研究生英语电子笔记.doc

NOTES FOR POSTGRADUATE ENGLIH INTEGRATED COURSECLASS NUMBER: Class 40 STUDENT NAME: Fan Lu(樊璐) STUDENT NUMBER: 2014224024 INSTRUCTOR: Pro.Yan yan DATE: 2014.09.122014.12.30 Contents American Stories11.1 The Purloined Letter11.1.1 Story and translation11.1.2、 Words91.1.3、 Phrase101.2 Among The Other Plants111.2.1 Story and translation111.2.2、Words18 News202.1 Helping Ugandas Disabled Children Play202.1.1 The news and Translation202.1.2 Words in this news252.2 Obama Orders Changes to US Immigration Policy262.2.1 The news and Translation262.2.2 Words in this news30、Focused Writing313.1 Narrative Essays313.1.1 Writing skills313.1.2 Good example343.2 Descriptive Essays353.2.1 Writing skill353.2.2 Good example37References39 American Stories1.1 The Purloined Letter 1.1.1 Story and translation The Purloined Letter1One evening in Paris, during the autumn of eighteen forty-five, I went to visit a friend, Auguste Dupin. We were smoking our pipes and talking when the door of his apartment opened. Mister Germont, the head of the Paris police force, came into the room.I came to ask your advice, Germont said to my friend Dupin. I am trying to solve a very important case. It is also a very simple case, so I really need your help. But I thought you would like to hear about it, because it is so strange.My men and I have worked on this case for three months, Germont said. It is a very simple case of robbery. But we still cannot solve it. Dupin took the pipe out of his mouth. Perhaps the mystery is too simple, he said. Germont began to laugh. Too simple? he said. Who ever heard of such a thing?I looked at Germont. Why dont you tell us the problem? I said.Germont stopped laughing and sat down.All right, he said. But you must never tell anyone I told you this.The wife of a very important person needs help. I cannot tell you her name, because her husband is a powerful man in the French government. Let us just call her Madame X. Three months ago, someone stole a letter from Madame X. She is offering a large amount of money to anyone who can return the letter to her.We know that her husbands political enemy, Mister DArcy, stole the letter. We also know it is somewhere in his apartment. DArcy plans to use the letter to embarrass Madame Xs husband and destroy his political power. As you know, I have keys which can open any lock in Paris. For the last three months, my men and I have spent every evening looking for the letter in his apartment. But we cannot find it. 2Dupin stopped smoking. Tell me how you looked for it, he said. Germont moved forward in his chair. We took our time, he said. First, we examined the furniture in every room. We opened all the drawers. We looked under the rugs. We searched behind all the paintings on the walls.We opened every book. We removed the boards of the floor. We even took the tops off the tables to see if he had hidden the letter in the table legs. But we cannot find it. What do you advise me to do? Dupin puffed on his pipe. What does the letter look like? he asked.It is in a white envelope with a red stamp, Germont said. The address is written in large black letters. Dupin puffed on his pipe again. I advise you to go back and search the apartment again, he said.About one month later, Germont came back to see us. I followed your advice, he said. But I still have not found the letter. Dupin smiled. I knew you would not find it, he said. Germont became