Grape Cultivation 葡萄栽培.doc

葡萄栽培技术 Grape CultivationGrape Cultivation The classification of grape in botany belongs to Vitaceae of Vitis. It is one of the fruit trees that has the longest cultivation history and widely distributed. The production of grape takes one third of the production of fruits worldwide. Grape can be eaten directly as fresh fruit, also can be used to produce wine, since it is nourishing, with quick production and high adaptability, it has been widely planted in China. 1、Seedling There are two kinds of grape seedling for transplanting: self rooted and grafted. The regeneration capacity of grape vine is strong; the wound between each knot can easily generate roots. Usually self rooted seedlings were widely used, such as pruning or cover the stem with soil for rooting. Grafted seedlings could strengthen the resistance to improve the variety.2、Planting Grape has strong adaptability on different soil, but it likes sand more, so it is important to prepare the planting trench and place manure before planting. The planting trench is normally 100 centimeters wide, 80 centimeters deep. Placing 4000kg manure to every 667 square meters. The planting space is different according to the staking way, commonly 200-250 plants for 667 square meters.The best time to transplant the seedlings is autumn which is the last 10 days of November, and spring which is the first ten days of February before the seedling germination proved effective.3、Staking styleThere are kinds of staking styles, usually used are:3.1Fence-like The advantages are easy to manage, suitable for close space planting, early and high yielding, and convenient to update.3.2Shed-like The advantages are high photosynthetic efficiency and good for standard management.4、Management of soil, manure and water4.1Soil management4.1.1Deep rotovateThe aim of deep rotovate is to improve soil permeability, to accelerate organic humification and decomposition speed, to promote growth of roots. Deep rotovate includes autumn rotovate and winter rotovate. Autumn rotovate should be after harvest from August to October, to take advantage of second growth peak of root. Winter rotovate should begin from November to December. Combine rotovate with placing manure, and control the depth at 20-40 centimeters.4.1.2Rotovate Rotovate could stop weeds, keep moisture and nutrients in soil, improve permeability, to promote activity of roots and micro-organism. Rotovate should be applied during growing season, which is May to September, the depth should be less than 10 centimeters, the soil that easy get clay should apply rotovate.4.1.3Weed Weeds always take away moisture and nutrients from soil. Meantime there are heavy pests if there is too much weed, such as leaf hopper, cockchafer, cutwarm etc. Combine rotovate with weed, and apply them at growing stage.4.2Water management To produce grape, water management is extremely important, which would affect quality and productivity.4.2.1Drainage Grape likes dry land, if with too much moisture in the soil, vine would grow in vain, which would cause bad quality, if serious the moisture would stop roots system from breath, or the plant would die if it was hold in water for too long time. Grape garden with high water lever underground, grape roots would be affected from growing deep, then the roots become weak and cause thin vine, small fruit, less production and bad quality, so drainage is the key issue need to be concern before build gardern.4.2.2Irrigation As the water requirement of different growing stage is different, convenient irrigation technique is suggested to solve watering problems.4.3Compost In a grape garden, since large amount of nutrient in soil was consumed by leaves, vines and fruits every year, composting is important for nutrient supply, for the growth of grape.4.3.1 Time to compostAccording to the period, there should be 3 stages of composting, base dressing, top dressing and supply dressing. Base dressing should be slow acting organic fertilizer and the amount should be 60% of quantity of the whole year, compost at any time from September to next year January. Top dressing should be composted at growth stage mainly active fertilizer, it includes early spring dressing from mid March to early April when the bud is getting bigger; fruit growing dressing in June; and color up dressing in early mid July. Supply dressing should be composted after yielding, to give nutrients for tree vigor to recover and increase storage of nutrients.4.3.2 Method of compost Methods mainly are root compost and external compost.4.3.2.1Root compostIncluding drip line placement, furrow placement and spreading to whole garden. Drip line placement is normally for youth garden, dig 15-25 centimeters outside around the crown, with 30 centimeter width as circles around, place fertilizers