想象+tion名词后缀。Imagination is more important than knowledge.想象力比知识更重要。Every great advance in science has issued from a new audacity of imagination.科学的每一个重大进展都得力于大胆的想象力。imagination the highest kite one can fly a poor substitute for experience 想象一个人能放得最高的风筝 经验的劣质替代品。2. symbol（符号；象征）即sym+bol，sym-共同，bol看作ball，“共同喜欢球类运动”这是现代人的“象征”。Light is the symbol of truth.光是真理的象征。3. cement（v.胶合；巩固n.水泥；胶接剂）。A sweet and innocent compliance is the cement of love.温柔天真的依从是爱情的粘合剂。4. deprive（v.剥夺）即de+priv+e，de-(=away)，priv词根“个人的”（如privatepriv+ate私人的），“使某物离开个人”剥夺。Poverty often deprives a man of all spirit and virtue; it is hard for an empty bag to stand upright.贫穷常使人丧失全部精神与美德，空袋子是难以直立的。5. persist（v.坚持，持续）即per+sist，per-“完全”，sist词根“站立”，于是“自始至终都站着”坚持。参consistently（始终如一地），1999年Passage 5。To persist in efforts without losing the aim will finally result in success.不失目标地坚持努力终将导致成功。Any man can make mistakes, but only an idiot persists in his error.任何人都可能犯错误，但只有愚蠢的人才坚持错误。6. complex（复杂的；综合的；联合体）即com+plex，com-“一起”，plex词根“重叠”，“重叠在一起的”复杂的。参perplex（使困惑，使复杂化）per完全+plexEverything is simpler than you think and at the same time more complex than you imagine.凡事都比你思考的简单，同时比你想象的复杂。7. contention（n.）争夺，竞争；争吵，口角；contend（v.）斗争，竞争；坚决主张8. go ahead（n.）批准，同意；Were all ready to start the new book, as soon as we get the go ahead from the people concerned.9. wrong-headed 执迷不悟的。10. environmental（周围的，环境的）environment环境+al形容词后缀。What is the thing called health? Simply a state in which the individual happens transiently to be perfectly adapted to his environment. Obviously, such states cannot be common, for the environment is in constant flux.称为健康的东西是什么？不过是一种状态，处于这种状态的人刚好一时对环境完全适应。这种状态显然不可能常见，因为环境是在不断改变的。environment everything that isnt me 环境除我以外的一切。11. proper（适当的；合乎体统的；固有的）。Proper words in proper places make the true definition of style.风度的准确定义就是在适当的场合说适当的话。A fool, indeed, has great need of a title; it teaches men to call him count or duke, and thus forget his proper name of fool.傻瓜的确非常需要头衔，那使人们称他为伯爵或公爵，从而忘掉他固有的名字傻瓜。12. resolve（v.n.决心；解决；决议）re+solve解决。同根词：dissolve（v.溶解；解散）dis+solve。The reason why a great man is great is that he resolves to be a great man.伟人之所以伟大，是因为他立志要成为伟人。Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.该做的事要下决心去做，决定去做的事要务必去做。Do not, for one repulse, forgo the purpose that you resolved to effort.不要只因一次挫败就放弃原来决心达到的目标。13. conflict（v.n.冲突）即con+flict，con-一起，flict词根“打”，“打在一起”冲突。A marriage without conflicts is almost as inconceivable as a nation without crisis.没有冲突的婚姻几乎与没有危机的国家一样难以想象。In the long term we can hope that religion will change the nature of man and reduce conflict. But history is not encouraging in this respect. The bloodiest wars in history have been religious wars. 