2.冠词.doc

语法专项（二）冠词一冠词的概念：传统语法通常将冠词分为不定冠词(a, an)和定冠词(the)两类，但现代英语常将冠词分为不定冠词，定冠词和零冠词三类。不定冠词表示“不确定”或“泛指”；定冠词表示“确指”或“特指”；零冠词指不用冠词的情况。二冠词的位置：（一）通常位置：冠词在一般情况下总是放在名词前帮助说明名词的含义，若名词前带有形容词等修饰语，则放在修饰语前。-He is a (famous) poet. 他是（著名）诗人。（二）特殊位置：1. too/so/as/how/however+形容词+a(an)+名词；such/what/many a(an)+形容词+名词-It is too difficult a book for beginners.-I have never seen such a big apple.2. 冠词与副词quite/rather连用或与both/all/half/twice等连用时后置-He is rather a fool.-He left half an hour ago.-Your room is twice the size of mine.三冠词的用法：（一）不定冠词的用法：1. 用于可数名词单数前表示类别（泛指）-Kate is a student. 凯特是个学生。（而不是工人或其他）2. 泛指某类中的某一个，不具体说明是哪一个-A tiger can be dangerous.-A Mr. Wang is waiting for you in the waiting room.3. 和one都可表示“一”的概念，但a/an侧重指类别，但one侧重指数量概念-I want _ apple, not two apples.-He is _ excellent teacher.4. 用于序数词前表示“另一；又一”-Would you like a second cup of tea?5. a 与most连用表示“很，非常” -This is a most interesting story.6. 用于某些抽象名词前使之具体化，表示具体的人或事(常见的可用于抽象名词具体化的词有：success/failure/danger/pleasure/surprise等)-He was a success in business.7. 两个并列名词指同一个人时在前一个名词前加不定冠词，但如果强调两种身份时，在两个名词前分别加不定冠词-A poet and teacher _ invited to make a speech yesterday.-A poet and a teacher _ invited to make a speech yesterday.8. 自然成对的事物只在前一个名词前加冠词 a knife and folk 一副刀叉 a horse and cart 一辆马车 a needle and thread 一根带线的针9. 固定搭配： have a good time in a hurry once in a while all of a sudden make a face（二）定冠词的用法：1. 特指某人或某事物-The book on the desk is mine.2. 与可数名词单数连用也可表示类别，但常会让人引起误解 -A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。-The horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。/这匹马是有用的动物。3. 与某些形容词（特征/品质/国籍等）连用表示类别 the rich/poor/old/young/blind/weak/dead/sick/strong the wounded/injured/killed/employed/unemployed the English/Chinese/French/Japanese4. 用于独一无二的事物前 the earth/sun/universe/sky5. 用于序数词或形容词最高级前6. 用于乐器名词前表演奏，但在中国名族乐器前不用冠词，作学科名称讲也不用冠词 play the piano/violin play Erhu teach piano7. 用于姓氏复数前表一家人 the Smiths/Browns8. 用于逢整十数词的复数前指某个世纪的年代 in the 1980s 9. 表示计算单位 by the hour/month10. 含有Festival的传统节日前一般用定冠词，含有Day的节日前一般不加冠词 the Spring Festival the Mid-autumn Festival Christmas Day May Day11. 固定结构“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体部位” take sb. by the arm/hand hit sb. in the face hit sb. on the head12. 用于江，河，湖，海，山脉，群岛，海峡，海湾及沙漠等名词前 the Yellow River the Pacific Ocean the Sahara the Xisha Islands13. 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词前（国名/地名/政党/团体/组织/旅馆/商店/学校/医院等） the United States the Peace Hotel the Red Cross Hospital 注：以地名命名的大学有两种表达形式, 以人名命名的大学只有一种表达形式 London University/the University of London Brown University（三）零冠词的用法：1. 专有名词前不加冠词 China Smith 2. 名词表示泛指或一般概念时常用零冠词：-Water boils at 100 . -Do you like music?3. 节假日，星期，月份，季节等名词前常用零冠词(表特指时可加the)-Monday comes before Tuesday.-He was born in September, 1988. -He was born in the September of 1988.4. 球类，三餐，茶点等名词前常用零冠词-We play basketball in the afternoon.-What do you have for breakfast?5. 公园，广场, 学校，语言等名词前常用零冠词 Zhongshan Park Tian An Men Square Beijing University speak English(the English language)6. 某些用介词by构成的表方式或通讯的短语常用零冠词 by bus/train(take a bus/train) by phone/radio (over the phone/radio) by hand7. 表示正式的或独一无二的头衔或职位等作表语，补语或同位语时常用零冠词-John is captain of the team. -He is monitor of our class.8. 动词turn/go表变成时后面的名词用零冠词 turn/go writer (become/make a writer) 9. 在as/though引导的让步状语从句的倒装句中，单数名词或最高级前常用零冠词-Teacher though he is, he cant know everything.-Shortest as he is, he runs fast in our class.10. 表示学习，生活，娱乐等单数名词若表示相关的活动常用零冠词，若指具体的实物，则用定冠词the (cinema 和theatre表示相关活动时前加the) go to bed 上床睡觉 go to the bed 到床边去 in office 执政 in the office在办公室11. 有些短语用零冠词和定冠词均可，但含义不同 out of question 毫无疑问 out of the question 不可能 in charge of 负责，管理（主动） in the charge of 由负责，管理（被动）make beds 制作床 make the bed 整理床铺12. 某些成对使用的固定词组前不用冠词 husband and wife 夫妻 young and old 老少 cause and effect 因果 supply and demand 供求四巩固练习：1. The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that _ people from all walks of life are working hard for _ new Jiangsu. （2010 江苏卷） A. 不填；a B. 不填；the C. the; a D. the; the2. If we sit near _ front of the bus, well have _ better view. (2010 山东卷) A. 不填；the B. 