2013年高考语法复习.doc

2013年高考语法复习-非谓语动词 to do / doing / done 在英语中，一个句子在不用连词和从句的情况下（即简单句），只能用一个谓语动词，如在这种情况下还需要其它的动词才能将句子的意思表达完整，则必须将另外一个动词转变为非谓语动词，让它在句中充当出谓语以外的其它句子成分（主、宾、表、定、状、补）。. 命题趋势与高考热点1. to do/ doing/ done 在具体语境中的基本用法（定、状、宾、补）2. 非谓语动词中不同形式的基本用法.（being done/having done/ having been done/ to be done/ to have done）3. 固定句型（搭配）或固定的评注性状语：not to say/ believe it or not/ generally speaking/ judging by( from)/ considering.突破方法：1. 理解分析非谓语动词的句法功能，重点掌握不定式与动名词作宾语的区别；不定式与分词作补语、状语、定语的区别；非谓语动词与祈使句的区别.2. 具备一定的句子结构知识（简单句、复合句、陈述句、祈使句）；词类及句子成分知识（简单句的5种基本句型）；从句知识和动词知识.解题思路：1. 分析句子结构，确定设空处在句中充当的成分（主、宾、定、状、补）.2. 找准有关动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系（主动/被动）.3. 寻找句中相关的时间信息或比较谓语动词与非谓语动词，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式.非谓语动词的用法要点：一 非谓语动词的知识概要.1. 非谓语动词的种类和基本形式时态 /语态主动式被动式表示的意义to do一般式to doto be done未发生/ 不定式的动作发生在谓动动作之后完成式to have doneto have been done不定式动作发生在主句谓动动作之前to have been doing进行式to be doing无同时性（不定式动作与谓动动作同时进行）V-ing一般式doingbeing doneV-ing动作与谓动动作同时发生或强调V-ing动作正在进行完成式having donehaving been doneV-ing动作明显发生在谓动动作之前，尤其强调时间的先后V-ed一般式done被动，完成 Practice 用所给词的正确形式填空：1). The two students pretended _ (read) carefully when the teacher came in.2). The government should take effective measures _ (protect) the environment.3). Im sorry _ (bring) so much trouble.4). The book _(publish) next month is for children under six.5). This novel is said _ (translate) into several foreign languages.6). _ (see) the house on fire, he dialed 119.7). _(write) in simple English, the book is easy to read .8). _ (water) the vegetables, we began to dig the ground.9)._ (encourage) by the teacher, Wang Ming decided to study harder.10). I appreciate _ (invite) to your home.11)._ (give) more time, I would have done it better.12). For breakfast, he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _(grow) on his own farm.13)._ (check) that all the windows were closed, and that all the lights were turned off, the boy went out to enjoy himself by seeing a film.14)._ (complete) the task as designed in advance, well have to work day and night.15). The trees _(blow) down in the deadly storm have been moved off the road.16). The building _ (paint)now will be used as our library.17). _ (explain) many times, he still cant understand how to solve this problem.18). The speech _ (deliver) tomorrow in our school has been cancelled due to the terrible weather.19)._ (lose) in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.20). The Olympic Games, first _(play)in 776BC, didnt include women players until 1912.2.非谓语动词的否定形式：not to do /not doing/ not having done/ not donee.g. 1).He studies hard in order _ (not fall) behind the other classmates.2)._(not make) a fortune, she didnt feel like going home to enjoy the Spring Festival with her family.3)._(not treat) in time, the disease may cause death.3. there be 的非谓语动词形式(可在句中作主、宾、状)1).作主语时用there to be or there being，但在介词for后只能用there to be.e.g. Its not uncommon for _ problems of communication between the old and the young.2).作动词：expect/ like/ mean/ intend/ want/ prefer etc. 词的宾语时 there to be;作接动名词作宾语的动词后用 there beinge.g. Tom expected _ no doubt that he will win a prize in the 21st Century English Speech Competition.I cant imagine _ so many people in the mall.3).作状语时多用there being.e.g. _ no bus for a long time , I had to take a taxi.二动名词与不定式作主语的用法：1. to do 表具体的某一动作，将来的，具体的一次性动作. doing 表泛指或一般的抽象概念；经常性、习惯性动作.e.g. To travel to the moon by spaceship is my dream.Climbing mountain is really fun.To get there by bike will take us half an hour._ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A. The walk B. Walkig C. To walk D. Walk2. when/ where/ how/ whether/ what/ which/ who + to do 作主语.e.g. When to leave for London hasnt been decided yet.3. It is +adj. for sb./ of sb. to do It is +n. + to do It is no use/good/fun/help/interest; a waste of time doing It takes patience to be a teacher.e.g. It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition within half an hour.It is no use crying over spilt milk.It is our duty to protect the environment.4. 动名词的复合结构( 名词或代词所有格)作主语E,g. Their coming to help us was a great encouragement to us.5. 主表形式一致的原则 e.g. Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.6. 动名词或不定式作主语，谓语动词用单数.三动名词和不定式作宾语的用法1. 下列动词只能用动名词作宾语： consider/ suggest( advise/recommend)/ look forward to/ excuse( pardon) admit/ delay( put off)/ fancy avoid/ miss/ keep(keep on)/ practise deny/ finish/enjoy( appreciate) forbid/ imagine/ risk cant help/ mind/ allow( permit)/ escape2. 