翻译 增词译法.doc

教 案周 次第 周，第 次课授课时间授课章节英汉翻译多媒体教程第 六 编一词法翻译的基本方法 一）增词译法 Amplification 本（章）节授课方式课堂讲授（） 实践课（ ）教学时数课时 授课要点本 （章） 节 教 学 目 标 Teaching ObjectivesThe objective of this lecture is to enable students: to understand the method of amplification.Thus, the students will apply it in translation.教 学 重 点 和 难 点 1)the types of amplification.2) understanding the method of amplification through examples.3)applying the method of amplification in practice.思考题 和作 业Question: How will you understand the method of amplification and use it?Homework:Translate the sentences into Chinese.教学内容与组织安排 英汉翻译多媒体教程 第 六 编 一 词法翻译的基本方法 一）增词译法 （二）减词译法 一）增 词 译 法 AmplificationContents 目录1 Generalization2 Syntactic（句法的）Consideration2.1 Supplying the omitted parts in answers to questions2.2 Supplying the omitted verbs2.3 Supplying the omitted parts in the clauses of comparison2.4 Supplying the omitted parts in the implied（隐含的）conditional clauses3 Semantic（语义的）Consideration3.1 Supplying verbs. 3.2 Supplying adjectives3.3 Supplying adverbs3.4 Supplying nouns3.5 Supplying plural（复数的）signs3.6 Supplying mood auxiliaries（语气助词）3.7 Supplying unit-terms3.8 Supplying summarizing words3.9 Supplying transitions（过渡，转变）4 Rhetorical（修辞的）Consideration5 Transformative（转换的）Consideration5.1 At the lexical（词汇的）level:5.2 At the phrase level:5.3 At the sentence level:5.4 At the discourse（语篇）level:1 GeneralizationBrevity（简洁）is a main element of force in writing. Amplification seems a concept just opposite to that of omission. In reality, the two concepts are not contradictory to each other. Since the two languages differ much both in structure and in meaning and the necessary omission or amplification is unavoidable（不可避免的）. We stress brevity only on condition that the sentence or discourse（语篇） is quite clear. And that does not mean to make our translation brief at the expense of correctness and clearness. While omission is to make the version brief and impressive, amplification is to make the version correct and clear, and therefore more expressive.Generally speaking, there are four considerations in amplification:1) syntactic（句法的）consideration;2) semantic（语义的）consideration;3) rhetoric（修辞的）consideration4) transformative（转换的）consideration.All these aim at making the Chinese version more accurate and clear, and hence more readable.2 Syntactic（句法的）ConsiderationAs is known to all, there is a great difference between the syntactic structures of the two languages. In English there are many elliptical（省略的） parts in the context which are very important to the Chinese readers. In translation,they should be supplied（补足）.2.1 Supplying the omitted parts in answers to questionsIs this your book?Yes, it is.这是你的书吗？是我的。Rebecca: What! Dont you love him?Amelia: Yes, of course, I do.怎么你不爱他？我当然爱他。2.2 Supplying the omitted verbsReading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man. (F. Bacon)读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。An eagle and a fox had long lived together as good neighbors; the eagle at the summit of a high tree, the fox in a hole at the foot of it.一只鹰和一只孤狸长期友好地住在一起，鹰住在一棵高高的树顶上，孤狸住在树下一个洞里。Everything was on a larger scale for him, the highs were higher, the lows lower.他总是喜欢夸大事实，高的说得更高，低的说得更低。2.3 Supplying the omitted parts in the clauses of comparisonThe footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress.仆人们愿意服侍她，就像服侍他们的女主人一样。Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of co-operations ismore inventive and fruitful than others.我可以对你说我这样说没有任何奉承之意中国的合作方式比别国的合作方式更有特色，更有成果。Children receive better education in the nurseries than at home.孩子们在托儿所所受的教育比在家里受到的更好。