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授课内容:中考名词考点讲解+专练+分析【考点直击】一名词的分类:可数名词和不可数名词 二名词可数/不可数的注意点;三名词所有格的构成及用法; 四常用近义名词的辨析;五课后巩固练习。一名词的分类:普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的,这类名词叫可数名词。可数名词分为个体名词和集体名词。个体名词:表示某类人或事物中的个体,如worker, farmer, desk, factory等。集体名词:表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物,如people,family 等。如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的,这类名词就叫不可数名词。不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词。物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质,如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等。抽象名词:表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念,如work, homework, time, health, friendship等。(一)可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时,用单数形式;指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下:(1)、名词单数变复数有规则变换:1.一般在词尾直接加s,如book-books,.friends, room rooms,house houses day days2.以s,x,sh,ch结尾的名词,通常在词尾加es,如bus-buses,box-boxes,brush-brushes,watch-watches; foxfoxes狐狸; matchmatches3.以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,把y变为i,再加es,如baby-babies, ladyladies; storystories ,city cities body bodies,factory factories;以元音+y结尾直接加s,如boys,days.4.以f,fe结尾的名词,把f,fe变为v,再加es,如knife-knives,lifelives; leafleaves; staffstaves; scarfscarves ,self,shelf架子,wolf狼,thief,wife。初中阶段反例,只加s的:roof-roofs,gulf,chief首领,serf奴仆,belief信仰,proof证据,handkerchief手帕。巧记:海湾边、屋顶上,首领奴仆两相望;谁说他们无信仰,证据写在手帕上。5.以o结尾的名词有生命的加es,无生命的加s,如 黑人英雄吃番茄土豆。tomato-tomatoes,potatoes,heroes,negroes,mangoes芒果 /photo-photos,pianos,radios,zoos(2)名词复数的不规则变化1.man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen(特殊human-humans);foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goosegeese(特殊boot-boots靴),mouse-mice,oxoxen公牛,phenomenonphenomena,child-children现象,2.表示“某国人”的名词遵循以下原则 中日不变,如Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese 英法变,如Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen 其他s加后面,如American-Americans,German-Germans,Australian-Australians,Canadian-Canadians3.只有复数形式的名词 trousers(裤子),glasses(眼镜),thanks(感谢),clothes(衣服),scissors,gloves手套,socks袜子,shoes,compasses圆规,scales天平,pants裤子,shorts短裤4.单复数同形(集合名词:一群相似也相关的个体结合而成的集合体的名称称为集合名词。) fish ,people, police ,sheep,deer,means手段,Swiss瑞士,goods 商品,family家庭,class,team,cattle牛,clothing衣服,jewelry珠宝5.复合名词的变法 一般是后面一个名词改为复数an apple tree-some apple trees ,a girl student-some girl students,shoe factory (鞋厂),post office(邮局),evening paper (晚报),night school (夜校),head master (校长),a law school (法律学院)。但也有例外,如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting (运动会)。例外:a woman teacher-some women teachers,a man teacher-some men teachers6、除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑pound(便士penny)、法郎等都有复数形式。例:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters(3)可数名词常考考点 1.常以复数形式出现的名词,要表达它们的量时,通常用pair,如,a pair of glasses/trousers/scissors/gloves two pairs of glasses/trousers/scissors/gloves2. (集合名词)单复数同形的名词,其后的谓语动词根据实际情况来写。误Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.正Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me.误Toms and Marys family are waiting for us.正Toms and Marys families are waiting for us.误Im sorry. I have to go. Toms families are waiting for me.正Im sorry. I have to go. Toms family are waiting for me.析集合名词如果指某个集合的整体,则应视为单数,如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Toms family were watching TV. 