very red in the face. Then why did you make me search the apartment again? he shouted.My dear Germont, Dupin said. Let me tell you a little story. Do you remember the famous doctor, Louis Abernathy? No! Germont shouted. Get to the point, Dupin!Of course! Of course, Dupin said. Once, a rich old man met Abernathy at a party. The old man was not feeling very well. He decided he would get a medical opinion from the doctor without paying for it. So he described his problems to Abernathy. Now doctor, the old man said, suppose you had a patient like that. What would you tell him to take? Oh, that is quite simple, said Abernathy. I would tell him to take my advice. Germont looked embarrassed. Look here, Dupin. I am perfectly willing to pay for advice. Dupin smiled at Germont. How much money did you say the reward was? he asked. Germont sighed. I do not want to tell you the exact amount. But I would give fifty thousand francs to the person who helps me find that letter. In that case, Dupin said, take out your checkbook and write me a check for fifty thousand francs. When you have signed the check, I will give you the letter. Germont looked at Dupin with his mouth open. His eyes seemed to jump out of his head. Then he took out his checkbook and pen, and wrote a check for fifty thousand francs. He gave it to Dupin.My friend examined the check carefully and put it in his pocket. Then he unlocked a drawer of his desk, took out the letter, and gave it to Germont. The policemans hands shook as he opened the letter. He read it quickly. Then he put it in his pocket and ran out of the room without saying a word.Dupin! I said, as I turned to my friend. How did you solve the mystery? It was simple, my friend， he said. Germont and his policemen could not find the letter, because they did not try to understand the mind of the man who stole it. Instead, they looked for the letter where they would have hidden it.Mister DArcy is not a policeman. He is, however, very intelligent. He knew the police would search his apartment. He also knew how police think. So, he did not hide the letter where he knew they would look for it.Do you remember how Germont laughed when I said the mystery was difficult for him to solve because it was so simple? Dupin filled his pipe with tobacco and lit it. Well, the more I thought about it, the more I realized the police could not find the letter because DArcy had not hidden it at all.So I went to visit DArcy in his apartment. I took a pair of dark green eyeglasses with me. I explained to him that I was having trouble with my eyes and needed to wear the dark glasses at all times. He believed me. The glasses permitted me to look around the apartment while I seemed only to be talking to him. I paid special attention to a large desk where there were a lot of papers and books. However, I saw nothing suspicious there. After a few minutes, however, I noticed a small shelf over the fireplace. A few postcards and a letter were lying on the shelf. The letter looked very old and dirty. As soon as I saw this letter, I decided it must be the one I was looking for. It must be, even though it was completely different from the one Germont had described.This letter had a large green stamp on it. The address was written in small letters in blue ink. I memorized every detail of the letter while I talked to DArcy. Then when he was not looking, I dropped one of my gloves on the floor under