常见的带动名词作宾语的短语： be used to/ lead to/ devoteto/ stick to/object to/ be opposed to/ get down to/ pay attention to/ cant stand/ give up/ contribute to/ feel like/ insist on/ be busy in/have difficulty( trouble) in doing/ have a good/hard time in doing/ be worth/ set about/ be equal toExercise:1).The squirrel was so lucky that it just missed _(catch).2).I can hardly imagine Peter _(sail) across the Atlantic Ocean in five years.3).I would appreciate your _(call) back this afternoon.4).The discovery of the new evidence led to the thief _(catch).5).We are thinking of _(make) a new plan for the next term.3. 下列动词及动词词组既可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，意义有别.forget/ remember/ regretstop/ try/ mean/ go on/ cant helponly to do/ only doing4.1).allow/permit/ advise/ recommend/ forbid + doing 2).sth. need/ require/ want + doing/ to be done 3).sth. be worth doing sth./ sb. deserve doing/ to be done sth. be worthy to be done / of being done( n.)5. 动名词的复合结构作宾语，既可用物主代词，也可用宾格人称代词；既可用名词所有格，也可用普通格.e.g. Would you mind my/ me turning up the radio a little?(2012) We have had a good start , but next more work needs _ to achieve the final success.A. being done B. do C. to be done D. to do6.不定式作宾语时，to常可省略的情况：1). 情态动词、感官动词、使役动词之后2). Why not do?/ had better (not) do/ would rather dothan do/ prefer to dorather than do/ would sooner do than do3). “前有do, 后无to; 前无do, 后加to”的原则. do nothing but /except/ other than do e.g. We could do nothing but / other than _( wait).= We had nothing to do but _ (wait).We had no choice but _(wait).4). 除之外别无选择，不得不，只好 cant but do/ cant choose but do / cant help but do5). 为了避免重复，常省略不定式后的实义动词而保留to(当承前省的不定式中含有be or have时，这些词要保留).except/ hope/ wish/ want/ mean/ plan/ prefer/ refuse/ hate/ would like/ lovebe + adj.( happy/ glad/ ready/ willing/ eager/ anxious/ able to/ about to/ going to)e.g.1). I have never been to Hong Kong before, but I wish to. 2).-Will you please help me with my English? -Yes, I will be glad to. 3).-Are you a college student? - No, but I hope to be.四to do / doing / done作表语时的区别： 非谓语动词作表语多为V-ing/ V-ed, 但当前面的名词为wish/ intention/ dream/ plan/ aim/ purpose时，用to.e.g. The purpose of this project is _ ( improve )our oral English.V-ing: 主语本身令别人V-ed: 主语本身感到(表情、神态).e.g. 1. The _ look on the boys face suggested that the hurricane must have been _(terrify).2. _ with the _ speech, Professor began to read a magazine.(bore)3. The _ expression on his face suggested that he was _. (excite)五不定式，分词作定语的用法：1. 作定语的非谓语动词形式有： to do : 要做还没做，被序数词或最高级或no/ all /any etc. 限定的中心词( chance/ ability/ right/ power/ way/ time/ wish/ attempt/ means/ courage/ decision/ effort) to be done: 要被做还没被做 doing: 正在做 being done: 正在被做 done: 被动、完成 Practice:1).Bingo, who founded the Jingying Company, was the first (enter) the market of training.2).Do you know the boy _(lie) under the big tree?3).If the building project _(complete) by the end of this month is delayed the construction company will be fined.4).More than a quarter of the energy _(use) in the United States goes to move people and goods from one place to another.5).He wrote a book _(deal) with the recycling of water in our daily life.6).Strangely enough, some books _(intend) for children have become popular among adults.7).-Mum, is the pair of gloves _(wash) mine?-Yes. You have to wear another pair. 8).Im calling to enquire about the position _(advertise) in Yesterdays China Daily.9).The ability _(express) an idea is as important as the idea itself.10).We are invited to a party _(hold) in our club next Friday.2. Notes:1). 单个的V-ing作定语须前置，单个的V-ed作定语多前置，也可后置，V-ing/V-ed短语和不定式作定语须后置.2).V-ing形式的完成式一般不用作定语.3).作定语的不定式如是不及物动词或不定式所修饰的名词or介词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后须加相应的介词(若修饰的名词为：time/ place/ way, 介词习惯上省略.)e.g. The Brown have a comfortable house to live in.He is a pleasant fellow to work with.The teacher left us a lot of homework to do.4).修饰表语或补语adj.不定式常用主动表被动.e.g. The question of whether English will keep on changing in the future is easy to answer.I feel him hard to please.5).不定式作后置定语，若与句子主语有主谓关系，同时又与被修饰的词构成动宾关系，不定式常用主动表被动.e.g. She has two sisters to look after.I cant go out with you, because I have a lot of homework to do.Exercise:1).When my daughter was in the kindergarten, she stared bringing home cartoon books _(read).2).She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _(play) in making the earth a better place.3).There are five pairs _(choose) from, but Im at a loss which to buy.4).Im going to Shanghai tomorrow. Do you have anything _(take) there?5).This kind of problem is easy _(work) out.六不定式、分词作状语的用法.1.不定式作定语.1).