相关构词知识.doc

相关构词知识】一个英文单词通过词形转换，可以变成很多个不同词性的单词，因此要顺利完成词形转换题目，掌握构词法是很有必要的。基本的构词法包括派生法、合成法与转换法。l .派生法：在一个词的词根（root）前面或后面加上词缀，产生新词，这种构词法称为派生法( derivation ）。加在前面的词缀叫做前缀，加在后面的词缀叫做后缀。1 ）后缀：许多名词、形容词、副词和动词都是由词根加后缀构成的。后缀一般只改变词性，不改变词义。( 1 ）构成名词的常用后缀有：A 用于构成表示人或物的具体名称：-er ，-or ，-ess ，-ist ，-ee ，-ian ，-ese ，-ant 等。-er : driver , thinker, employer, pain-killer -or : actor, sailor , visitor ，translator -ess : actress , princess , lioness , hostess -ist : scientist , dentist , chemist , Buddhist -ee : employee , trainee , absentee ，trustee -ian : musician , Russian , physician , technician -ese : Japanese , Chinese , Portuguese -ant : assistant , inhabitant B 用于构成表示行为、性质、状态等的抽象名词：-ance ，-ence ，-tion ，-sion ，-ment , -ness ，-ity ，-ty, -th ，-ure ，-age ，-al 等。-ance : acceptance , assistance , attendance , reliance -ence : difference , confidence , dependence , reference -tion : repetition , preparation , introduction , dictation -sion : decision , revision , discussion , expansion -ment : development , movement , government , judgment -ness : illness , happiness , greatness , goodness -ity : possibility , popularity, similarity , integrity -ty : safety, cruelty , loyalty , penalty -th : growth , truth , health , length -ure : failure , pleasure , pressure , seizure -age : postage , shortage , marriage , leakage -al :arrival , survival , refusal , approval ( 2 ）构成形容词的常用后缀有：-able ，-ible ，-al ，-ful，-less ，-ish ，-ive ，-ous, an ,-ic ，-ly ,-y ，-ant ,-ent ,-ary ,-en ,-some 等。-able : comfortable , acceptable , available , applicable -ible : responsible , possible , permissible , resistible -al : accidental , environmental , continual , critical -ful：useful，grateful，helpful，faithful-less : fearless , homeless , helpless , faithless -ish : childish , selfish , Spanish , Swedish -ive : active , collective , decisive , constructive -ous : famous , humorous , continuous , ambitious -an : Canadian , European , American , Indian -ic ：historic , scientific , energetic , poetic -ly : lovely ，friendly , lively ,weekly-y : dirty , windy ,thirsty , handy-ant : hesitant , ignorant , significant , observant -ent : different , dependent , consistent , obedient -ary :secondary ,imaginary , revolutionary-en : golden , wooden , woolen , earthen -some :troublesome , handsome , burdensome , tiresome ( 3 ）构成副词的常用后缀有：-ly ,-ward ( s ) ，-wise 等。-ly : calmly , clearly , simply , extremely -ward ( s )：forward , backward , northward , homeward -wise : otherwise , likewise , clockwise , counterclockwise ( 4 ）构成动词的常用后缀有：-ise / ize ，-ify ，-en 等。-ise / ize : realize , modernize, normalize , mechanize -ify: beautify , simplify , purify , clarify -en : widen , sharpen , strengthen , lengthen 2 ）前缀：前缀一般不造成词类的转变，而只是引起词义上的变化。( 1 ）前缀中有相当一部分可构成反义词，如：un-，dis-，in-，im-，ir- , il- ,non- ,de-等。un-：unimportant , unhappy , undo ,unlikedis-：dishonest , disappear , disagree , dislike in-：informal , inconvenient , indirect , inaccurate im-（p, m 前）：impossible , impolite , immoral , immortalir- ( r 前）: irregular ，irresponsible , irresistible il-( l 前）：illegal , illogic , illiberal , illiterate non- : nonsense , non-exist , non-stop , non-driver de-：decode , demerit , defrost . decentralize ( 2 ）另有一些词缀表示其他意思re-（重新：rewrite , remarry , reform , renew mis-（错误地）：misspell ，misunderstand ，misinform ，mismatch co-(共同): cooperate , co-exist , co-worker , coordinate anti-（反，防）：anti-Japanese war , anti-fascist , antibody ,anti-clockwise ex-（前）：ex-husband , ex - girlfriend , ex president , ex - colonypre-(预先)：pre-school , prehistory , pre-act , precaution post-（之后的）: post -war , post - election , post-graduate self - （自我的）: self - service , self - control , self study ,self - correcting supe-（超级，上层）: superman , superwoman , supermarket , superstructure sub(下面的) ：subway , submarine , subconscious , subordinate inter-(之间的，互相): interact , international , interpersonal , inter-continental trans-(跨越，移)：transport , translate ，transplant , transform vice-（副）: vice-chairman , vice-governor , vice-president , vice-principal semi-(一半)：semi-circle , semi-colony ,semi-conductor ,semi-finaluni-(单)：unicycle ，uniform ，unilateral ，unilingual bi -（双）: bicycle , bimonthly , bilateral , bilingual tri-(三): tricycle , triangle , trilateral ，trilingual multi-（多）: multinational , multimedia , multi-lateral , multilingual 2 .合成法：由两个或以上的词结合在一起组成一个新词，这种构词法称为合成法(compounding）。合成词有的要用连字符连接，有的则直接组合在一起。1 ）合成形容词形容词+名词+ed : warm-hearted , noble-minded 形容词+现在分词：good-looking , easy -going 副词+现在分词：hard-working , far-reaching 名词+现在分词：peace-loving , heart - breaking 名词+过去分词：heartfelt , state-owned 副词+过去分词：well-known , widespread 形容词+名词：high-class , large-scale 名词+形容词：seasick , duty-free 2 ）合成名词名词+名词：rainstorm , blood-test 形容词+名词：madman , darkroom 动名词+名词：waiting-room , sleeping-pill 动词+名词：push-button , pickpocket 名词+动名词：handwriting , sun-bathing 动词+副词：get-together , breakthrough 副词+动词：outbreak , downfall 3 ）合成动词名词+动词：hand-pick , sleepwalk 副词+动词：uphold , undergo 形容词+动词：white-wash , blackli