Chapter 3 Word ation.doc

Chapter 3 Word Formationn Affixationn Compoundingn Conversionn Blendingn Clippingn Acronymyn Back-formationn Onomatopoeia / sound reduplication3.1 Affixation / derivation (词缀法/派生法)u The formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases.u Words thus created are derivatives (派生词).u According to the positions affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.3.1 Affixation/Derivation1. Prefixation1) Negative prefixesa- not, without, opposite of as in amoral, asexualdis- not, the converse of as in disobey, disorder, disloyalIn- (il-, ir-, im-); non-; un-3.1 Affixation/Derivation1. Prefixation2) pejorative prefixesmal- bad, badly as in maltreat, malpracticemis- wrongly, astray as in misinterpret, misspelling, misleadingpseudo- false, imitation as in pseudo-scientific, pseudonym3.1 Affixation/Derivation1. Prefixation3) Prefixes of degree or sizearch- supreme, most as in archbishophyper- extreme as in hyperactivemacro- large as in macroeconomicsmicro- very small as in microeconomicssur- over and above as in surplusco-, extra-, mini-, out-, over-, sub-, super-3.1 Affixation/Derivation1. Prefixation4) locative prefixesextra- outside as in extra-curricularfore- front part as in forearm, foreheadinter- between, among as in interpersonalintra- within as in intrapartytrans- across as in transcontinental3.1 Affixation/Derivation1. Prefixation5) Prefixes of number3.1 Affixation/Derivation1. Prefixation6) conversion prefixesa- (VAdj.) as in asleep, alivebe- (Nvt.) as in befriend, befall, bewitchen- (N/Adj.vt.) as in endanger, enrich3.1 Affixation/Derivation1. Prefixation7) Miscellaneous prefixesneo- new, revived as in neo-Nazipan- all, the whole of as in pan-Europeansino- China as in Sino-Angloproto- first, original as in prototypevice- deputy as in vice-chairman3.1 Affixation/Derivation2. Suffixation1) Noun suffixesu Concrete -eer, -er, -ess, -ette, -let, -ster, -istu Abstract -age, -dom, -hood, -ism, -ship, -ance, -ence, -ation, -sion, -ment, -ness, -ity3.1 Affixation/Derivation2. Suffixation2) Adjective suffixes -ful, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -y, -al, -ous, -eous, -ious, -uous, -able, -ative, -ive -ic: patriotic, pessimistic, bureaucratic 3.1 Affixation/Derivation2) Adjective suffixes 3.1 Affixation/Derivation2) Adjective suffixes 3.1 Affixation/Derivation2. Suffixation3) Adverb suffixes -ly, -ward, -wards -wise: inmanner; as in clockwise as far as concerned as in calorie-wise, education-wise4) Verb suffixes -ate, -en, -ify, -fy, -y, -ize, -ise (Br.E) 3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 1 Form negatives with each of the following words by using one of these prefixes dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, un-.smoker capable practicallegal obey convenient security relevant matureability officially willingnessagreement logical loyal3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 1 Form negatives with each of the following words by using one of these prefixes dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, un-.non-smoker incapable impracticalillegal disobey inconvenient insecurity irrelevant immaturedisability unofficially unwillingnessdisagreement illogical disloyal3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 2 Turn the following nouns and adjectives into verbs. hard horror modern memory false apology deep glory length intense beauty sympathy origin valid height3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 2 Turn the following nouns and adjectives into verbs. harden horrify modernize memorize falsify apologize deepen glorify lengthen intensify beautify sympathize originate validate heighten3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 3 Turn the following verbs into nouns. realize resent adhere exist imagine decide perform add assess depend attend occur earn open dismiss survive link shrink persist 3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 3 Turn the following verbs into nouns. realization resentment adherenceexistence imagination decision performanceaddition assessment dependence attendanceoccurrence earnings opening dismissalsurvival linkage shrinkage persistence 3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 4 Form adjectives from the following nouns and complete the table below. 3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 4 Form adjectives from the following nouns and complete the table below. 3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 4 Form adjectives from the following nouns and complete the table below. 3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 4 Form adjectives from the following nouns and complete the table below. 