2.4 Supplying the omitted parts in the implied（隐含的）conditional clausesWe didnt admit it (escape) was impossible. To do so would have been to surrender one of our few hopes.我们并不认为越狱是不可能的。如果认为不可能，那就等于我们仅存的一线希望也放弃了。In agreeing to what was already the status quo, Kruschev would have had far more to gain than to lose.假如赫鲁晓夫已同意维持现状，对他来说，就会得多失少。At the time of Kennedys assassination, Kissinger felt that a second term would lead either to greatness or to disaster.肯尼迪遇刺时，基辛格认为，如果肯尼迪再任一届总统的话，大概不是立大功，就是闯大祸He could understand a passive opposition from Kennedy loyalists, but an open one would have dire consequence.他了解到忠于肯尼迪的那些人在消极地反对他，但是如果他们公开反对，那就会产生可怕的后果。But without Adolf Hitler, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.然而如果没有阿道夫希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定没有第三帝国3 Semantic（语义的）ConsiderationSince English and Chinese are different in expressions, what is full in meaning in the former may be considered insufficient in the latter.In translation, amplification is needed to make semantic completion（完善）. Rhetorically considered, amplification is required to secure（获得）clearness of the version.3.1 Supplying verbsIn the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.晚上在参加宴会，出席音乐会，观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese”with paper flags and bouquets of flowers.没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。They had been through it all at his side-the bruising battles, the humiliationsof the defeat .through empty mid-1960s-until at last, in 1968, they were ableto savor the sweet taste of triumph.他们始终站在他一边，经历过残酷的厮杀，忍受过辛酸的失败，熬过了一事无成的六十年代中期，好不容易挨到1968年，他们才尝到了胜利的甜头。.3.2 Supplying adjectivesWith what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！How time flies!时间过得多快啊！The plane twisted under me, trailing flame and smoke.飞机在下面螺旋下降，拖着浓烟烈焰掉下去。O, Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this!啊，汤姆康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难之中，现在这景象是多么显赫啊！3.3 Supplying adverbsThe crowds melted away.人群渐渐散开了。As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。He sank down with his face in his hands.他蒙着脸，一屁股坐了下来。He heard a knocking at the door.他听到有人敲门。3.4 Supplying nounsMary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.玛丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，就靠洗衣服维持生活。Day after day he came to his work-sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.他每天都来干活，扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。The Lieutenant Grub launched into the old recruiting, See, save, and serve!Hannigan, free tour to all the ports in the world. A fine ship for a home. Three meals a day without charge . You mustnt let such a golden opportunity slip by.于是格拉布上尉开始说起招兵的老一套：“见见世面，攒点钱，为国家出力！汉尼根，免费周游世界所有的港口。一艘上好的船为家，一日三餐不要钱，你千万不要错过这样大好的机会。”This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.这打字机真是价廉物美。A new kind of aircraft-small, cheap, pilot-less-is attracting increasing attention.一种新型的飞机正在越来越引起人们的注意，这种飞机体积小，价钱便宜，无人驾驶。He is a complicated man-moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.他是个性格复杂的人，喜怒无常，反复多变，具有忧郁寡欢的特点。After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco.一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。In the summer of 1969, the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China.1969年夏天，政府公开主张缓和同中国的紧张关系。Profanity was tacitly given up.亵渎神灵的粗话全都心照不宣地不用了。He felt the patriot rise within his breast.他感到一种爱国情绪在胸中激荡。He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own songuilty.他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情，而判决儿子有罪。Kissinger felt that Rogers was quibbling, but the lawyer in Nixon supported the quibble of a fellow lawyer.