TPO40-3托福阅读翻译及题目讲解.doc

两栖类动物的体温调节与哺乳类和鸟类不同，两栖类无法通过新陈代谢产生热量，因此他们无法不受外界周围环境影响地调节体温。然而，两栖类动物一点也不能控制他们的体温的观点是错误的，因为他们他们的体温不总是和周围温度一样。尽管两栖类动物是差劲的温度调节者，他们确实会在有限的程度上对体温进行控制。生理上的调节可以帮助两栖类居住在一些充满极端环境的栖息地中。体温的忍耐范围代表了一个物种可以存活的温度范围。一种北美蝾螈在温度降低到-2时依然能保持活力，而一个南美青蛙在温度高达41时依然很惬意，这是在野外生活的两栖类中被测到的最高体温。最近我们发现一些北美青蛙和蟾蜍物种可以在体温-6时保持三分之一身体冰冻而依然存活。另外的组织被保护，因为他们包含防冻剂甘油或者葡萄糖。此外，一些物种的温度忍耐范围很灵活，可以因为环境适应性而发生改变。尽管会有白天的高温，一些青蛙物种可以保持暴露在太阳中，他们在皮肤结构中有一些很有意思的调节机制，这些结构起到了形态学适应的作用。大部分两栖类动物皮肤是完全可渗水的，因此不能防止蒸发和太阳辐射。非洲草原蛙HV存储鸟嘌呤晶体在皮肤中，使得他们能更好地反射太阳光，因此提供了过热保护。树蛙PS通过腺体分泌物来减少蒸发带来的损失，分泌物在整个皮肤表面形成一个脂肪层，帮助避免失水。但是，行为活动是目前最重要的温度调节的要素。在行为性温度调节方法中主要有晒太阳，和基底热交换比如石头和泥土，白天和每年的躲避行为，包含在白天为了冷却和冬眠或者夏眠而躲到遮蔽物中。天界热调节在青蛙和蟾蜍中是很常见的，这允许它们去增加他们的体温超过10。A蟾蜍在太阳升起以后立刻暴露自己在湿润的土地上通过这种方法来获取合适的温度，而且比地面或者空气达到这样的温度要快很多。这种方法积极的一面是它加速了在晚上捕食的猎物的消化，因此加速了生长。T方法是一种存在于大部分两栖类生物的方法，虽然紧压地面起到两个作用：通过导热体吸收热量和通过皮肤吸收水分。T方法的效果对于下雨中A蟾蜍上特别明显：它的体温等同于温暖泥土的温度而不是更冷的空气。避免性行为会发生在生理和形态适应方法都不足以保持体温在维持生命所必须的温度范围内。对于高的周围温度有很低容忍度的两栖类的夜间活动是一种典型躲避温度管理行为。季节性避免行为对于很多两栖类是特别重要的。栖息地处于温带纬度地区的物种会在冬天面临致命的低温，而在半干旱地区居住的物种会在夏天暴露在漫长干燥时期。对于两栖类来说，冬眠发生在泥土或者远离霜冻深深的洞穴中。P山的北部，N蟾蜍是一个很好的冬眠的例子，通过挖深洞钻入沙子地里渡过寒冬。相反，N蟾蜍在西班牙南部在通常温暖的冬天会保持活力，相反在干旱炎热的夏天被迫休眠。夏眠也发生通过挖地或者躲在凉爽深洞中去躲避干燥和致命的周围温度中。两期类因此很难受到周围环境的影响，因为通过以上阐述的机制的方法他们可以对于体温施加一些控制。Amphibian ThermoregulationIn contrast to mammals and birds, amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity, which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature. However, the idea that amphibians have no control whatsoever over their body temperature has been proven false because their body temperature does not always correspond to the surrounding temperature. While amphibians are poor thermoregulators, they do exercise control over their body temperature to a limited degree.Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive. One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2 while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures rise to 41 the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian. Recently it has been shown that some North American frog and toad species can survive up to five days with a body temperature of -6C with approximately one-third of their body fluids frozen. The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose Additionally, in many species the tolerance boundaries are flexible and can change as a result of acclimatization (long-term exposure to particular conditions).Frog species that remain exposed to the sun despite high diurnal (daytime) temperatures exhibit some fascinating modifications in the skin structure that function as morphological adaptations. Most amphibian skin is fully water permeable and is therefore not a barrier against evaporation or solar radiation. The African savanna frog Hyperolius viridiflavus stores guanine crystals in its skin, which enable it to better reflect solar radiation, thus providing protection against overheating. The tree frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei responds to evaporative losses with gland secretions that provide a greasy film over its entire body that helps prevent desiccation (dehydration).However, behavior is by far the most important factor in thermoregulation. The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy), heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy), and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors, which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively) Heliothermy is especially common among frogs and toads: it allows them to increase their body temperature by more than 10. The Andean toad Bufo spinulosus exposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means, long before either ground or air is correspondingly warmed. A positive side effect of this approach is that it accelerates the digestion of the prey consumed overnight, thus also accelerating growth. Thigmothermy is a behavior present in most amphibians, although pressing against the ground serves a dual purpose: heat absorption by conductivity and water absorption through the skin. The effect of thigmothermy is especially evident in the Andean toad during rainfall: its body temperature corresponds to the temperature of the warm earth and not to the much cooler air temperature.Avoidance behavior occurs whenever physiological and morphological adaptations are insufficient to maintain body temperature within the vital range. Nocturnal activity in amphibians with low tolerance for high ambient temperatures is a typical thermoregulatory behavior of avoidance. Seasonal avoidance behavior is extremely important in many amphibians. Species whose habitat lies in the temperate latitudes are confronted by lethal low temperatures in winter, while species dwelling in semi- and regions are exposed to long dry, hot periods in summer.In amphibians hibernation occurs in mud or deep holes away from frost. North of the Pyrenees Mountains, the natterjack toad offers a good example of hibernation, passing the winter dug deep into sandy ground. Conversely, natterjacks in southern Spain remain active during the mild winters common to the region and are instead forced into inactivity during the dry, hot summer