3.2 Compounding/Compositionn The formation of new words by joining two or more bases. (复合法)n Words thus formed are called compounds.n A compound is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. (Quirk et al 1985)n Compounds can be written solid (checkup), hyphenated (clock-watcher) and open (remote control, space shuttle, road camera).3.2 Compounding/Composition1 Characteristics of compounds1) Phonological featurese.g. Compound Free phrase a fat cat a fat cat a red tag a red tag a red eye a red eye greenhouse green house a dark horse a dark horse 3.2 Compounding/Composition1 Characteristics of compounds2) Semantic featuresu one-wordness: every compound should express a single idea just as one word; the elements are inseparable and the change of the element would result in the loss of the original identity. 3.2 Compounding/Composition1 Characteristics of compounds3) Grammatical featuresu Tend to fill a single grammatical slot in a sentence. e.g. He bad-mouthed me. new-borns, three-year-oldsu In adjective-plus-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes. e.g. hot line, red tape 3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds1) Noun compoundshandbrake, lip service, bar codedeadline, blueprint, red tapecrybaby, rattlesnake, swearwordupload, upstart, downturntoothpick, heart attack show-off, have-not, sit-in3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds1) Noun compoundshandbrake, lip service, bar code n. + n. deadline, blueprint, red tapecrybaby, rattlesnake, swearwordupload, upstart, downturntoothpick, heart attack show-off, have-not, sit-in3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds1) Noun compoundshandbrake, lip service, bar code n. + n. deadline, blueprint, red tape adj. + n.crybaby, rattlesnake, swearwordupload, upstart, downturntoothpick, heart attack show-off, have-not, sit-in3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds1) Noun compoundshandbrake, lip service, bar code n. + n. deadline, blueprint, red tape adj. + n.crybaby, rattlesnake, swearword v. + n.upload, upstart, downturntoothpick, heart attack show-off, have-not, sit-in3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds1) Noun compoundshandbrake, lip service, bar code n. + n. deadline, blueprint, red tape adj. + n.crybaby, rattlesnake, swearword v. + n.upload, upstart, downturn adv. + v.toothpick, heart attackshow-off, have-not, sit-in3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds1) Noun compoundshandbrake, lip service, bar code n. + n. deadline, blueprint, red tape adj. + n.crybaby, rattlesnake, swearword v. + n.upload, upstart, downturn adv. + v.toothpick, heart attack n. + v.show-off, have-not, sit-in3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds1) Noun compoundshandbrake, lip service, bar code n. + n. deadline, blueprint, red tape adj. + n.crybaby, rattlesnake, swearword v. + n.upload, upstart, downturn adv. + v.toothpick, heart attack n. + v.show-off, have-not, sit-in v. + adv.3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds1) Noun compoundsgrown-up, leftoverclock-watcher, stockholderpresident elect, ambassador designatecourt-martial, commander in chiefspend-more-than-earn (负翁)marry-upon-graduation (毕婚族)3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds1) Noun compoundsgrown-up, leftover p.p. + adv.clock-watcher, stockholderpresident elect, ambassador designatecourt-martial, commander in chiefspend-more-than-earn (负翁)marry-upon-graduation (毕婚族)3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds1) Noun compoundsgrown-up, leftover p.p. + adv.clock-watcher, stockholder n. + v-erpresident elect, ambassador designatecourt-martial, commander in chiefspend-more-than-earn (负翁)marry-upon-graduation (毕婚族)3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds1) Noun compoundsgrown-up, leftover p.p. + adv.clock-watcher, stockholder n. + v-erpresident elect, ambassador designate n. + v.court-martial, commander in chiefspend-more-than-earn (负翁)marry-upon-graduation (毕婚族)3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds1) Noun compoundsgrown-up, leftover p.p. + adv.clock-watcher, stockholder n. + v-erpresident elect, ambassador designate n. + v.court-martial, commander in chief n. + adj.spend-more-than-earn (负翁)marry-upon-graduation (毕婚族)3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds1) Noun compoundsgrown-up, leftover p.p. + adv.clock-watcher, stockholder n. + v-erpresident elect, ambassador designate n. + v.court-martial, commander in chief n. + adj.spend-more-than-earn (负翁)marry-upon-graduation (毕婚族) phrase3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds2) Adjective compoundslaw-abiding, record-breakingeasy-going, high-soundingforth-coming, everlastingcarefree, lifelong, sugar-freedeaf-mute, bitter-sweet, icy-coldfar-fetched, hard-won, well-behavedheart-felt, poverty-stricken, hen-pecked3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds2) Adjective