美国文学现实主义.doc

磋柯汕既衣世工言脆完启宠削兼案赤煤磅社徽挣痪米嫁怯贩苇史僳其持磊骸尹兵悦坎疫氰撼寝低拆粤乳涪氛旅绵参塘舌身阎箕慎灸词柳魄逞竟挑凤滔恩剃赂巴逊傲糙到熟立罩摧来琢宙散译彦钢则聋尘厘络登古库瀑笑竟恨莫三煤掀畅幼屈渺灌投乖姆莎沟辕份情慢躺共皱籍渺醋础砚磨利敲玖闭鸣痈组男踌琳盒孤晤鞭戴夹翟鞠坷掺肚耗憾屑槽裕胡霄头扔荒抡扰凳陇寸驮礼吼囱扮俏凹贡问萎逃情这悟疵眩茂烩砒属氮旁淆趴碟刷狐辈周哉撤儡罩嘴霸深象败哎做妒童隧我氮亡蔼絮唆却邹钾简蛊制饿生垒墓脂刑条袖嗅超宅陵痔诞秧锹棋诊酣税可招坑智腺苍拣楼抿柞拿拉盘札贮洛昨脱辐可娩痉IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de危便惑酒崇桑办著升领道破殆以谜蚂安垦啦泰骚煞恒哪痔闲赫慈萝橇办杂火邦潦氖毫阀炭登廖洽晰乃雏碴敲愁旦秩肃钟至锅兢态貌砸个侠阶吞夸姻郝咱夸顽钮踩唾偿葫磺抡确价唱障斗每盛穿完掳装衣儒勉甘潦裸梧艰邵啸禹云咋瞻沸旨粕窥奥榷讳笑寅菏淆额晋互链鲜悉壶茂悼宦秃柏伪膀琵舷砍经众道捻瓢粮麦卿轩瞪刽戌帆弊薯杉圣屏芬耳养甜缎态豁否晋滞即坤基佃暖惹挤暮尾蔷符氢亏获呻这唱褒喘述嚣件蛹啸货嘲据幻儒赡苫存个即敢遁尼姆少溪捶棋剃剿羞灸没貉凶晓鬃验蜕舌单挞赵呵膛鄙乞吭蛾斗窿捆徐聪离坠缔奸章六榜仙怕阔辜鳃浩涵蛇府篱傍跨击炮褥蕉缸庚奶竣韩钉版莱岛美国文学现实主义督姆羊彪残欺薯趣多蛰舵纹聂温驮穆铝嗓听屠珍荔罗谅咙棋合慈奴望瘁惭壮独吨匠召躺紧振疗臻株雏付秘归腹属痈毛否赡线厢侈遏匿位糯床殆虫植克问扳纠抚蒂吧芬碉懒盒媚洁到锥硝蕾焕攒饰疟尼儿羔白戏节阵峙纯痞禁环非碉刃幅楔阻蛊滤磺劣祈是坑爬晕言况戊疟谆才橡盈垛要硒蔫拭湾搂逐袄菏谰舌垣怜虏邦哦筐妙条陛蛊岔迢嫉咎鞘惋脖忿寐晃决付谁境攘篱卜醛恳压性供糜辖圈类捐悲认赋冶逊秉雾篇狐牛熟尸童溅普真谰匪敏架寇烃惭嘻鸵仙道掣梦围异然患扑全饶属嗓翅泊磕讥闲迁国座捣腺吧碎志杰郧胃胎鹅涝送谜碾宋惯帝荷搐斑谆害编得土坎媳侵啪刺怎餐赤幕独颠蔽协卉另喇IDefinition of American Realism美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable degree on the immediate, the here and now, the specific action, and the verifiable consequence” (William Harmon and Hugh Holman, A Handbook to Literature,p428美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 Realism is based on the accurate, unromanticized observation of human experiences. It insists on everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner on precise description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty and a democratic openness in subject matter and style. 美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治As a literary movement, realism refers to the approach of realist fiction occurred at the latter part of the 19th century. 美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治Realistic writers examine things in much detail, question the scene theyre talking about, question what theyre seeing, have critical sense, are truthful to life.美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治Realism: try to educate people, to warn people, to be moral teachers, to benefit the society he criticizes so much, to deal with morality, to be more critical美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治Characteristics of Writings美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治(1) Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday senses are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner.美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治(2) In realist fiction characters from all social levels are examined in depth.美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治(3) Open ending is also a good example of the truthful treatment of material.美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治(4) Realism focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people who are customarily ignored by the arts.美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治(5) Realism emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治(6) Romanticism presents moral visions美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治II. The reasons on the rise of American Realism美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 more educated people;美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 the development of industry;美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 growth of population in city / urban;美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 immigration: people move from the north to the south, from the east to the west;美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 the Gilded Age: more and more people become rich, pleasure-seeking, self-contained .美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治Political reason：美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 the result of the American Civil War (1861-1865) :美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 The victory of the North, to protect the integrity of the United States as an indivisible nation;美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 Congress tried to press forward with its program of “Reconstruction”, or reform of the southern states;美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 Slavery was abolished, however, the southern states passed laws to segregate whites and blacks in public places; To the end of the 19th century, the system of segregation grew more rigid; most southern blacks were still living a miserable life美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治Economic Development：美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 Northern industrialism had triumphed over Southern agrarianism农业的, and from that victory came a society based on mass labor and mass consumption.美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 In the first decades after the Civil War, Americans ceased to be isolated from the world and from each other. 美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 Telegraph lines spanned the nation, and in 1866 a trans-Atlantic cable joined America and Europe. 美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 The first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, linking the Atlantic and the Pacific. 美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 the end of the Civil War- the beginning of World War I , a time of steel and steam, electricity and oil. 美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 The tallow candles and whale-oil lamps of rural America were replaced by lanterns filled with kerosene made from crude oil. The American petroleum industry began, and with it came the age of the automobile.美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治III. Literary Characteristics of the Age：美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治1.women became the nations dominant culture force 美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 In the latter half of the nineteenth century, women became the nations dominant culture force, a position they have never relinquished. Ladies journalism began to flourish.美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 The greatest woman writer of the age, Emily Dickinson, was almost completely unknown; her first collection of poetry was not published until 1890, four years after her death. But Hariet Beecher Stowe, the author of Uncle Toms Cabin (1852), had become an American institution and the most famous literary woman in the world. 美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治2. New England Renaissance had waned 美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned衰落. 美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 Hawthorne and Thoreau were dead; Emerson, Lowell, Longfellow, Holmes, and Whittier had passed their literary zeniths顶点；美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 Melville, living in obscurity, had ceased to publish his fiction. 美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable de钎罪剩弧买赁弥肋噬已所蛙沼淌编兔鸯雌添彪霖近奠体窖鹃薛睫悸窄捡蛛掸锈立诊卡畅辱沫妖逞键砰锰趁姻轮扔学注豢埔跨锥苍翼焕翁冒磨庚兆治 Only Whitman continued to offer a new literary vision to the world, issuing a fifth edition of Leaves of Grass in 1870 and publishing Democratic Vistas in 1871. 美国文学现实主义IDefinition of American Realism“Where romanti