and cover with soil. Furrow placement is for grown garden. The furrow should be paralleled with planting line, space between each plant is 0.5-1.2 meter, base dressing furrow should be 30-50 centimeters deep, 40 centimeters wide; top dressing furrow should be 15 centimeters deep, 30 centimeters wide, and cover the soil after placement. Spreading to whole garden normally applies when the roots stretched to whole garden, spread decomposed manure and rotovate.4.3.2.2External compostThe main way is to spray active fertilizer mainly at the back of leaves, the green branch and young fruits could absorb as well. External compost normally applies when grape remains in growing stage. Density of top dressing should be: urea 0.1-0.3%, ammounium sulphate 0.3%, calcium superphosphate 1-3%, potassium phosphate 0.05%, boric acid 0.05-0.1%, Monopotassium dlhydrogen orthophosphate 0.3-0.5%.5、Pruning 5.1Shaping Grape is creeping plant, no common vigor, so begin to shape properly according to character, staking style, planting condition, when the plant is still young, to shape a firm vigor by proper manage of main and side vine, which is called shaping. The shapes that applied to produce are as follow:5.1.1 Fence-like Nowadays fence like improvement to fan-shaped is popular. Early stage after transplanting, cultivate 2-3 strong main vines, creep them fan-shaped on the staking frame, cultivate 2-3 strong auxiliary shoot for each main vine.5.1.2 Shed-like To apply shed-like staking cultivation is an efficient method to cultivate grape at tropical area. Main staking styles include level shed, arch shed, tipsy shed, saddleback shed etc.5.2Pruning Pruning namely vine management, normally classified as summer-autumn and winter pruning, they can complement to each other.5.2.1Summer-autumn pruningThe key issue of summer-autumn pruning is new branch management; the growth of branch would affect productivity and quality of fruit directly. Management of new branch consists of: erase bud, leading, cut heart and auxiliary shoot management.5.2.1.1Bud erasingThe priority of biennial and triennial young trees is to extend crown, so just apply slight bud erasing and branch pruning, just erase or cut where might become comparatively disadvantage. At the same time, erase the sprout or bud that grows mighty downside. Meanwhile, grown trees should be applied different levels of erasing according to the growing condition, amount of winter sprout that remains and condition of sprout shooting. If the new branch is 100 centimeters, 7.5 branches could be kept for each square meter. Bud erasing should be taken in several times, the first time should be taken at the early stage of leaf stretching, the second time should be taken when 8-10 leaves stretched, the third time should be taken until bearing steadily.5.2.1.2Leading Leading should be taken when the new branch reaches 40 centimeters, normal trees just need to be taken once; young or mighty one should be taken twice. Lead the top new branch of parent bearing branch to stretching direction, tie the rest new branch straight against parent branch, the strong new branch at the base part of parent branch could be lead to opposite direction as returning direction with the parent branch, the new branch straight up on the shed should be twisted slightly from base and tied.5.2.1.3Heart cuttingHeart cutting before flowering will have good effect on stopping flower and fruit dropping, all the cutting of main branch should be finished before full bloom. The best time to do cutting is when only one flower bloom on the whole tree, try to finish cutting in 1-3 days. 50 days after full bloom, about 80% new branch stop growing, but several branches keep on growing, so early-mid July cut the branch and just leave 25 leaves for each new branch.5.2.1.4Auxiliary shoot management Mighty growth of auxiliary shoot would cause darkness back of staking frame, normally when you cut heart of the main shoot, leave one heart cut leaf for auxiliary shoot. Except the ones cultivated as parent auxiliary shoot, if it regenerate, cut the heart repeatedly. Young trees that grow mighty could leave several auxiliary shoots with plan to enlarge the size of leaves.5.2.2Winter pruningThe best time to apply winter pruning should be deep dormancy stage, which is each January. The main task is to make sure the length and amount of parent bearing branch.5.2.2.1The proper length of parent bearing branchIn fact it is the number of winter bud that remainedShort branch pruning-keep 1-3 winter bud;Medium branch pruning-keep 4-6 winter bud;Long branch pruning-keep7-12 winter bud;Extra long branch pruning-keep 12 winter bud.5.2.2.2Winter pruning techniquesMainly include:Cutting - the cutting point should be upside segment of the budBranch cutting-the cutting should be applied at the base part, leave 