作目的状语：to do/ in order to do/ so as to do(不放句首) 一般情况下，不定式作目的状语位于句首时，常用逗号与主句隔开，而在主句之后时，则无须用逗号.e.g. To be admitted to a dream university, he studies much harder than before.Helen had to shout to make herself heard above the sound of the music.2). 放在“喜、怒、哀、乐”的表语形容词后作原因状语.e.g. Im very glad to see you.Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.3).作结果状语.A. V-ing：自然而然的结果(M5U1)/ (M2U2) to do: 意想不到的结果B.不定式表结果常用与以下固定句型： only/ never to do/ tooto do/ enough to do/ suchas to do/ soas to doe.g.I was fortunate enough to get a ticket. It was such a good film as to move us to tears. Would you be so kind as to lend me your smartphone? He lifted a rock only to drop in on his own feet.3. 分词作状语：1).分词作状语的基本原则：分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语保持一致，且与句子主语有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则要用独立主格结构或状语从句.Practice:1). The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day.A. finishing B. were finished C. had finished D. finished2)._ through the park, beautiful flowers could be seen everywhere.A. Walking B. When I walked C. Walk D. Walked3).Written in a hurry,_. How can it be satisfactory?A. they found many mistakes in the reportB. Sam made lots of mistakes in the reportC. there are plenty of mistakes in the report D. the report is full of mistakes4). _ Sunday, the Ss are at home and having a good rest.A. Being B. To be C. It is D. It being5). I met several university Ss there, three of _ being foreigners.A. whom B. them C. who D. which6). _ your application from carefully, mistakes can be easily avoided.A. Having checked B. Check C. If you check D.To check7). I send you 100 dollars, the rest _ in a year.A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed8). He entered the room,_.A. his nose was red with cold B. and his nose red with cold C. his nose red with cold D. his nose been red with cold9). The final exam _, your parents will not allow you to watch TV.A. is drawing near B. draw nearC. drawing near D. is drew near10). _, so you can wait a while.A. The play is still on B. The play being still onC. As the play is still on D. The play still on(语法学案P112-113)2). 分词作状语时形式的选择： doing : 同时性，与句子主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系 being done: 同时性，与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系 having done: 先后性，与句子主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，且先与谓语动作发生 having been done: 先后性，与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先与谓语动作发生 done: 被动完成 Exercise: 1)._ (fail) several times, the scientist still kept on conducting his experiment.2). _(use) as a means of transportation, in China, the bike is very useful.3). _(save) enough money, you can travel abroad.4)._(repair), the car cant be used now.5). _(heat), water will change into steam.6)._(see) from the Yunyang mountain, you will find Chaling very beautiful.7)._(tell) many times, he still cant remember it.8). He went from door to door, _(gather) waste papers and magazines.9)._(use) by me now, the computer cant be lent to you.10)._ (wait) at the airport for half an hour, he suddenly realized he had left his passport at home.11). Smith, _( struggle)for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local TV station.3). 分词作状语，可以在分词前加上when/ while/ before/ once/ if/ though/ although/ unless/ as if etc., 其解题方法和意义不发生变化，但分词短语与句子之间不能使用并列连词but/ and, 分词与句子之间用逗号隔开. 1). _ the sentence again and again, but I still cant understand it.A. Having read B. Having been readC. I have read D. Although I read2). She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later.A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived3). When _ (ask) the secret of his success, he owed his success to his wife.4). Do be careful while _ (cross) the street.5)._ hard, and you are sure to realize your dream. _hard, you are sure to realize your dream. (study) If you _ hard, you are sure to realize your dream. 4). 独立成分作状语，不与句子主干发生逻辑关系，放在句首，修饰全句.(固定用法)A. to tell you the truth/ to begin (start) with to be frank / honest/ exact/ brief/ sure to make things worse/ to make a long story short believe it or notB. Generally / Frankly/ Honestly/ Strictly/ Roughly speaking Judging from/ by Taking into consideration Considering/Seeing that鉴于、考虑到 Assuming/ Supposing/ Suppose/ Providing/ Provided that 假使、如果 Concerning: 关于C. Compared to/ with Given that: 考虑到、鉴于、因为 All things considered: 纵观一切5). 独立主格结构(非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句中作状语). n./ pron. + to do / doing/ done, + 主句 with/ without + O +Oc ( to do/ doing/ done)Practice:1). The test _(finish), we began our holiday.2). Weather _(permit), we are going to visit you