season. Summer estivation also occurs by burrowing into the ground or hiding in cool, deep rock crevasses to avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperature. Amphibians are therefore hardly at mercy of ambient temperature, since by means of the mechanisms described above they are more than ) exercise some control over their body temperature.Paragraph 1In contrast to mammals and birds, amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity, which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature. However, the idea that amphibians have no control whatsoever over their body temperature has been proven false because their body temperature does not always correspond to the surrounding temperature While amphibians are poor thermoregulators, they do exercise control over their body temperature to a limited degree.1细节题选C定位some control over their body temperature后面because内容说提问和周围温度不总是一样的。同意替换为C提问有时候和周围气温不一样。.According to paragraph 1, what indicates that amphibians have some control over their body temperature?A. Amphibians can regulate their metabolic rates to generate energy.B. Amphibians use the same means of thermoregulation as mammals and birds do.C. The body temperature of amphibians sometimes differs from the temperature of their surroundings.D. The body temperature of amphibians is independent of their metabolic activity.Paragraph 2Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive. One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2 C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures rise to 41Cthe highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian Recently it has been shown that some North American frog and toad species can survive up to five days with a body temperature of -6C with approximately one-third of their body fluids frozen. The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose. Additionally, in many species the tolerance boundaries are flexible and can change as a result of acclimatization (long-term exposure to particular conditions)2修辞目的题 选D题干中蛙的例子说一种青蛙可以在高温中存活，往前找观点。前半句也是一个例子说青蛙可以在低温中存活。两个例子共同对前一句话“温度容忍度代表物种更可以存活的温度”进行举例说明两栖类温度范围是多少。.Why does the author mention a “South American frog” species in the passage?A. To make the point that an amphibians temperature tolerance depends on a number of factorsB. To indicate how precise the range of body temperatures is for certain amphibiansC. To contrast its ability to adapt to that of the North American newtD. To help illustrate the range of environmental conditions to which amphibians have adapted3.细节题 选D定位toad，freezing 到倒数第三句，没出现原因，下一句说了其他组织被保护的原因是包含防冻剂甘油和葡萄糖，倒数第一句说另外一些物种温度范围是课调节的。同意替换D组织中有防冻物质。 According to paragraph 2, what allows some North American frog and toad species to survive in ambient temperatures well below freezing?A. Their internal body temperatures never fall below -6C.B. They do not remain at temperatures below freezing for very long periods of time. C. Their tolerance boundaries are flexibleD. Some of their body tissues contain substances that prevent freezing.Paragraph 3Frog species that remain exposed to the sun despite high diurnal (daytime) temperatures exhibit some fascinating modifications in the skin structure that function as morphological adaptations. Most amphibian skin is fully water permeable and is therefore not a barrier against evaporation or solar radiation. The African savanna frog Hyperolius viridiflavus stores guanine crystals in its skin, which enable it to better reflect solar radiation, thus providing protection against overheating. The tree frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei responds to evaporative losses with gland secretions that provide a greasy film over its entire body that helps prevent desiccation(dehydration).4细节题，选D定位关键词到最后一句这种青蛙会用腺体分泌物种防止水蒸发流失 对应D答案的概括改进皮肤结构防止太阳造成的干燥影响。. “Phyllomedusa sauvager ” is mentioned as an example of a frog with an adaptation thatA. protects its glandular systemB. helps reduce its secretionsC. increases the amount of solar radiation that its skin can reflectD. modifies its skin structure to protect against the drying effects of the sunParagraph 4However, behavior is by far the most important factor in thermoregulation. The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy), heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy), and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors, which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively) Heliothermy is especially common among frogs and toads: it allows them to increase their body temperature by more than 10C. The Andean toad Bufo spinulosus exposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means, long before either ground or air is correspondingly warmed. A positive side effect of this approach is that it accelerates the digestion of the prey consumed overnight, thus also accelerating growth. Thigmothermy is a behavior present in most amphibians, although pressing against the ground serves a dual purpose heat absorption by conductivity and water absorption through the skin. The effect of thigmothermy is especially evident in the Andean toad during rainfall its body temperature corresponds to the temperature of the warm earth and not to the much cooler air temperature.5选非题，选B定位选项关键词A对应although pressing against the ground serves a dual purposeB无对应信息 C对应reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectivelyD对应exposes itself immediately after sunrise. Paragraph 4 mentions each of the following as an example of behavioral thermoregulationEXCEPTA. pressing against the groundB. speeding up of the metabolismC. reducing activity during the summerD. adjusting exposure to the sun6细节题 选A定位Andean的第一例子说明蟾蜍可以通过晒太阳调节自己温度，第二个说明可以和温暖的土地保持一致温度。