阅读理解测试题型分析.doc

赛马不相马 敢为天下先阅读理解测试题型分析阅读理解试题目前主要以多项选择题的形式出现。考题依据英语阅读的培养目标，拟定多项选择填空试题，要求按标准化考试的方法，选择并确定正确答案。 实践证明，掌握阅读理解题的解题方法和应试技巧有利于提高答题正确率。阅读理解题目的题型不同，应试时采用的方法、步骤也有所不同。为了方便题型分析，本文所列举实例大多数删繁就简，仅摘录试题短文中的有关内容，有针对性地分析介绍其特点及答题技巧，以便启迪智慧，提高语篇阅读时捕捉信息的能力。 英语阅读理解多项选择题大体上可分为六种类型：1情境型，2语义型，3是非型，4推断型，5主旨型，6语篇型。题型不同，考查的侧重面不同，解题的方法也需要调整。 1细节型 细节型试题主要针对文章的细节，如：时间，地点，过程，原因等提出询问，要求迅速略读后找出所需要的信息。试题内容范围广，涉及面宽。文章中有关时间，地点，人物，事件，数字等具体事实的问题占比例较大。 细节型试题干扰项的干扰系数常因试题的难易程度而有所增减，有的选择项模棱两可，使人举棋不定。该类试题的干扰项常具有以下特点： a干扰项与细节部分相似，部分相悖； b干扰项内容符合常识，但文中未提； c干扰项与细节相符，但不属主题思想； d干扰项与细节相同，但不合题干要求； e干扰项与细节不符或文中未涉及； f干扰项的内容属无中生有或不是重要论据。 解答该类试题的技巧在于：紧扣主题，抓住关键词。那些与主题内容密切相关的选择项往往是正确答案。解题时可以采用查读的方法，根据问题中的线索词查找相关信息，一旦找到所需内容，就停下来，对照四项选择确定最佳答案。 1）查找有关信息 抓住阐述主题的主要事实或信息，这是阅读理解的最基本要求。查找有关信息的试题有的直接了当，有的则需要将事实进行对比，依靠较好的记忆迅速在原文找出有关内容。在解答试题过程中，抓住文章中事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局这几个环节，就能根据题目线索查出细节。这类题一般难度不大，只要仔细阅读，速度达到要求，都能迅速找到所需要的信息。在阅读过程中可以对关键词或重要细节做上记号，以便确定答案时能尽快找出相关部分。需要注意的是，所选答案一定要符合原文内容，切不可望文生义，或者主观臆断。例： 1）In the 1840s，Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings were taken to investigate the depth of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Q：The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in 1840 was _ A）to make some sound experiments in the oceans B）to collect samples of sea plants and animals C）to estimate the length of cable that was to be made D）to measure the depths of two oceans 答案：D） （2）Many economists blame the decline of the inner city on“structural changes”migration to the Sun Belt，shifts from manufacturing to services，competition from overseas Q：According to the experts，which of the following is the factor of the urban decay？ A）Competition from foreign countries B）People seeking more comfort rather than working hard C）Governments ineffective policies D）All of the above 答案：D） （3）If it were only necessary to decide whether to teach elementary science to everyone on a mass basis or to find the gifted few and take them as far as they can go，our task would be fairly simpleThe public school system，however，has no such choice，for the jobs must be carried on at the same timeBecause we depend so heavily upon science and technology for our progress，we must produce specialists in many fieldsBecause we live in a democratic nation whose citizens make the policies for the nation，large numbers of us must be educated to understand，to support，and when necessary，to judge the work of expertsThe public school must educate both producers and users of scientific services Q：According to the first paragraph，the task of education is fairly complicated because _ A）the current public school system is too complicated to be understood B）the public school system has no choice of what to teach C）it is difficult to decide whether elementary science should be taught in public schools D）the educators have to take care of both ordinary and gifted students 答案：D） 2）归纳或推算数字 该类试题常见的题型常要求通过推理运算，回答有关数字的问题，内容涉及到时间、数量等数字，需要计算方能得出答案。数字归纳或推算试题包括以下两类： a短文中列举若干细节实例，要求归纳出总量。 b提供一个或几个数字，要求计算或推出另一个未知数。例： （1）The Stone Age was a period of history which began in approximately 2 million BC and lasted until 3000 BCIts name was derived from the stone tools and weapons that modern scientists foundThis period was divided into the Paleolithic，Mesolithic，and Neolithic Ages Q：Into how many periods was the Stone Age divided？ A）2 B）3 C）4 D）5 答案：B） （2）A typical course consists of three classes per week each lasting for fifteen weeksWhile attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each sememster Q：Normally a student would at least _attend classes each week A）36 B）12 C）20 D）15 答案：B）2是非型 是非型试题要求在四个选择项中确定其内容的真实性或非真实性，或者原文提及或未提及的东西。解此类题时要逐一审查四个选择项所提供的信息，注意在原文中寻找没有直接提到的或暗示的内容。有的问题中含有false not true not mentioned等否定词，这就要求确认某个与内容无关、相悖或未提及的选择项作为正确答案。该类试题包括以下两类： 1）对错题 该类题要求在四项选择中选出一种提法，判断事实或观点的是与非、真与伪，确定是否符合原文内容（true or false）。解答这类题时，需要针对试题要求，从原文中找到相关信息与选择项相互对照，定夺取舍。有时候，这种题结合常识可以做出判断，但应注意对照原文，切忌抛弃原文内容进行单纯的知识性解答。