即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有:family class, team等。3.the+姓氏复数,表示一家人/两夫妇,例如the Greens,the Blacks,the Smiths.4.年份后面加s,表示多少世纪多少年代;in ones+基数词复数,表示在某人几十岁时。 如in the 1980s,在20世纪80年代;in my teens/twenties/thirties 在我十几岁/二十几/三十几岁的时候 in 1980在1980年。 When I am a teenager,当我是个(13-19岁的)青少年时(4)专项练习1.(2004年上海徐汇区中考试题) These _ have saved many childrens lives. A. woman doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctor 答案:( C )。该题考查的是名词作定语时的变化。woman 作定语时要和被修饰的名词保持数的一致。2.(2004年吉林省中考试题) -Are there any _ on the farm? -Yes, there are some. A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep 答案:( D )。该题考查的是特殊名词的复数形式。从谓语动词来判断,主语应该是复数名词。只有sheep可用作复数名词。3.A group of _ are talking with two _. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans, Frenchmans C. Frenchmans, Germen D. Germen, Frenchmen 答案:( A )解析: Frenchman 是复合词,其复数形式为 Frenchmen; German 的复数为直接在单词末尾+S.2. The deer has four _. A. foot B. feet C. feets D. Foots5.The boy often brushes his _ before he goes to bed. A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths6.Can you see nine _ in the picture? A. sheep B. dog C. pig D. Horse7.An old _ wants to see you. A. people B. person C. the people D. the person 解析: person 与people 都有”人” 的意思, 但用法不同. “一个人”用 “a person”,“两个人” 用 “two persons”; people 泛指 “人们”是集合名词,表示复数, the people 指 “人民”, a people 指 “一个民族”. 应选B。8.The team _ having a meeting . A. is B. are C. am D. be解析: team 是一个集合名词,即可表示复数意义(指整个小组) , 也可指小组中的成员(表示复数), 此题意为后者, 因此选B。(二)不可数名词小tips:如果一个名词所代表的事物,“切”成两半之后仍为该物(比如说“water”一词)分成两半之后仍称做“water”,那么它就是不可数名词。反之,例如“bike”,分成两半之后就不是它了!所以自行车可数。(1).常用不可数名词 bread面包 beer啤酒 cloth布 coffee咖啡 cream奶油 dust尘土 gin杜松子酒 glass玻璃 gold黄金 ice冰 jam果酱 oil油 paper纸 sand沙 soap肥皂 stone石头 tea茶 water水 juice饮料 wine葡萄酒 wood木头 advice忠告主意 beauty美丽,漂亮(美人可数) courage勇气 death死亡 experience经验(经历可数) fear担心 help帮助 hope希望 horror恐惧 information消息信息 knowledge知识 mercy仁慈 pity同情 relief救济 suspicion猜疑 work工作 baggage行李 camping露营 damage损害 furniture家具 luggage 行李 parking停车 shopping购物 weather天气 money金钱 age年龄 energy精力 health, Equipment设备 failure失败 food fun kindness labor劳动力 luck music Nature peace和平 pleasure power Pride rain research 研究/调查 safety Salt silence strength力气 snow Technology time transport travel Trust truth waste wealth其中最常见的不可数名词有:advice, baggage, change(零钱), furniture, hair, homework, information, knowledge, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic ,milk, orange(橙汁), meat, fruit, food, paper, weathera piece of news /a good/bad piece of news/an exciting piece of newsa cake of soap一块肥皂a drop of oil一滴油a grain of sand一粒沙子、a pile of sand 一堆沙子 、a handful of sand 一把沙子a pane of glass一块玻璃a piece of advice一条忠告a pot of jam一罐果酱、a bottle of jama sheet of paper一页纸、four sheets of papera box of milk一盒牛奶、a glass of milktwo pieces of informationa set of furniturea lot of jewellerythree pieces of breada lot of workmuch homeworkmuch experiencemuch fooda bar of chocolate 一条巧克力a stick of candy 一个棒糖a bowl of soup a mouthful of rice/a grain of rice一粒米饭a spoonful of sugar一匙糖a cup of coffeea sum of moneya block of ice一块冰a box of chalk一盒粉笔a basin of water 一盆水an article of clothing一件衣服a suit of clothes一套衣服a box of gold five bottles of wine a glass of juice(2) .不可数名词用法1.只能修饰不可数名词的词语有: much, a great deal of, a great / large amount of等。2. 不可数名词没有复数,当它作句子的主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。