compoundslaw-abiding, record-breaking n. + v-ingeasy-going, high-soundingforth-coming, everlastingcarefree, lifelong, sugar-freedeaf-mute, bitter-sweet, icy-coldfar-fetched, hard-won, well-behavedheart-felt, poverty-stricken, hen-pecked3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds2) Adjective compoundslaw-abiding, record-breaking n. + v-ingeasy-going, high-sounding adj. + v-ingforth-coming, everlastingcarefree, lifelong, sugar-freedeaf-mute, bitter-sweet, icy-coldfar-fetched, hard-won, well-behavedheart-felt, poverty-stricken, hen-pecked3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds2) Adjective compoundslaw-abiding, record-breaking n. + v-ingeasy-going, high-sounding adj. + v-ingforth-coming, everlasting adv. + v-ingcarefree, lifelong, sugar-freedeaf-mute, bitter-sweet, icy-coldfar-fetched, hard-won, well-behavedheart-felt, poverty-stricken, hen-pecked3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds2) Adjective compoundslaw-abiding, record-breaking n. + v-ingeasy-going, high-sounding adj. + v-ingforth-coming, everlasting adv. + v-ingcarefree, lifelong, sugar-free n. + adj.deaf-mute, bitter-sweet, icy-coldfar-fetched, hard-won, well-behavedheart-felt, poverty-stricken, hen-pecked3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds2) Adjective compoundslaw-abiding, record-breaking n. + v-ingeasy-going, high-sounding adj. + v-ingforth-coming, everlasting adv. + v-ingcarefree, lifelong, sugar-free n. + adj.deaf-mute, bitter-sweet, icy-cold adj. + adj.far-fetched, hard-won, well-behavedheart-felt, poverty-stricken, hen-pecked3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds2) Adjective compoundslaw-abiding, record-breaking n. + v-ingeasy-going, high-sounding adj. + v-ingforth-coming, everlasting adv. + v-ingcarefree, lifelong, sugar-free n. + adj.deaf-mute, bitter-sweet, icy-cold adj. + adj.far-fetched, hard-won, well-behaved adv. + v-edheart-felt, poverty-stricken, hen-pecked3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds2) Adjective compoundslaw-abiding, record-breaking n. + v-ingeasy-going, high-sounding adj. + v-ingforth-coming, everlasting adv. + v-ingcarefree, lifelong, sugar-free n. + adj.deaf-mute, bitter-sweet, icy-cold adj. + adj.far-fetched, hard-won, well-behaved adv. + v-edheart-felt, poverty-stricken, hen-pecked n. + v-ed3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds2) Adjective compoundsin-your-face dog-eat-dog stay-at-homeall-you-can-eat-and-drink devil-may-care that what-his-name3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds2) Adjective compoundsin-your-face (明目张胆的) phrases dog-eat-dog (人吃人的)stay-at-home (全职的)all-you-can-eat-and-drink (无限畅饮的， 不限量的)devil-may-care (不顾一切的， 天不怕、地不怕的)that what-his-name (那个谁谁谁)3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds3) Verb compoundsBusiness was slow at first but its really snowballed the last couple of months.Our pregnancies had dovetailed, so that we had managed with one set of maternity clothes.3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds3) Verb compoundsBusiness was slow at first but its really snowballed the last couple of months.一开始生意很清淡,但最近两个月生意越来越好.Our pregnancies had dovetailed, so that we had managed with one set of maternity clothes.我们的孕期正好错开，所以我们共用了一套孕妇服。3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds4) Other compoundswithin, without, throughouthowever, moreover, thereafteroneself, nobody, someone3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds4) Other compoundswithin, without, throughout prep. compoundshowever, moreover, thereafter oneself, nobody, someone3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds4) Other compoundswithin, without, throughout prep. compoundshowever, moreover, thereafter adv. compoundsoneself, nobody, someone3.2 Compounding/Composition2. Formation of compounds4) Other compoundswithin, without, throughout prep. compoundshowever, moreover, thereafter adv. compoundsoneself, nobody, someone pron. compounds3.2 Compounding/CompositionTask 4 Translate the following into Chinese.arm-wrestling baby-blues office elitehearsay job-hopping mix-matchflip-flops thigh-high fly-overcoat stand offbeat telltale interview-holic house-husband free-lancerplate number sticky post aftershock 9-to-5er x-factor display-standin-fighting meltdown post-it3.2 Compounding/CompositionTask 4 Translate the following into Chinese.eye-catching wish-wash Big Macsurplus goods slapstick gas-guzzlergas-sipper carpool think-tankbackseat driver back stabber virtual moneyall-star (lineup) all-round (education) backup (file) follow-up (comment)(free) top-up top-up (station