例： Petroleum products，such as gasoline，kerosene，home heating oil， residual fuel oil，and lubricating oils，come from one sourcecrude oil found below the earths surface，as well as under large bodies of water， from a hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25，000feet into the earths interiorSometimes crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth，but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oilPressure at the source or pumping forces crude oil to the surface Q：Which of the following is NOT true？ A）Crude oil is found below land and water B）Crude oil is always found a few hundred feet below the surface C）Pumping and pressure force crude oil to the surface D）A variety of petroleum products are obtained from crude oil 答案：B） 2）内容是否提及题 该类试题要求根据原文内容，判断出各选择项是提及的、还是未提及的信息。四个选择项中所涉及的内容有三项需要根据题目的具体要求，即所述内容提及或未提及（mentioned or not mentioned），进行排除，确定正确答案。解答这类题时，要以多项选择的提示为目标，索读（scan）原文，细心审读与待选项有关的内容。发现相关信息后，马上改索读为研读（study reading），选出正确答案。例： In our classroom，we work in various waysThe pupils often work in groupsThis gives them the opportunity to learn to co-operate，to share，and to develop leadership skillsThey also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think，to make decisions，to analyze and evaluate，and to communicate effectivelyThe pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher Q：Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED in the paragraph？ A）Group work gives the opportunity to learn to work together with others B）Pupils also learn to develop their reasoning abilities C）Group work provides pupils with the opportunity to learn to be capable organizers D）Pupils also learn how to participate in teaching activities 答案：D） 3语义型 该试题分两类：一类是解释词义，另一类是理解句意。题目要求根据上下文特定语境对单词、词组或句子进行释义。阅读理解中的语义试题含蓄、隐晦，其正确答案常具有以下特点： a词义属于熟“词”新义，具有引申意义； b句意或词义是对原词、原句的解释，而不是逻辑推理； c所测试的超纲词或代词需要借助于各种技巧推测词义。 解答该类题时，应在原文找出有关词、句的位置，根据其语境判断含义。首先可以将四个选项中最明显的干扰项排除，缩小其范围，然后用确定为答案的项代替原词，放入原句，检查是否保持了原意，实现了“一个意思，两种说法”。正确答案通常是对原词的释义或者对原句的复述。 1）解释词义 该类试题旨在考查所掌握词汇的数量、质量以及判断应变能力。所测试的词可能是超纲词，或常用词“熟词新义”，也可能是代词。对常用词，并非考查表层意思，而是追究深层含义，要求透过其表层意思理解深层含义；对于代词而言，由于指代内容和其他词混在一起，需要根据具体语境进行区分。因此，无论是超纲词，还是常用词或代词，都需要仔细推测，准确理解。例： （1）In the early attempts，the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs，it was found to be covered in living growths，a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea Q：“defied”in this paragraph probably means_ A）doubted B）gave proof to C）challenged D）agreed to 答案：C） （2）In education，there should be a good balance among the branches of knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wide judgement Such balance is defeated by too much emphasis on any one field This question of balance involves not only the relation of the natural sciences，the social sciences and the arts，but also relative emphases among the natural sciences themselves Q：The word“defeated”in this paragraph most probably means _ A）broken B）beaten C）destroyed D）damaged 答案：A） （3）Stars have been significant features in the design of many United States coins and their numbers have varied from one to forty-eight starsMost of the coins issued from about 1799to the early years of the twentieth century bore thirteen stars representing the thirteen original colonies Q：What does the word“their”in this paragraph refer to_？ A）colonies B）coins C）features D）stars 答案：D） 2）解释句意题 该类试题要求从四个选择项中找出的答案，意思上能对题句进行解释。题目常针对某些复杂难句，涉及到诸如倒装、省略、否定、虚拟语气、复合句、非谓语动词等语法现象，或者在特定上下文环境中具有特殊意义的句子。要求对句子语义作出正确解释时，一个句子可以从若干角度命题测试，拟定的题目非常灵活。