不填；a C. the; a D. the; the3. There are over 58000 rocky objects in _ space, about 900 of which could fall down onto _ earth. (2010 辽宁卷) A. the; the B. 不填; the C. the; 不填 D. a; the4. Its _ good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them _ pleasure. (2010 福建卷) A. 不填; a B. a; 不填 C. the; a D. a; the5. Many lifestyle patterns do such _ great harm to health that they actually speed up _ weakening of the human body. (2010 浙江卷) A. a; 不填 B. 不填; the C. a; the D. 不填; 不填6. Everything comes with _ price; there is no such _ thing as a free lunch in the world. (2010 重庆卷) A. a; a B. the; 不填 C. the; a D. a; 不填7. In _ most countries, a university degree can give you _ flying start in life. (2010 四川卷) A. the; a B. the; 不填 C. 不填; 不填 D. 不填; a8. Lets go to _ cinema-thatll take your mind off the problem for _ while. (2009 全国卷一) A. the; the B. the; a C. a; the D. a; a9. What I need is _ book that contains _ ABC of oil painting. (2009 全国卷二) A. a; 不填 B. the; 不填 C. the; an D. a; the10. The biggest whale is _ blue whale, which grows to be about 29 meters long-the height of _ 9-story building. (2009 北京卷) A. the; the B. a; a C. a; the D. the; a11. Washing machines made by China have won _ worldwide attention and Haier has become _ popular name. (2009 重庆卷) A. a; the B. 不填; a C. 不填; the D. the; a 12. This area experienced _ heaviest rainfall in _ month of May. (2009 辽宁卷) A. 不填; a B. a; the C. the; the D. the; a13. I dont understand what the engineer means, but Ive got _ rough idea of _ project plan. (2009 浙江卷) A. the; a B. 不填; the C. the; 不填 D. a; the14. Some people fear _ air pollution may bring about changes in _ weather around the world. (2009 江西卷) A. 不填; the B. the; 不填 C. an; the D. the; a15. We can never expect _ bluer sky unless we create _ less polluted world. (2009 安徽卷) A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; the16. In order to find _ better job, he decided to study _ second foreign language. (2009 四川卷) A. the; a B. a; a C. the; the D. a; the17. What _ pity that you couldnt be there to receive _ prize! (2009 陕西卷) A. a; a B. the; a C. a; the D. the; the18. Its not_ good idea to drive for four hours without _ break. (2008 全国卷二) A. a; a B. the; a C. the; the D. a; the19. Have you heard _ news? The price of _ petrol is going up again! (2008 湖南卷) A. the; the B. 不填; the C. the; 不填 D. 不填; 不填20. -Im so sorry to have come late for the meeting. -It is not your fault. With _rush-hour traffic and _ heavy rain, it is no wonder you were late. (2008 江西卷) A. a; a B. the; the C. 不填; 不填 D. 不填; a21. I ate _ sandwich while I was waiting for _ 20:08 train. (2008 陕西卷) A. the; a B. the; the C. a; the D. a; a22. In the United States, there is always _ flow of people to areas of _ country where more jobs can be found. (2008 四川卷) A. a; the B. the; a C. the; the D. a; a23. In many places in China, _ bicycle is still _ popular means of transportation. (2008 重庆卷) A. a; the B. 不填; a C. the; a D. the; the24. _ apple fell from the tree and hit him on _ head. (2008 浙江卷) A. An; the B. The; the C. An; 不填 D. The; 不填25. My neighbor asked me to go for _ walk, but I dont think Ive got _ energy. (2008 辽宁卷) A. a; 不填 B. the; the C. 不填; the D. a; the26. We went right round to the west coast by _ sea instead of driving across _ continent. (2008 江苏卷) A. the; the B. 不填; the C. the; 不填 D. 不填; 不填27. Students should be encouraged to use _ Internet as _ resource. (2008 山东卷) A. 不填; a B. 不填；the C. the; the D. the; a28. I looked under _ bed and found _ book I lost last week. (2007 北京卷) A. the; a B. the; the C. 不填; the D. the; 不填29. I wanted to catch _ early train, but couldnt get _ ride to the station. (2007 天津卷) A. an; the B. 不填; the C. an; 不填 D. the; a30. Many people have come to realize that they should go on _ balanced diet and make _ room in their day for exercise. (2007 江西卷) A. a; 不填 B. the; a C. the; the D. 不填; a31. Polar bears live mostly on _ sea ice, which they use as _ platform for hunting seals. (2007湖南卷) A. a; a B. a; the C. 不填; a D. the; 不填32. In _ film Cast Away, Tom Hanks plays