my chair. The next morning, I stopped at his apartment to look for my glove. While we were talking, we heard people shouting in the street. DArcy went to the window and looked out. Quickly, I stepped to the shelf and put the letter in my pocket. Then I replaced it with a letter that looked exactly like it, which I had taken with me. I had made it the night before. The trouble in the street was caused by a man who had almost been run over by a horse and carriage. He was not hurt. And soon the crowd of people went away. When it was over, DArcy came away from the window. I said good-bye and left. The man who almost had an accident was one of my servants. I had paid him to create the incident. Dupin stopped talking to light his pipe. I did not understand. But, Dupin, I said, why did you go to the trouble of replacing the letter? Why not just take it and leave?Dupin smiled. DArcy is a dangerous man, he said. And he has many loyal servants. If I had taken the letter, I might never have left his apartment alive. 失窃的信在1845年巴黎的一个深秋的晚上，我去拜访一位朋友，奥古斯特杜平。我们一直在抽烟和说话直到他的公寓的门被打开时。吉姆，他是巴黎警方的长官，他走进屋子。吉姆对我的朋友杜平说：“我是来征求你的建议的，我试图解决的一个非常重要的情况。这也是一个很简单的事情，但是我真的需要你的帮助。我觉得你对它也很好奇，因为它从未出现过。我和我的同事在这种情况下工作了三个月，这是一个非常简单的抢劫案，但是我们仍然不能解决它。” 杜平把烟从嘴里拿出来。“或许问题太简单了。”他说。吉姆大笑起来。“太简单了？”他说，“谁听说过这样的事？”我望着吉姆。“你为什么不告诉我们问题？”我说。吉姆止住笑，坐了下来。“好吧，”他说，“我告诉你们，但你千万不要告诉别人这是我说的。”“一个身份非常特殊的妇人需要帮助。我不能告诉你她的名字，因为她的丈夫是法国政府的一个人。我们只叫她夫人X。三个月前，有人偷了一封信，这封信X夫人花费了很多钱以确保它可以拿到手中。我们知道她丈夫的政治敌人，达西先生，偷走了那封信。我们也知道它就在他的公寓。达西计划使用信给X夫人的丈夫，毁了他的政治权力。你知道，我有钥匙可以打开巴黎的任何锁。在过去的三个月里，我的人和我每天晚上都在寻找他的公寓的信。但我们始终不能找到它。” 杜平停止吸烟然后说：“告诉我你怎么看它。” 吉姆走到他的椅子前。“我们把我们的时间，”他说，“首先，我们研究了在每个房间的家具。我们打开所有的抽屉。我们找了地毯下面，甚至墙壁上画的后面，我们打开的每一本书，我们甚至拆掉桌子，看了他藏在桌子腿的信。但我们没有找到它。你建议我怎么做？”杜平猛吸一下他的烟斗。“这封信到底长什么样子的？”他问。“这是一个白色信封，上面贴着一张红色邮票，”吉姆说，“地址是用大黑字。” 杜平又猛吸他的烟斗了。“我建议你回去再搜索房间，”他说。一个月后，蒙特回来看我们说：“我听了你的劝告，但是我没有找到这封信。” 杜平笑了。“我知道你不会找到它，”他说。芒特涨红了脸。”那你为什么让我再次搜索房间？”他喊道。“我亲爱的吉姆，”杜平说，“让我告诉你一个小故事。你还记得著名的医生，路易斯医生吗？”“不！”吉姆喊道，“言归正传，杜平！”“当然！当然，”杜宾说。“有一次，一个有钱的老男人在宴会上碰到哈伯玛斯。老头感觉身体不舒服。他想要不花钱就得到医生的诊治。然后他像哈伯玛描述了他的感觉老人说，“假如你有一个这样一个病人，你会告诉他了什么？”“ 噢，那很简单，”医生说，“我会告诉他接受我的建议。” 吉姆看起来很尴尬。“这样，杜平。我愿意花费钱。”吉姆说。杜平笑着说：“说奖励多少钱？”他问。杜平叹了口气。“我不想告诉你确切的金额。但我会给帮助我找到那封信的人五万法郎。” “那么，”杜平说，“把你的钱包给我写一张五万法郎的证明。当你签署这个证明，我会给你信。”吉姆吃惊的看着杜平。然后他拿出他的支票本和笔，写了五万法郎的支票。他给了杜平。我的朋友仔细检查检查，并把它放在口袋里。然后他打开了书桌的抽屉，拿出那封信，递给吉姆。警察颤抖着打开信，他读得很快。然后他把它放在他的口袋里跑出房间没有说一个字。 “杜平！”我说，我转向我的朋友。“你怎么解决这个谜吗？”“很简单，我的朋友，”他说，“吉姆和他的警察找不到这封信，因为他们不了解偷这封信的人的心。相反，他们寻找的信，他们会隐藏它。达西先生不是警察。但是，他很聪明。他知道警察搜查他的公寓，他知道警察会怎样想。所以，他没有隐瞒他知道他们会寻找它的信。“你还记得如何笑当我说这个是他难以解决，因为它是如此简单吗？”杜平点燃了他的烟斗“嗯，我越想，越觉得警察找不到那封信因为达西没有藏它。”于是我去达西的公寓拜访他。我带了一双深绿色的眼镜。我向他解释，我需要戴上墨镜，他相信了我，允许我参观公寓。我对他说话。“我注意到一张特别的大桌子，在那里有大量的论文和书籍。然而，我没有看到任何可疑的。几分钟后，我注意到一个在壁炉的小架子，一些明信片和一封信被放在架子上。信看起来又旧又脏。当我看到这封信，我感觉那就是我要找的信，一定是那封信，即使它是完全不同吉姆所描述的。“这封信上有一个大的绿色邮票。地址是小蓝墨水写的信。我记得每一个达西的每一个细节，然后趁他不注意时，我把故意把我的手套在丢到地板上”第二天早上，我又去他的公寓找我的手套。我们说话时，我们听到有人在街上喊，达西走到窗前，望着。很快，我走到架子上，把信放在我的口袋里。然后我用做前一天晚上做好的和它一模一样的信取放在了架子上。”在街上制造麻烦的是一个男人，他骑着一匹马疾驰而过，他没有受伤。不久，一群人就离开了。当它结束了，达西离开窗口回来，我就说再见离开了。”那个差点出了事故是的男人我的一个仆人。我让他在那个时间制造事情发生”杜平停止说话吸他的烟斗。“我不明白。杜平，”我说，“你为什么要更换的信吗？为什么不把它留下？”杜平笑了。“达西是个危险人物，”他说。“他有很多忠实的仆人。如果我把这封信带走而不留下一个一模一样的，我可能就不能活着离开他的公寓了。”1.1.2、 Words4（1）generally ad.广泛地,普遍地,通常,一般例句：We generally tend to overvalue money and undervalue art. 我们一般倾向于把金钱看得过重而低估艺术的价值。（2）mystery n.神秘,奥秘,秘密,玄妙,不可思议的事例句：Russia is a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma. 俄罗斯是被包藏在一个闷胡芦里面的神秘物体之中的谜。（3）embarrass vt.使困窘,使局促不安,阻碍例句：You didnt embarrass me in the slightest. 你一点也没让我为难。