如:The food is very fresh.食品很新鲜。3. 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词,有复数形式,但他们的意义往往发生变化。如:water (水) waters (水域) orange (橘汁) oranges (橘子)4. 很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数,表示种类时就可数,但意义大多不发生变化。如:fruit fruits food foods fish fishes hair hairs5. 有许多名词既可以作可数名词,也可以作不可数名词,例如误Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.正Please make room for the lady in the school bus.析英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的,如: room为可数名词时为“房间”,如:I live in Room 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有:glass 玻璃glasses 眼镜stone 石头a stone 一块石头time 时间two times 两次wood 木头woods 树林(3) 专项练习1.Five years had passed .I found my parents had_. A .much white hairB .few white hairC .little white hairD. a few white hair2. The old man wants . A. six boxes of apples B. six boxes of apple C. six box of apples D. six boxs of apples3. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges解析: orange 有两种含义, 一种可数名词橘子, 另一种是不可数名词橘汁, 此题第一空应填可数名词, 第二空填不可数名词, 因此选 C。4.Help yourself to _. A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples解析: chicken 可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉;apple为可数名词, 故应+s, 因此选D。5.They got much _ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories 解析: much 是用来修饰不可数名词的, A B D三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式, C项为不可数名词, 因此选C.6. He is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching. A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D. a lot experience解析: experience 作 “经验” 讲时是不可数名词, 作 “经历”讲时是可数名词. 本句中应理解为 “经验”,因此是不可数名词,排除 A C. 又因 a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句, 不用于否定句, 因此选B。7.The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men. A.earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millions C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions解析:earth 泥土是不可数名词,因此删除B D,数以百万的应为millions of . 因此选A。8.“Would you like _?” “_, please.” A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, Coffees C. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees解析: drink 和coffee作饮料都是不可数名词, 可以用of来表示数量, eg, three cups of coffee, 当drink前面加a 时,则表示“一杯”因此选C,have a drink喝一杯。9. Lots of things are made of _. We must protect _. A.woods,woods B.wood,wood C.wood,woods D.woods,wood解析:选C.很多东西都是木做的,我们必须保护树木。10. While walking along the _,he found footprints on the _. A.sand,sand B.sands,sands C.sand,sands D.sands,sand解析:选D.当他在沙滩上走时,看到沙子上有脚印。 sand做沙子不可数,sands意思是沙滩,沙漠(desert)。11. You should do more _.Dont always sit at the desk busy doing your _. A.exercise,exercises B.exercises,exercise C.exercises,exercises D.exercise,exercises解析:选A.你应该多点锻炼,不要总是坐在课桌上忙于做练习题。Exercise“体育锻炼”不可数,“习题、练习”可数。二、名词可数/不可数“六注意”1、可数名词是可以用来计数的名词。可数名词有单数和复数形式。如:desk-desks, apple-apples等。不可数名词是不可以直接用来计数的名词。不可数名词没有复数形式,只有单数形式。如:some bread, a little milk等。2、单数可数名词表示泛指时,前面要用不定冠词a(an),表示特指时,前面要用定冠词the; 而不可数名词前不能用a(an)修饰。如果名词前有指示代词this, that, these those,及其他修饰词our,some, every, which, 或所有格时,则不要再加冠词。如:He is a factory worker. 他是一名工人。No one can see air. 没有人能看见空气。 误This is a Marys dictionary. 正This is Marys dictionary. 注意在表示特指时,不可数名词和可数名词前都要用定冠词the。如: Pass me the ball,please.请把球传给我。 The chicken on the plate is yours.盘子里的鸡肉是你的。 3、可数名词表示复数意义时可用many等词修饰。如:many apples,a lot of tomatoes,a few pens ;不可数名词则要用much、a little等词修饰。如:much meat,a little bread,little water 可数名词和不可数名词前都可以用some, any, a lot of, lots of 等来修饰,表示一些,许多。