基辛格感到罗杰斯在挑刺儿。但是，律师出身的尼克松支持同行挑刺。3.5 Supplying plural（复数的）signsFlowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鲜花开满庭院。Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.记者纷纷飞往墨西哥。There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.一排排的房子，都是他从未见过的。The lion is the king of animals.狮为兽中之王。The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。Most were absorbed into the Russian empire through colonial expansion underthe Tsars.大部分是在历代沙皇统治下，通过殖民地扩张而并入俄罗斯帝国的。3.6 Supplying mood auxiliaries（语气助词）Dont take it seriously. Im just making fun of you.不要认真嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。They were the same color as the sea, cheerful and undefeated.那双眼睛啊！像海水一样蓝，愉快，毫不沮丧。He described it its forests, its little villages, its people, their fierce nationalism-with an eloquence that could arise only out of deep love for ones motherland.他描绘风土人情，森林啦，小村庄啦，人民啦，人民的激烈民族情绪啦等等，只有深深热爱祖国的人才能说得如此娓娓动听，滔滔不绝。3.7 Supplying unit-termsA red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river.一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到江河里。November 26: .Started trying to read a Russian story. Constant use of dictionary and many questions.12月26日：“开始试读一篇俄国小说，词典不离手，问题一大堆。”3.8 Supplying summarizing wordsThe Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages.美日双方在完全保密的情况下互相交换文件。It is remarkably clear. It shows streets and factories and a winding river anddocks and submarine pens.照片十分清楚，从中可以看到街道、工厂、一条蜿蜒的河流以及码头、潜艇修藏坞等等。The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers,artificial satellites and rockets.论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭等三方面的新成就。3.9 Supplying transitions（过渡，转变）Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days. Sort of the fashion.不错，我喜欢中国菜现在很多人喜欢中国菜，这种情况是有点赶时髦。For mistakes had made, bad ones.因为已经犯了错误，而且还是很糟的错误。Two, we heard later, were sent to college, at the government expense, while oneit was rumored, had attempted to blackmail the Agency.我们后来听说，两人由政府资助送进大学学习，并据传说，一个曾试图对中央情报局进行讹作，结果并未得逞。On Tuesday morning she saw a large number of aircraft. There they are,they are ours! Suddenly everything shook, a loud explosion was heard, asecond, a third . She covered her face with her hands as if to protect her eyes.When she looked again everything was enveloped in black smoke-a large block of building was on fire.星期二上午她看见一大群飞机。“喏，我们的！”话犹未了，突然天崩地裂，只听得一声巨响，接着第一声，第二声，第三声。她用手蒙脸，好像保护眼睛似的。等到睁开眼睛看时，只见一切都笼罩在黑烟之中，一排排房子着火了。4 Rhetorical（修辞的）ConsiderationNecessary words or expressions may be added to make the translation more expressive,idiomatic and appealing to the Chinese reader.Examples:1. He talked on, I scribbled away; his telephone buzzed sweetly.他侃侃而谈，我匆匆记录；电话铃柔和地嗡嗡作响。2. The host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked and laughed.主人割肉呀，斟酒呀，端菜呀，切面包呀，又说又笑，忙个不停。3. a) We might just well go whole hog and stay here over night.我们索性就在这里过夜吧。b) No hard feelings. I said Im sorry, didnt I?别生气啦，我不是说了对不起吗？c) Man, thats really living!伙计，这才是真正的生活哩！d) He jumped on me when he heard that I made a report about his mistakes.听到我汇报了他的过错，他还对我大发雷霆呢。4. a) What have you got to be so proud of？你究竟有啥了不起的？b) In spite of the fact that you treat him very well, he is a yellow dog.你待他虽然很好，但他到底是个卑鄙的家伙。5. The whole square was alive with singing and rejoicing.整个广场沸腾起来，人们歌声嚓亮，喜气洋洋。6. He has in his vision the totality of every world problem, political, economic, human,他胸中怀有世上的一切问题：政治的、经济的、人道的，一应俱全。7. Eden astonished Nasser by greeting him in Arabic and then going on to talk about the Koran and Arab poetry and literature.艾登口操阿拉伯语，问候寒暄，接着又侃侃谈论古兰经和阿拉伯诗歌与文学，这使纳赛尔感到惊讶。