5 centimeter short branch in case the wound invade inside old branch.Updating double branch-while pruning long shoots, keep the downside with 2 sprouts as updated branch, next winter shorten the original parent bearing branch, keep the top of the new shoot and shorten the end, for continuous updating.Single branch updating-after pruning long shoots, new ones would come out next year, thinning all the fruit ear of a new shoot on the base, straighten it up as spare updating branch, when new shoot bearing, shorten it till the new shoot at the base. 6、Disease and pest control 6.1Overview Comprehensive control through agricultural ecosystem, based on the relation between pest and environment, following the principle as safe, efficient, economic, and easy to apply, focusing on prevention, taking proper actions from agriculture, biology, physic and chemical, to control disease and pest under the amount allowed by economy, to gain the best benefit on economy, ecosystem and society.6.2Principles Disease and pest of grape is natural disaster, in order to produce free-pollutant grape, we should stick on comprehensive control which focus on prevention: choose proper land, resisted variety, with strict quarantine, sterilized seedlings, extend new tree vigor, do winter cleaning, to lower the cardinal number of disease and pest that could went through winter, proper pruning, add more organic fertilizer, proper management in summer, coordinate with proper chemical control, which could control disease and pest under economical standard, to reach the goal of high productivity, efficiency, good quality and free-pollutant.6.3Disease and pest control6.3.1Grape anthracnose rot controlAgricultural controlStick on comprehensive control. Improve land condition, add more organic manure, apply proper management, improve penetrate and ventilation condition.Chemical controlSpray the whole tree and land once before germination proved effective, with 5 baume lime sulphur; before and after flowering spray 86.2% cuprousoxide water soluable dose mixed with 1500 liquid; Lime half quantity type 240 times liquid of bordeaux mixture or 80% raw M - 45 wettable powder mixed with 800 times liquid, 70% mildothane wettable powder mixed with 800 times liquid, 50% carbendazim wettable powder mixed with 600 times liquid, 75% chlorothalonil 80% wettable powder mixed with 800 times liquid, anthrax f the wettable powder mixed with 500 times liquid. Adapt spraying frequency according to raining days and rainfall.6.3.2Grape white rot controlAgricultural controlBuilt proper drainage, add more organic fertilizer, adopt high and wide straight tree vigor, apply rotovate and weed, once affected clean the affected fruit and bury them.Chemical control Spray before germination proved effective, with 5 baume lime sulphur, mainly on land. Mid June is the beginning of infection, so take measure to prevent infection in advance. Spray 86.2% Cuprous oxide copper (master) water dispersible granule 1500 times liquid, and chlorothalonil 75% wettable powder mixed with 600 times liquid, or 50% carbendazim wettable powder mixed with 600 times liquid, 50% refund bacteria spirit wettable powder mixed with 800 times liquid, 78% of kobol wettable powder mixed with 600 times liquid, speed, spirit mixed with 1000 times liquid.6.3.3Grape fusicoccum controlAgricultural control: strengthen the management of water and fertilizer, strengthen vigor of trees, clean the garden totally, bury or burn infected fruits and proper intercrop all could lower infection of fusicoccum.Chemical control: Spray before germination proved effective, with 5 baume lime sulphur; before and after flowering spray 86.2% cuprousoxide water soluable dose mixed with 1500 liquid, spray once 50% carbendazim wettable powder mixed with 600 times liquid, 70% or mildothane wettable powder mixed with 800 times liquid, 80% raw M - 45 wettable powder mixed with 800 times liquid.6.3.4Grape downy mildew controlAgricultural control: proper drainage, to lower the humidity of garden. Take out bud, heart and auxiliary shoot in time, improve penetrate and ventilation condition, would help lower down infection rate.Chemical control: prevent is the major work, spray regularly with Cuprous oxide copper (master) 86.2% water dispersible granule mixed with 1500 times liquid, 180-240 times 78% lime or small type bordeaux mixture of kobol wettable powder mixed with 600 times liquid, and after the onset of poison spray 58% red mildew manganese zinc mixed with 600 times liquid or 40% ethyl aluminum phosphorus wettable powder mixed with 200-300 times liquid,6.3.5Grape cercospora controlAgricultural control: strengthen management to improve resistance of disease, clean dropped or infected leaves in time bury or burn them.Chemical control: spray regularly with half of 180-240 times Bordeaux