（4）puff v.喷出,张开,夸张,(使)充气,喘气,(使)骄傲例句：Steam puffed up from a crack in the metal. 蒸气从金属缝隙中冒出来。(5)sigh vi.叹息,渴望例句：She sighed when she saw the hole in her blouse. 她看到罩衫上有个洞就叹了口气。(6)suspicious a.怀疑的,猜疑的,嫌疑的,可疑的例句：He is extremely suspicious of all his neighbors. 他对所有的邻居都满腹狐疑。1.1.3、 Phrase6(1)No! Germont shouted. Get to the point, Dupin!get to the point谈出要点;直截了当地说例句：I dont know what youre talking about. Get to the point. 我不知道你在说什么。说出重点吧!(2)His eyes seemed to jump out of his head.眼珠子都快掉出来了，目瞪口呆，说明惊讶。Jump out of head 表示惊讶1.2 Among The Other Plants1.2.1 Story and translationAmong The Other Plants. 6“What a ridiculous little shoot!” said one. “No one will recognize it; not even THE thistle nor the stinging-nettle.”“It must be a kind of garden plant,” said another; and so they sneered and despised the plant as a thing from a garden. “Where are you coming?” said THE tall thistles whose leaves were all armed with thorns. “It is stupid nonsense to allow yourself to shoot out in this way; we are not here to support you.” Winter came, and the plant was covered with snow, but the snow glittered over it as if it had sunshine beneath as well as above. When spring came, The plant appeared in full bloom: a more beautiful object than any other plant in the forest. And now the professor of botany presented himself, one who could explain his knowledge in black and white. He examined and tested the plant, but it did not belong to his system of botany, nor could he possibly find out to what class it did belong. “It must be some degenerate species,” said he; “I do not know it, and it is not mentioned in any system.” “Not known in any system!” repeated The thistles and the nettles. The large trees which Grew round it saw the plant and heard the remarks, but they said not a word either good or bad, which is the wisest plan for those who are ignorant. There passed through the forest a poor innocent girl; her heart was pure, and her understanding increased by her faith. Her chief inheritance had been an old Bible, which she read and valued. From its pages she heard the voice of God speaking to her, and telling her to remember what was said of Josephs brethren when persons wished to injure her. “They imagined evil in their hearts, but God turned it to good.” If we suffer wrongfully, if we are misunderstood or despised, we must think of Him who was pure and holy, and who prayed for those who nailed Him to the cross, “Father forgive them, for they know not what they do.” The girl stood still before the wonderful plant, for the Green leaves exhaled a sweet and refreshing fragrance, and the flowers glittered and sparkled in the sunshine like colored flames, and the harmony of sweet sounds lingered round them as if each concealed within itself a deep fount of melody, which thousands of years could not exhaust. With pious gratitude the girl looked upon this glorious work of God, and bent down over one of the branches, that she might examine the flower and inhale the sweet perfume. Then a light broke in on her mind, and her heart expanded. Gladly would she have plucked a flower, but she could not overcome her reluctance to break one off. She knew it would so soon fade; so she took only a single green leaf, carried it home, and laid it in her Bible, where it remained ever green, fresh, and unfading. Between the pages of the Bible it still lay when, a few weeks afterwards, that Bible was laid under the young