8. Nevertheless he had something in him of the British officers who used to sit cross-legged with the desert sheikhs in their tents and discuss poetry in perfect Arabic.不过，他身上还带点儿英国军官们的风度。这些军官惯于跟沙漠的酋长在帐篷里盘膝而坐，用地道的阿拉伯语娓娓品评诗歌。9. Its a bit fishy that she should have given away a villa like that.那么好端端的一座别墅，她竟然拿它白白地送了人，真是有点可疑（其中颇为蹊跷）。10. The extravagance of some oil-rich sheikhs was frightening in its vulgarity and its irresponsibility. They could be seen driving Cadillacs with goats sitting beside them.一些靠石油发财致富的酋长穷奢极欲，其粗俗下流、放纵无度的程度令人发指。人们可以看到他们坐着卡迪拉克牌轿车，带着山羊，招摇过市。11. At the fair there is a great quantity of eating and drinking, making love and jilting,laughing and the contrary, smoking, cheating, fighting, dancing and fiddling. (Vanity Fair)市场上热闹非凡，有的在大吃大喝，有的在谈情说爱，有的在抛弃情人，有笑的，也有哭的，到处是抽烟的、诓骗人的和斗殴的，还有跳舞的和拉手提琴的。12. They drifted across America and gathered in the big cities when winter came, hungry, defeated, empty, hopeless, restless, driven by they knew not what, always on themove, looking everywhere for work, for the bare crumbs to support their miserablelives, and finding neither work nor crumbs. (The Glory and the Dream)他们漂泊啊，漂泊，走遍了美国，冬天到了，才在各大城市聚集起来，忍饥挨饿，到处碰壁，一无所有，前途渺茫，焦躁不安，心烦意乱，辗转奔波，到处找活干，到处找仅能糊口的面包，以维持他们悲惨的生活，可是一样也没找到。5 Transformative（转换的）ConsiderationNida says: In terms of certain concepts arising from generative-transformation （转换-生成的）grammar, the analytical process consists primarily in determining the underlying meaning. The transfer normally takes place on this underlying level, since languages appear to be more alike in their substructures（下部结构，基础）than in their surface structures（表层结构）. And so in some sense, translation is a kind of transformation from the surface structures to the substructures and vice versa（反之亦然）. And then in translation, supplementation is necessary at several levels.5.1 At the lexical （词汇的）level:Society then had not lost its exclusiveness.那时的上流社会仍然焕发着奇光异彩，而且森严壁垒，不容下层人涉足。He had not talked to a white-man for months. He began to tell stories.他已数日没有对白人开怀谈话了，于是他开始滔滔不绝起来。The cruel master grudged him even the food he ate.他残忍的主人很吝啬，连三顿饭都不让他吃饱He was inclined to be sarcastic with white people, but with Malays he had ahappy mixture of condescension and kindliness.他喜欢对白人冷嘲热讽；但对马来人，他既有上等人的优越感，又不失热情友善的态度。这个分寸他掌握得恰如其分。5.2 At the phrase level:At all events the war has done one good thing for us. Its smashed up the power of the aristocracy. The Boer war started it, and 1914 put the lid on.不管怎样，战争还是为我们做了好事，就是把贵族势力一扫而光。南非战争开始对它有所触动，而1914年的世界大战终于使它荡然无存。When he came to, he could not, for a moment, recognize his surroundings.等他恢复知觉，一时认不出周围的一切Some trickster had fobbed him off with this story.那个骗子编出这些鬼话使他背了黑锅5.3 At the sentence level:They went in to dinner. It was excellent, and the wine was good. Its influence presently had its effect on them. They talked not only without acrimony, but even with friendliness.他们进去吃饭。菜肴极丰盛，酒也好。他们喝着酒，吃着菜，气氛顿时起了变化。言谈间不仅没有恶言恶语，还充满友好的情谊。He knew every intonation of his masters voice.他能从话音的抑扬中窥测主人的情绪变化。Dont be a damned fool. Remember Im not a gentleman. I know how to use my hands.放聪明点，别忘了，我不是什么正人君子，我的拳头可不是吃素的。There is not such a fool but that he can see it.没有愚蠢到连这个都不懂的人。She was dressed more than simply.她穿得岂止朴素，简直近乎破烂。Oh, great Sciolto! Oh, my more than father.啊，伟大的西奥图！啊，我那比父亲还要亲的亲人！He is more witty than wise.与其说他聪明，不如说他机智。The shortest cut would take us five hours to get there.即使走捷径也要五个小时才能到达。5.4 At the discourse（语篇）level:The boy who remained faithful to him, knew how to cook native food.那个勉强留在他身边的仆人只会做当地的饭菜。Outside the hall stretched queues a mile long, and they last four days and nights,as worke