结合本段第一句，这两种方法分别叫做Heliothermy 和thigmothermy. The “Andean toad Bufo spinulosus” illustrates which of the following behavioral modifications?A. Heliothermy and thigmothermyB. Diurnal avoidance behaviorC. Absorbing heat from the airD. Moving to shelter during the summer7词汇题 选C attain v 到达获得 n成就. The word “attains” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. raises B. lowersC. reachesD. regulates8.指代题选 B前一句话讲了太阳一升起，蟾蜍晒太阳的信息，所以这种方法就是对应B一旦太阳升起就晒太阳 The phrase “this approach” in the passage refers toA gradually increasing body temperature by 10C B. basking as soon as the sun comes upC. waiting for the ground and air to warmD. keeping body temperature above the temperature of the airParagraph 5Avoidance behavior occurs whenever physiological and morphological adaptations are insufficient to maintain body temperature within the vital range. Nocturnal activity in amphibians with low tolerance for high ambient temperatures is a typical thermoregulatory behavior of avoidance. Seasonal avoidance behavior is extremely important in many amphibians. Species whose habitat lies in the temperate latitudes are confronted by lethal low temperatures in winter, while species dwelling in semi- and regions are exposed to long dry, hot periods in summer.9.细节题 选C定位题目避免行为和重要，到第一句话，一旦生理和形态方法不能维持温度，避免行为就发生。所以对应C重要的原因是生理调节无法处理周围温度。 According to paragraph 5, why is avoidance behavior important for some amphibians? A. Amphibians habitats are areas where temperatures vary from day to day.B. Amphibians have less tolerance for high ambient temperatures than for low ambient temperatures.C. Amphibians lack adequate physiological adaptations for dealing with ambient temperatures. D. Amphibians cannot protect themselves from the extreme summer heat by being active only at night.10词汇题 选Ddwelling 居住的对应living现存的. The word “dwelling” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. arrivingB. originatingC. evolvingD. livingParagra6In amphibians hibernation occurs in mud or deep holes away from frost North of the Pyrenees Mountains, the natterjack toad offers a good example of hibernation, passing the winter dug deep into sandy ground. Conversely, natterjacks in southern Spain remain active during the mild winters common to the region and are instead forced into inactivity during the dry, hot summer season. Summer estivation also occurs by burrowing into the ground or hiding in cool, deep rock crevasses to avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperature. Amphibians are therefore hardly at mercy of ambient temperature, since by means of the mechanisms described above they are more than exercise some control over their body temperature.11.推理题 选C 原文说在寒冷的P山北部，toad可以冬眠，在干旱炎热西班牙toad可以夏眠，所以推出两个方法都是toad的躲避行为，主要是依赖温度的不同。 In paragraph 6, which of the following can be inferred from the discussion of the natterjack? A. Amphibians have greater tolerance for heat than for cold.B. Desiccation is not a threat to amphibiansC. Both hibernation and estivation may serve as avoidance behaviors depending on the climateD. Some species of amphibians are active only in the spring and in the fall12复述题 选B原句意思：因此两栖类很少受到周围环境的影响，因为通过前面提到的方法他们可以控制自己的体温。逻辑关系是因果，全是主要信息。A 最后说不能控制体温，反了B 通过上文方法，两栖类可以控制体温适应极端条件。适应极端条件和不受周围条件影响。C 原文没有条件句，除非可以用这些方法这个信息。D 无端比较 没有控制范围超过体温的信息。. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Thus, although amphibians use the various mechanisms described above, they have hardly any control of their body temperatureB. Thus, by the mechanisms described above, amphibians are quite capable of controlling their body temperature to survive extreme ambient temperatures.C. Thus, unless they can use the mechanisms described above, amphibians are at the mercy of ambient temperatures.D. Thus, the mechanisms described above give amphibians control over much more than just their body temperature13插句题 选C待插入句：另一方面，在炎热气候的两栖类运用腺体分泌物在皮肤蒸发性的冷却来降低体温总分关系信号词 on the other hand预判前文有一种方法来调节温度。AB空前面没有讲方法，只是说了两栖类存活的温度极限很大。C前面讲了防冻剂的方法。D前面讲是温度极限本身的调节。所以只有C位置符合预判. Look at the four squaresthat indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.On the other hand, amphibians in very hot climates use secretions from the mucus glands to decrease their temperature through evaporative cooling on the skin.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on square to add the sentence to the passage.Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive. One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2 C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures measured to 41Cthe highest body temperatur