girls head in her coffin. A holy calm rested on her face, as if the earthly remains bore the impress of the truth that she now stood in the presence of God. In the forest the wonderful plant still continued to bloom till it Grew and became almost a tree, and all the birds of passage bowed themselves before it. “That plant is a foreigner, no doubt,” said The thistles and the burdocks. “We can never conduct ourselves like that in this country.” And the black forest snails actually spat at the flower. Then came the swineherd; he was collecting thistles and shrubs to burn them for the ashes. He pulled up the wonderful plant, roots and all, and placed it in his bundle. “This will be as useful as any,” he said; so the plant was carried away. Not long after, The king of the country suffered from the deepest melancholy. He was diligent and industrious, but employment did him no good. They read deep and learned books to him, and then the lightest and most trifling that could be found, but all to no purpose. Then they applied for advice to one of the wise men of the world, and he sent them a message to say that there was one remedy which would relieve and cure him, and that it was a plant of heavenly origin which grew in the forest in the kings own dominions. The messenger described the flower so that is appearance could not be mistaken. Then said the swineherd, “I am afraid I carried this plant away from the forest in my bundle, and it has been burnt to ashes long ago. But I did not know any better.” “You did not know, any better! Ignorance upon ignorance indeed!” The poor swineherd took these words to heart, for they were addressed to him; he knew not that there were others who were equally ignorant. Not even a leaf of the plant could be found. There was one, but it lay in the coffin of the dead; no one knew anything about it. Then the king, in his melancholy, wandered out to the spot in the wood. “Here is where the plant stood,” he said; “it is a sacred place.” Then he ordered that the place should be surrounded with a golden railing, and a stationed near it. And this part is really The most pleasant part of the story. For the plant had disappeared, and the king remained as melancholy and sad as ever, but the sentry said he had always been so. 其他植物在稀薄的、清爽的空气中，有一个安琪儿拿着天上花园中的一朵花在高高地飞。当她在吻着这朵花的时候，有一小片花瓣落到树林中潮湿的地上。这花瓣马上就生了根，并且在许多别的植物中间冒出芽来。“这真是一根很滑稽的插枝。”别的植物说。蓟和荨麻都不认识它。 “这一定是花园里长的一种植物！”它们说，并且还发出一声冷笑。它们认为它是花园里的一种植物而开它的玩笑。但是它跟别的植物不同；它在不停地生长；它把长枝子向四面伸开来。“你要伸到什么地方去呢？”高大的蓟说。它的每片叶子都长满了刺。“你占的地方太多！这真是岂有此理！我们可不能扶持你呀！”冬天来了；雪把植物盖住了。不过雪层上发出光，好像有太阳从底下照上来似的。在春天的时候，这棵植物开出花来；它比树林里的任何植物都要美丽。 这时来了一位植物学教授。他有许多学位来说明他的身份。他对这棵植物望了一眼，检验了一番；但是他发现他的植物体系内没有这种东西。他简直没有办法把它分类。“它是一种变种！”他说。“我不认识它，它不属于任何一科！”“不属于任何一科！”蓟和荨麻说。周围的许多大树都听到了这些话。它们也看出来了，这种植物不属于它们的系统。但是它们什么话也不说不说坏话，也不说好话。对于傻子来说这是一种最聪明的办法。这时有一个贫苦的天真女孩子走过树林。她的心很纯洁；因为她有信心，所以她的理解力很强。她全部财产只是一部很旧的圣经，不过她在每页书上都听见上帝的声音：如果有人想对你做坏事，你要记住约瑟的故事“他们在心里想着坏事情，但是上帝把它变成最好的东西。”如果你受到委屈，被人误解或者被人侮辱，你只须记住上帝：他是一个最纯洁、最善良的人。他为那些讥笑他和把他钉上十字架的人祈祷：“天父，请原谅他们吧，他们不知道他们自己在做什么事情！” 女孩子站在这棵稀奇的植面前它的绿叶发出甜蜜和清新的香气，它的花朵在太阳光中射出五光十色的焰火般的光彩。每朵花发出一种音乐，好像它里面有一股音乐的泉水，几千年也流不尽。女孩子怀着虔诚的心情，望着造物主的这些美丽的创造。她顺手把一根枝条拉过来，细看它上面的花朵，闻一闻这些花朵的香气。她心里轻松起来，感到一种愉快。她很想摘下一朵花，但是她不忍把它折断，因为这样花就会凋谢了。她只是摘下一片绿叶。她把它带回家来，夹在圣经里。叶子在这本书里永远保持新鲜，从来没有凋谢。叶子就这样藏在圣经里。几个星期以后，当这女孩子躺在棺材里的时候，圣经 就放在她的头底下。她安静的脸上露出了一种庄严的、死后的虔诚的表情，好像她的这个尘世的躯壳，就说明她现在已经是在上帝面前。 但是那棵奇异的植物仍然在树林里开着花。它很就要长成一棵树了。许多候鸟，特别是鹳鸟和燕子，都飞到这儿来，在它面前低头致敬。“这东西已经有点洋派头了！”蓟和牛蒡说。“我们这些本乡生长的植物从来没有这