长期以来我们希望宗教能改变人的天性并减少冲突。但历史却令人失望。历史上最血腥的战争都是宗教战争。14. hydroelectric（水电的）即hydro+electric，hydro词根“水的”，electric单词“电的”。另记：hydrogen（氢）hydro+gen，这是化学家创造的英文单词，因为氢气燃烧的唯一产物是水，-gen后缀意为“致的物质”。15. irrigation （灌溉；水利）与irritation（激怒；刺激物）一字母之差，联想记忆：“溉”的声母为g，故灌溉为irriGation，而irriTAtion为激怒“他”。16. at the mercy of 受支配；stop just short of 几乎要；far from guaranteed 根本没有保障。【真题精讲】98年Passage 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a disjunction between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace all that re-engineering and downsizing are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much re-engineering has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDOs Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish the worst sort of ambulance-chasing.【全文翻译】：人们说，不劳就无获。但是，如果有劳却无获又会怎样呢？在美国，无论你走到哪里都会听到企业复苏的故事。商人们自认为的他们所领导的生产力革命是否确有其事，这一点更加难以确定。官方的统计数字却有点不让人乐观。这些数据表明，如果把制造业和服务业合起来算，1987年以来生产力平均增长1.2。这比前10年的平均增长速度略快。自1991年来，生产力每年约增长2。这比1978年1987年的平均增长速度高两倍以上。问题在于，近年发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的，因而它不是经济复苏已经是潜在趋势的结论性证据。正如财政部长罗伯特鲁宾所说的，生产力发生飞跃的商业传奇与统计数字所反映的情况之间存在着一种“脱节”。这其中的一些原因很容易解释。企业重组的新方法所有那些重新设计和缩小规模的做法只是对一个经济的整体生产力做出了一方面的贡献，而这种经济的发展还收到许多其他因素的驱动，如设备、机械上的联合投资，新技术，以及教育和培训上的投资。另外，公司的大部分改革是为了赢利，而达到赢利的目的不一定非要提高生产力：转入新的市场或改善产品质量也会有同样的功效。其他两种解释带有很大的猜测性。一种解释是近年来所进行的公司重组也许并未奏效。另一种则说，即使有所成效，效果也不像人们所设想的那样广泛。哈佛学者，快速增长的面包连锁店Au Bon Pain的前任总裁莱昂纳多施莱辛格说，许多“重组”是粗糙的。他认为很多情况下，企业收益的损失超出了成本的降低。他的同事迈克比尔说，太多的公司已用机械的方式进行重组，在没有充分考虑到长期赢利能力的情况下降低了成本。BBDO的艾尔罗森夏恩更加直率。他把许多重组咨询专家所做的工作视为垃圾“典型的劳而无获”。【重点词汇】：1. assume（v.假定；承担；呈现）。Optimism assumes, or attempts to prove, that the universe exists to please us, and pessimism that it exists to displease us.乐观主义假定或企图证明宇宙存在是为了使我们快乐；悲观主义则假定或企图证明那是为了使我们不快乐。When a man assumes a public trust, he should consider himself as public property.当一个人承担了公众的信任，就应该视自己为公众财产。They who assume a character that does not belong to them generally betray themselves by overacting.装模作样的人常常由于表现过火而露出原形。2. lump（团块；使成团块）。An overdose of praise is like ten lumps of sugar in coffee; only a very few people can swallow it.过量的赞扬有如在咖啡里放了十块糖，只有极少数的人能咽得下去。3. acceleration（加速；加速度）即ac+celer+ation，ac-加强前缀，celer词根“速度”，-ation名词后缀；反义词为deceleration（减速）de向下+celer+ation。4. rebound（v.n.反弹）re反+bound跳。5. restructuring（n.）重建，改组，调整；restructure（v.）重建，改组，调整；re前缀，表示再，又，重新，反复；如：reappear（v.）再次眼出现；reconstruction（n.）重建；retell（v.）复述；reunite（v.）使重聚6. revival（n.）苏醒，复苏，复活；复兴，再流行；revive（v.）恢复；使复苏7. speculative（a.）思索的，推测的；不确定的，冒险的；纯理论的；speculate（v.）（about，on）推测，推断；投机8. evidence（证据，迹象）即e+vid+ence，e-(=ex-