如:There are some oranges on the desk. 桌子上有一些桔子。There is a lot of water in the bottle. 瓶里有许多水。4、可数名词前可用具体的数词来表示具体的数量。如:two apples, four books等。不可数名词前通常用数词+单位词(表示数量的可数名词)+of来表示数量。如: a piece of paper, three pieces of paper,two glasses of milk两杯牛奶 five pieces of bread五片面包 等。5、可数名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数与主语的单复数保持一致。如:This picture is very beautiful. 这幅画很美。不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式,但是不可数名词前有复数单位词时,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:There is some rice in the bowl.碗里有些米饭。There are two cups of tea on the table. 桌上有两杯茶。6、对可数名词前的修饰语提问用how many; 对不可数名词前的修饰语提问用how much。 如:How many apples are there in the box?盒子里有多少个苹果?How much tea is there in the cup?杯里有多少茶水?I can see two pictures on the wall.How many pictures can you see on the wall? There is a lot of pork in the basket.How much pork is there in the basket? How much is the pork?这个猪肉多少钱?问价格。 Whats the price of the pork?注意:对不可数名词前的单位词的修饰语提问时,疑问词用how many。 如:I want three glasses of water.How many glasses of water do you want? How many pieces of bread are there on the plate?盘子里有多少片面包?专练:1. How many can you see in the picture?A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato D the tomato 答案B.析用How many提问时,其名词要用复数形式,而tomato的复数要加es.2. is the meat. Please? Ten yuan a kilo.A How much B How many C How old D How long 答案A.析由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时,不论其值是多少都是不可数名词,要用how much 提问。三名词的所有格(1)分类构成及其用法1.表示有生命的名词或者自然界独一无二的某些空间和时间名词所有格单数名词后+s,如the boys bag,the earths size,todays newspaper以-s结尾的复数名词+,如the boys school bags,the teachers office不以-s结尾的复数名词+s,如mens colothes,the Peoples Republic of China如果某一物体属于两个或两个以上名词所共有的,只需在后一个并列名词+s,表示共有;如果不是共有的,则需在各个并列名词后+s,表示分别有。如Johns and Marys room(两间) John and Marys room(一间)在复合名词或短语中,s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例 a month or twos absence作为一个整体的词组,一般在最后一个词的词尾加s。例 an hour and a halfs walk (步行一个半小时的路程). 不定代词后接 else , 所有格放在 else 上。例 somebody elses bag. 下列情况可以将 s 所有格中的名词省略。1)名词所有格所修饰的词, 如果前面已经提到,往往可以省略,以免重复。例 This notebook is not mine, nor Johns, nor Peters. 这个笔记本不是我的,也不是约翰和比特的。The dictionary isnt mine, but Jennys. 这本词典不是我的,而是珍妮的。2)名词所有格后面有指地点等的名词时, 有的在习惯上可以省略。例 Before Christmas, there were lots of customers at the Richardsons. the doctors(office)医生的诊所 my uncles(house)我叔叔的家 起修饰作用的名词,如不表示所有关系,通常不用s。例 room number ,tooth brush,apple tree2. 表示无生命的名词所有格.of+n,如the end of the week,the window of the house,the capital of China使用名词所有格须注意: 一般地说, s 所有格多用于有生命的东西,of 所有格多用于无生命的东西,但也有许多例外。1)表示天体的名词的所有格用s。例 the suns heat the moons surface2)表示地区机构的名词的所有格用s。例 the citys development,the governments plan3)表示度量与货币价值的所有格用s。例 ten kilometres distance,200 dollars worth of goods4)表示同位关系的用 of 介词短语。例 the city of Pisa5)表示部分或全部的用 of 介词短语。例 the bottom of the sea ,the majority of people6)表示抽象概念的用 of 介词短语。例 the cost of living the news of success7)名词本身带有后置修饰语或含有“the + 形容词”表示一类人,其所有格用 of 介词短语。例 the housing problem of the poor,the skills of the workers who have been well trained9)有些表示时间、距离等无生命和表示世界、国家、城镇等的名词,也可以在词尾加s或“ ”,变成相应的所有格。例 five minutes walk 五分钟的路程=five-minutes walk,todays newspaper 今天的报纸3.双重所有格双重所有格即 “ of + 名词s 所有格”,表示整体中的一个或部分。用于修饰of前面的名词,但此时of前面的名词一定要有一个a(an),two,any,some,several,no,few,another或this,that,these,those之类的修饰语(这个修饰语一般不能是one和the)。