雅思阅读单词Test 4 Reading Passage 1.doc

Test 4 Reading Passage 1 1. A few months ago Kim Schaefer, sales representative of a major global pharmaceutical company, walked into a medical center in New York to bring information and free samples of her companys latest products.Representative: n. 代表，代理人，代表人物，典型，众议员Pharmaceutical: adj. 制药学的，制药的，药物的，药品的2. But on any given day, what Schaefer can offer is typical for todays drugs rep - a car trunk full of promotional gifts and gadgets, a budget could buy lunches and dinners for a small country, hundreds of free drug samples and the freedom to give a physician $200 to prescribe her new product to the next six patients who fit the drugs profile.Promotional: adj. 促销的，增进的，奖励的，推销的Gadget: n. 小配件，小玩意，小工具Budget: n. 预算，安排，预定Profile: n. 属性，轮廓，侧面，外形，剖面，简况3. Selling pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical judgement.Ethical: adj. 伦理的，道德的，民族的4. Salespeople like Schaefer walk the line between the common practice of buying a prospects time with a free meal, and bribing doctors to prescribe their drugs.Prospect: n. 前途，预期，前景Prescribe: v. 规定，开药方，开处方5. They work in an industry in highly criticized for its sales and marketing practices, but find themselves in the middle of the age-old chicken-or-egg and question - business wont use strategies that dont work, so are doctors to blame for the escalating extravagance of pharmaceutical marketing?Criticize: v. 批评，批判，苛求，非难Escalating: adj 上升的，不断升级的，逐步升高的 Extravagance: n. 奢侈，浪费，过度，挥霍6. In many cases the glossy brochures, article reprints and prescriptions they deliver are primary sources of drug education for healthcare givers.Primary: adj. 主要的，初级的，基本的7. With the huge investment the industry has placed in face-to-face selling, salespeople have essentially become specialists in one drug or group of drugs - a tremendous advantage in getting the attention of busy doctors in need of quick information.Tremendous: adj. 极大的，巨大的，惊人的，非常多的8. Though few comprehensive studies have been conducted, one by the University of Washington investigated how drug sample availability affected what physicians prescribe.Availability: n. 可用性，时效性，实用性9. A total of 131 doctors self-reported their prescribing patterns - the conclusion was that the availability of samples led them to dispense and prescribe drugs that differed from their preferred drug choice.Dispense: v. 分配，分发，调价，免除，执行10. In the end the fact remains that pharmaceutical companies have every fight to make a profit and will continue o find new ways to increase sales.make a profit: 获利，赚钱，挣钱11. But as the medical world continues to grapple with whats acceptable and whats not, it is clear that companies must continue to be heavily scrutinized for their sales and marketing strategies. Scrutinized: adj. 详细检查的，审核的Test 4 Reading Passage 21. Now a long-term study carried out in Nicaragua has eliminated these factors by showing that teaching reading to poor adult women, who would otherwise have remained illiterate, has a direct effect on their childrens health and survival. Eliminate: v. 淘汰，除去，消除，排除Illiterate: adj. 文盲的，不识字的，没受教育的2. During this period, researchers from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, the Central American Institute of Health in Nicaragua, the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua and the Costa Rican Institute of Health interviewed nearly 3000 women, some of whom had learnt to read as children, some during the literacy crusade and some who had never learnt at all.Literacy: n. 读写能力，精通文学，识字，有文化Crusade: n. 改革运动，十字军东侵3. The research teams also examined the surviving children to find out how well-nourished they were. well-nourished: adj. 营养良好的4. In the late 1970s, the infant mortality rate for the children of illiterate mothers was around 110 deaths per thousand live births. infant mortality rate : 婴儿死亡率，新生儿死亡率5. They are working with the same group of 3000 women, to try to find out whether reading mothers make better use of hospitals and clinics, opt for smaller families, exert more control at home, learn modern childcare techniques more quickly, or whether they merely have more respect for themselves and their children.opt for: 选择，抉择Exert: v. 运用，发挥，使用，施加6. The Nicaraguan study may have important implications for governments and agencies that need to know where to direct their resources.Implication: n. 影响，启示，含意，暗示7. Sandiford says that there is increasing evidence that female education, at any age, is an important health intervention in its own right . Intervention: n. 介入，调停，妨碍，干涉，干预8. The Nicaraguan study suggests we may be able to bypass that.Bypass: v. 绕开，忽视，迂回9. It is notoriously difficult to teach adults skills that do not have an immediate impact on their everyday lives, and many literacy campaigns in other countries have been much less successful. Immediate: adj. 立即的，直接的 Impact: n. 影响，效果，冲击，撞击，冲突10. Replicating these conditions in other countries will be a major challenge for development workers. Replicate: v. 复制，折叠Test 4 Reading Passage 3 1. Persistent bullying is one of the worst experiences a child can face.Persistent: adj. 坚持的，持久稳固的，固执的2. Peter Smith, Professor of Psychology at the University of Sheffield, directed the Sheffield Anti-Bullying Intervention Project, funded by the Department for Education.Intervention: n. 介入，调停，妨碍3. Bullying can take a variety of forms, from the verbal - being taunted or called hurtful names - to the physical - being kicked or shoved - as well as indirect forms, such as being excluded from social groups.Exclude: v. 排除，排除在外，驱除，拒绝接纳4. Victimised pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convicted of anti-social offences.Victimise: v. 使受害，使牺牲，欺骗Interpersonal: adj. 人际的，密切的，人与人之间的Convicted: adj. 证明有罪的5. Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem.Consequence: n. 结果，重要性，推论，效果，后果6. First is an awareness of the severity of the problem.Awareness: n. 认识，意识，明白，知道，认知Severity: n. 严重，严格，猛烈7. For example, the Scottish Council for Research in Education produced a package of materials, Action Against Bullying, circulated to all schools in England and Wales as well as in Scotland in summer 1992, with a second pack, Supporting Schools Against Bullying, produced the following year.Package: n. 包，包裹，套装软件，包装8. This comes from carefully conducted before and after evaluations of interventions in schools, monitored by a research team.Evaluation: n. 评估，评价，估算Monitor: v. 指导，监控，检测，监视9. Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on bullying, saying clearly what is meant by bullying, and giving explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs, what records will be kept, who will be informed, what sanctions will be employed.Explicit: adj. 明确的，清楚的，直率的，详述的，明显的10. The policy should be developed through consultation, over a period of time - not just imposed from the head teachers office! Consultation: n. 咨询，磋商，会诊，讨论会 Imposed: adj. 强加的，施加的，应用的，强制的11. Pupils, parents and staff should feel they have been involved in the policy, which needs to be disseminated and implemented effectively. Disseminate: v. 宣传，传播，散布12. There are ways of dealing with the topic through the curriculum, using video, drama and literature. Curriculum: n. 课程13. These are useful for raising awareness, and can best be tied in to early phases of development, while the school is starting to discuss the issue of bullying. Phase: n. 阶段，时期14. They are also useful in renewing the policy for new pupils, or revising it in the light of experience. Revise: v. 校正，修改，修正 in the light of: 按照，根据，鉴于，依据15. But curriculum work alone may only have short-term effects; it should be an addition to policy work, not a substitute. Substitute: n. 代用品，代替者，代替，替补16. Assertiveness training for pupils who are liable to be victims is worthwhile, and certain approaches to