翻译教程第5讲

第五讲 翻译理论学习：归化与异化1.理论来源翻译的归化/异化 (domestication/ foreignization)让读者靠近作者（异化），异国的情调让作者靠近读者（归化）。2.异化（1）代表人物劳伦斯韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti），美国学者。译者的隐形（The Translators Invisibility） “反翻译”：“忠于原作者”（2）异化策略（foreignizing method）洋化，异域文化特色，异语语言形式，作者的异化写作手法，核心： “异质因素”。追求最大限度的等值。 异化可以在语音层上出现。（音译）。例如：cigar “雪茄”；laser “镭射”、“激光”， coffee “咖啡”异化在词语层出现crocodile tears “鳄鱼的眼泪”，（假惺惺）an olive branch “橄榄枝”，（和平友谊）sour grapes “酸葡萄”（表“嫉妒”） 异化可以在句子结构层次出现。朱生豪（莎士比亚戏剧） “欧化句式”，例如在哈姆雷特第一幕第三场中，波洛涅斯告诫女儿不要轻信哈姆雷特时说：例：You speak like a green girlUnsifted in such perilous circumstance朱生豪译：你讲的话完全像是一个不曾经历过这种危险的不懂事的女孩子。 （3）异化的优缺点：异化的优点：它扩大了翻译研究的范围，语言层面，意识形态、政治等多方面的社会文化因素的影响，手段更准确，更多样化；了解西方文化打开了一扇窗户。异化的缺点：译文的晦涩难懂3.归化（1）代表人物奈达（Nida） “最贴近的自然对等”读者放在首位，自然流畅，翻译的目的是进行交际, （2）归化策略 (domesticating method)特点：采用地道畅通的目的语进行翻译，符合读者的文化范式。民族中心主义，例如：Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。a lion in the way 拦路虎 lick ones boots 拍马屁 Have one foot in the grave 风烛残年 To grow like mushrooms 雨后春笋 One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys nobody一个和尚挑水吃， 两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。（3）归化的优缺点：优点：避免文化冲突。缺点：文化信息的遗失。 4.我国国情“在20世纪的大部分时间里，归化翻译主导地位”（1）归化派的代表严复、林纾（晚清时期）朱生豪、吕叔湘、张谷若（三四十年代）杨必（建国后）如：杨必：Godfather，Godson“（“教父，教子”）译作 “干爹”和“干儿子”，傅雷 godmather“教母”译为“干妈”（2）21世纪:异化译法将越来越广泛地被采用，与归化译法取得平衡（3）适度原则：归化主要表现在“纯语言层面”上，在“文化层面”上则应力求最大限度的异化翻译技巧学习词的翻译（二）：翻译中词类的转性She is a beautiful girl. “她是个漂亮姑娘。”（词性，结构不变）He is a liar. “他爱说谎。”（名词 = 动词）He took his students to the factory for a visit.（他带学生到工厂去参观。）。（4 个动词）一、转译为汉语动词英语：动词少，名词多，汉语：动词多，按时间及逻辑顺序层层交代。1名词转译成动词（1） They went on strike in demand of a 40 per cent wage increase. 他们举行罢工，要求工资增加40%。（2） Give me liberty，or give me death. 不自由，毋宁死。（3） He is an enemy to reform. 他反对改革。（4） Difference between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their approachment and cooperation. 国与国社会制度的不同不应妨碍彼此的接近与合作。（5）The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。（6）A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念堂的全景。（7）I am afraid I cant teach you English. I think my daughter is a better teacher than I. 恐怕我教不了你英语，我想我女儿比我教得好。（8）Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。2介词转译为动词 “关节”（1）The road to development is long but we are firmly on it. 发展的道路虽然漫长，可我们已坚定地走上了这条路。（2）He is walking in the park with an umbrella in his hand. 他在公园散步，手里拿着一把伞。（3）It is our goal that the people in the underdeveloped areas will be finally off poverty. 我们的目标是使不发达地区的人民最终摆脱贫困。3. 形容词转译为动词（1）Integrity means you do what you do because its right and not just fashionable or politically correct.诚实意味着去做你认为对的事，而不仅仅是为了赶时髦或在政治上不出错。 （2）Dont be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are. 不要惧怕那些想法可能比你高明，或者那些可能比你更聪明的人。 （3）Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life. 医生们说他们不敢肯定能救他的命。 4副词转译为动词（1）What film will be on this evening? 今晚放映什么影片？（2）That book will be out pretty soon. 那本书不久就要出版了。（3）In those years the Republicans were in. 那些年是共和党执政。（4）She opened the window to let the fresh air in. 她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。二、转译为名词1动词转译为名词 （1）The book did not impress me at all. 本书没给我留下什么印象。（2）Harry aims to become a computer expert. 哈里的目标是成为计算机专家。