例： （1）Only a fool like John would believe Roberts statement Q：1John thought Roberts statement was_ A）foolish B）exaggerated C）true D）clever 答案：C） Q：2Roberts statement was _ A）indisputable B）unconvincing C）misinterpreted D）unfair 答案：B） （2）A country doctor in check the place nameOxford-shire，has offered a 5，000 interest-free loan to help young couples in the area to form a housing societyDrGordon Scott，aged 66，who lives in the Cotswolds village has put up the money because young people are unable to afford the high price of local propertyM any of the small cottages around the village have been bought as weekend retreats by the wealthy and DrScott thinks it is pitiful that the young should have to leave the villages where they were bornNew houses are far beyond the pockets of young couples Q：“New houses are far beyond the pockets of young couples” means _ A）Young couples have to buy new houses in the village B）Young couples cannot afford new houses C）New houses are too far from the village D）There is little money in young couplespockets 答案：B） （3）A visa is not a guarantee of entry into the United StatesThe bearer of a visa is subject to inspection at the port of entry by USImmigration officials who have authority to deny admissionTherefore，the recipient of a visa should carry with him ，for possible presentation to immigration inspectors，the evidence submitted to the consular officer when the visa was obtained Q：In this section，what is meant by“A visa is not a guarantee of entry into the United States”？ A）A visa cannot be used to prove that someone is in the United States B）Although someone possesses a visa，he or she might not allowed to enter the United States C）Both A and BD）None of the above 答案：B） （4）They are among the 250，000people under the age of 25who are out of work in the Netherlands，a group that accounts for 40 percent of the nations unemployedA storm of anger boils up at the government-sponsored youth center，even among those who are continuing their studies “We study for jobs that dont exist”Nicollete Steggerda，23，said Q：What Nicollete Steggerda said（Paragraph 2）means that _ A）school education is not sufficient B）what the students learn is more than necessary C）the students cannot get work after graduation D）the studentsaim in study is not clear 答案：C）4推断型 推断型试题主要测试对文章中没有直接说出的隐含内容能否正确理解，考查对作者观点的理解，对修辞、语气等方面知识的掌握。它要求按原文提供的线索，超脱文字局限，获得深层次理解，即“透过现象看本质”，就原文不完全表白而又希望读者理解的含蓄内容做出合乎逻辑的判断。该类试题难度大，句子长，结构复杂，词汇量要求高，试题干扰项具有以下特点： a干扰项是原文内容，但不是推论或判断； b干扰项是推论，却与原文意思相悖； c干扰项符合常识，但从原文无法推知； d干扰项偏离主题，属主观臆断。 解答此类题时应透彻理解原文，注意根据遣词造句的特点倾向判断写作意图，根据文中的逻辑关系正确推理，排除干扰项，有根有据地选定最佳答案。答题正确率与个人素质和判断能力密切相关，解题时最好运用“选择和排除相结合”的方法，即做出选择后，把排除的三项分别对照有关细节进行验证，检验确定的选项，要避免受不良错觉干扰，防止凭主观臆断猜想，更不能想当然地回答问题。 1）逻辑推理 逻辑推理性试题的选择项内容往往不能从原文中直接找到答案，只能通过对段落词句意义的理解领会其实质。答题时，要根据字里行间的线索推断、分析、归纳、演绎，理解其隐含意思，对某些暗示线索（hints）要仔细思考，认真推敲，找出正确答案。例： （1）Much family quarreling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean，and which cycle each member of the family has Q：Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage？ A）Unawareness of energy cycles B）Family monologues C）A change in a family members energy cycle D）Attempt to control the energy cycle of other family members 答案：A） （2）If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day，rise before your usual hour Q：If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning，he should _ A）change his energy cycle B）overcome his laziness C）get up earlier than usual D）go to bed earlier 答案：C） （3）Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasmThe effective work of maintaining disciplines usually performed by students who advise the academic authoritiesAny student who is thought to have broken the rules，for example，by cheating，has to appear before a student court Q：The student organizations seem to be effective in A）dealing with the academic affairs of the university B）ensuring that the students observe university regulations C）evaluating studentsperformance by bringing them before a court D）keeping up the studentsenthusiasm for social activities 答案：B） （4）University Physics is intended for students of science and engineeringPrimary emphasis is on physical principles and problem-solving；historical background and specialized practical applications have been given a place of secondary importanceM any worked-out examples and an extensive collection of problems are included with each chapter Q：This textbook lays stress on _ A）the expiration of physical principles B）the principle