例 Do you know any friends of my husbands? Two classmates of my sisters will come to join us双重所有格也可由“of+名词性物主代词”构成, 如:a friend of mine 我的一位朋友。注:在双重所有格中,用作介词补足成分的所有格的名词必须是确定特指的,而且一般指人。例 an old friend of my fathers(=one of my fathers old friends)我父亲的一个老朋友 this lovely baby of my aunts 我姨妈的可爱的孩子(2)名词所有格专练 1. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the _.A. rooms number B. Room number C. Rooms number D. Room numbers解析 本题应选A。起修饰作用的名词,如不表示所有关系,通常不用s。本题房间和号码不是所有关系。 2. The new student is in _ , Grade Two. A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D. Three class 解析:选C.3. The newly-built library is a _ building.A. five-storey B. Five storeys C. Five-storeys D. Five storeys解析 本题应选D。4. - Whose umbrella is it? - Its _.A. somebody elses B. Somebody elseC. Somebodys elses D. Somebodys else解析 本题应选A。不定代词后接 else , 所有格放在 else 上。5. I feel terribly hot, Whats the _?A. temperature of room B. Rooms temperatureC. Room temperature D. Temperature of rooms解析 本题应选A。6.The girl talking to Mary is a friend of _.A. Marys sister B. Mary sistersC. Marys sisters D. Sister of Marys解析 本题应选A。 那个女孩是玛莉的姐姐的朋友。7. The woman over there is _ mother.A. Julia and Shelleys B. Julias and ShelleysC. Julia and Shelley D. Julias and Shelley解析 本题应选A。那个妇女是单数,是一个人。应该是朱莉娅和谢莉两人共同的母亲。8. He is very tired. He needs _.A. a night rest B. a rest nightC. a nights rest D. a rest of night解析 本题应选C。9 -Excuse me,where are _ offices? -Over thereA teachers B teachers C the teachers D the teachers解析 本题应选D。 D项的the teachers是复数名词的所有格形式,修饰复数中心名词offices。C项the teachers是单数名词所有格形式,从语法上讲不符合上下文,并且从内容上讲单个老师拥有若干offices也讲不通,故舍之。A、B项前面少了定冠词the,成了泛指的offices,无法达到交际的目的,因此也不选。 10. A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago. A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sisters 解析: 此题考查名词的双重所有格.应选D。11 Today is September 10th. Its_ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers.A. Teacher B. TeachersC. the Teachers D. Teachers解析 本题应选B。 注意不加冠词。2003年北京西城区、天津市和2002年长沙市试题都考查了这个知识点。12 Well have a _ holiday. What about going to the West Lake?A. two days B. two-dayC. two-days D. two days解析 本题应选B。 注意不同的表达方式:a two days holiday或a two-day holiday。13. In National Day,we have _ off. A.seven days B.seven days C.seven days D.seven-day 解析:选A. have seven days off 14 This is my dress. That one is _.A. Mary B. Marys C. sister D. mother解析 本题应选B。 one指代前面所提的dress。那件裙子是玛莉的,表示裙子属于玛莉。15. The is _just around the corner and you wont miss it.A. bicycles shop B. bicycle shopC. bicycles shop D. bicycles shop解析 本题应选B。名词作定语可分两种情况,一是名词所有格;二是表示中心词的性质、材料、类别或性别等时,一般直接用名词的单数形式,只有clothes, parents, goods, sports, sales 等少数几个名词必须用复数形式。此处指商店的性质,用单数形式,意思为:自行车商店就在拐角处,你不会错过它。16 The village is far away from her indeed. Its _walk.A. a four hour B. a four hoursC. a four-hours D. a four hours解析 本题应选D。冠词、数词、量词和名词连用有两种形式:一种是a+数词量词的名词所有格名词,如果数词大于“1”,量词要用复数形式,如:a four miles journey; 另一种是:a数词-量词名词,这时量词要用单数形式。如:a four-mile walk. Exercises 17. Li Mei has been to _ many times this month. A. her uncle B. her uncles C. her uncles D. aunts 解析: 选B,此句意为 “李雷这个去她舅舅家多次”. 表示具体场所时, 可省去所有格后面的名词。4 常用近义名词的辨析(1) work,job二者均指工作。work不可数,多指体力活脑力的努力或活动,job可数,多指为换取报酬而进行的日常活动 a good job .I like gardens too,but I do not like hard work.She is looking for a good job.(2) cook,cookercook厨师,cooker厨具 He is a good cook. (3) sound,voice,noisesound自然界各种各样的声音,包
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