（3）Your work is characterized by lack of attention to detail. 你工作的毛病是不注意细节。(或：粗心大意) 例如：（1）The youths always dream fondly of their future. 年轻人对前途总是怀有美好的梦想。（本句中的副词fondly也转译成了形容词）（2）Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction. 独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面所取得的成就给予了很高的评价。 2形容词转译为名词（1） The day was cloudy but the sun was trying to come through. 天上有云，不过太阳就要破云而出了。（2）Obedience is obligatory on a soldier. 服从命令是军人的天职。(3) John is eloquent and elegant, but soft. 约翰有口才、有风度，但很软弱。表示 一类人。如：the young 年轻人 the old 老人 the rich 富人 the unemployed 失业者例：They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。三、其他转译法(1) You are a greater blockhead than I had supposed you to be. 你比我所想象得要傻的多（名形）(2)When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这个人争取过来。（名副）(3) Our government shows great concern for the Chinese resident abroad. 我国政府十分关怀海外华侨。（副形）(4) His address impressed me deeply. 他的讲话给我留下很深的印象。（副形）(5) He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他身体虽弱，但思想健康。（副名）(6)From the front, back and both sides we kept a strict watch on the enemy. 我们在前后左右严密地监视敌人。（形副）(7)He is the right man Im looking for .他正是我在找的人。（形副）(8)This is sheer nonsense. 这完全是胡说。（形副）词的翻译（三）：增词 一、根据语义增词（1）My grandparents believed you were either honest or you werent. There was no in between. 我的祖父母认为，你要么诚实，要么不诚实，没有中间道路可选。（或：不可能介于两者之间）。（2）For months I have kept on my desk a picture from a tabloid. 几个月以来，我桌上一直放着一幅从小报上剪下的照片。（3）This was the Angel of History! We felt its wings flutter through the room. 这真是历史的天使降临了！我们感到她在我们的房间里振翅鼓翼的声音。（4）If you want General Gehlen sent to a lunatic asylum then you had better have me certified as well. 如果你要把盖伦将军关进疯人院，最好让医生证明我也是疯子吧。（5）This was the greatest Russian offensive of the war. Stalin was throwing in 180 divisions, a surprisingly large part of them armed, in Poland and East Russian alone. There was no stopping them. （自第三帝国的兴亡） 这是大战以来俄国发动的最大攻势。仅在波兰和东扑普鲁士两地，斯大林就投入了一百八十个师的兵力，其中装甲部队所占比例大得惊人。他们锐不可挡，势如破竹。（6）A professor of mine once said: 教过我的一位教授曾说过： （7）Science demands of men great effort and complete devotion. 人们要掌握科学知识，必须做出巨大的努力并表现出无限的热忱。（8）He said hed come to the discussion. 他说他要来参加讨论。（9）The sports meet is scheduled for April 16. 运动会定于四月十六日举行。（10）There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no ordinary Chinese with paper flags and bouquets of flowers. 没有人发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有普通的中国人挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。 （11）The crowds melted away. 人群渐渐散开了。（12）Mary washed for a living after her husband died.玛丽在丈夫去世以后，就靠洗衣服维持生活。二、根据语法需要增词增加时间副词。如：“现在”、“过去”、“曾经”、“原（先）”、“当初”、“刚才”等等。（1）They are leading a happy life. 他们现在过着幸福的生活。（2）He was the late presidents alter ego and he is a close and influential friend of the president to be in office. 他过去是已故总统的化身，而现在是即将就职的总统亲密而有影响的朋友。（3）First of all, it seems that a successful scientist is full of curiosity He is skepticalhe does not accept statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available.首先，成功的科学家似乎总是充满怀好奇心。 他习惯于怀疑除非是建立在现有的充分证据之上的论述，他才接受。 （4）Since the industrial revolution began, the physical science has in general been in the forefront of the scientific movement. 自从工业革命开始以来，物理学总的说来一直处于科学运动的前列